Delayed light emission as a means of quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables

References

• Eskin , N. A. , Henderson , H. M. and Townsend , R. J. 1971 . Biochemistry of Foods , 46 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Strehler , B. L. and Arnold , W. 1951 . Light production by green plants . J. Gen. PhysioL , 34 : 809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbus , W. R. , Senter , S. D. and Wilson , R. L. 1985 . Measurement of tomato maturity by delayed light emission . Food Sci. , 50 (3) : 750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh , S. and Murata , N. 1973 . Correlation between delayed light emission and fluorescence of chlorophyll a in system II particles derived from spinach chloroplasts . Photochem. Photobiol , 18 (3) : 209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tollin , G. and Calvin , M. 1957 . The luminescence of chlorophyll‐containing plant material . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 43 : 895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tollin , G. , Fujimori , E. and Calvin , M. 1958 . Delayed light emission in green plant materials: temperature‐dependence and quantum yields . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 44 : 1035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , D. F. and Calvin , M. 1955 . The effect of thioctic acid on the quantum efficient of the Hill reaction in intermittent light . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 41 : 563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sogo , P. B. , Pon , N. G. and Calvin , M. 1957 . Photospin resonance in chlorophyll‐containing plant material . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 43 : 387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold , W. and Davidson , J. B. 1954 . The identity of the fluorescent and DLE spectra in . Chlorella, J. Gen. PhysioL , 37 : 677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur , W. E. and Strehler , B. L. 1957 . Studies on the primary process in photosynthesis. I. Photosynthesis luminenscence: multiple reactants . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 70 (2) : 507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertsch , W. , West , J. and Hill , R. 1969 . Delayed light studies on pho‐tosynthetic energy conversion. II. Effect of electron acceptors and phosphorylation cofactors on the millisecond emission from chloroplasts . Biochim. Biophys. Ada , 172 (3) : 525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweetser , P. , Todd , C. W. and Hersch , R. T. 1961 . Effect of photosynthesis inhibitors on light re‐emission in photosynthesis . Biochim. Biophys. Ada. , 51 (3) : 509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh , S. , Murata , N. and Takamiya , A. 1971 . Studies on the delayed light emission in spinach chloroplasts. I. Nature of two phases in development of the millisecond delayed light emission during intermittent illumination . Biochim. Biophys. Ada , 245 (1) : 109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayne , B. C. 1967 . The effect of inhibitors and uncouplers of photosyn‐thetic phosphorylation on the DLE of chloroplasts . Photochem. Photobiol. , 6 : 189
   Google Scholar
• Wraight , C. A. and Crofts , A. R. 1981 . Delayed fluorescence and the high‐energy state of chloroplasts . Eur. J. Biochem. , 19 (3) : 386
   Google Scholar
• Groves , R. M. 1978 . A pulsed laser system for the study of millisecond delayed fluorescence from plants . Photochem. Photobiol , 27 (4) : 491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuma , Y. , Sein , K. , Kawano , S. and Nakaji , K. 1977 . Delayed light emission as a means of automatic selection of Satsuma oranges . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 20 (5) : 996
   Google Scholar
• Chuma , Y. and Nakaji , K. 1976 . Optical properties of fruits and vegetables to serve the automatic selection within the packaging house line. IV. Delayed light emission as a means of automatic selection of tomatoes . J. Soc. Agric. Mach. (Japan) , 38 (2) : 217
   Google Scholar
• Nakaji , K. , Sigiura , Y. and Chuma , Y. 1978 . Delayed light emission of green tea as a means of quality evaluation. I. Delayed light emission of fresh tea leaves . J. Soc. Agric. Mach. (Japan) , 38 (H) : 483
   Google Scholar
• Chuma , Y. , Nakaji , K. and Ohura , M. 1980 . Maturity evaluation of bananas by delayed light emission . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 23 (4) : 1043
   Google Scholar
• Jacob , F. C. , Romani , R. J. and Sprock , C. M. 1965 . Fruit sorting by delayed light emission . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 8 (1) : 18
   Google Scholar
• Jursinic , P. and Govindjee . 1977 . Temperature dependence of delayed light emission in the 6—340 microsecond range after a single flash in chlo‐roplasts . Photochem. Photobiol. , 20 (6) : 617
   Google Scholar
• Abbott , J. A. and Massie , D. R. 1985 . Delayed light emission for early detection of chilling in cucumber and bell pepper fruit . J. Am. Soc. Hon. Set , 110 (1) : 42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watada , A. Z. , Norris , K. H. , Worthington , J. T. and Massie , D. R. 1976 . Estimation of chlorophyll and carotenoic contents of whole tomato by light absorbence techniques . Food Set , 41 : 329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbus , W. R. Jr. , Senter , S. D. and Chan , H. T. Jr. 1987 . Measurement of papaya maturity by delayed light emission . Food Set , 52 (2) : 356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birth , G. S. , Norris , K. H. and Yeatman , J. N. 1957 . Non‐destructive measurement of internal color of tomatoes by spectral transmission . Food Technol. , 11 : 552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner , D. R. and Norris , K. H. 1968 . Optical properties of selected fruits vs. maturity . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 11 : 534
   Google Scholar
• Deshpande , S. , Gunasekaran , S. , Cberyan , M. and Paulsen , M. R. 1984 . Nondestructive optical methods of food quality evaluation . Crit. Rev. Food Set Nutr. , 21 (4) : 323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunasekaran , S. , Paulsen , M. R. and Shove , G. C. 1985 . Optical methods for nondestructive quality evaluation of agricultural and biological materials . J. Agric. Eng. Res. , 32 (3) : 209
   Google Scholar
• Gunasekaran , S. , Paulsen , M. R. and Shove , G. C. 1986 . A laser optical method for detecting corn kernel defects . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 29 (1) : 294
   Google Scholar
• Gunasekaran , S. , Paulsen , M. R. and Shove , G. C. 1984 . Spectropho‐tometric methods for nondestructive quality evaluation of biological materials . Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , Paper No. 84–3049
   Google Scholar
• Powers , J. B. , Gunn , J. T. and Jacob , F. C. 1953 . Electronic color sorting of fruits and vegetables . Agric. Eng. , 34 : 14
   Google Scholar
• Sidwell , A. P. , Birth , G. S. , Ernest , J. V. and Golumbic , C. 1961 . The use of light transmittance techniques to estimate the chlorophyll content and stage of maturation of Elberta peaches . Food Technol. , 19 : 123
   Google Scholar
• Graf , G. L. , Rehkugler , G. E. , Millier , W. F. and Throop , J. A. 1981 . Automatic detection of surface flaws on apples using digital image processing . Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , Paper No. 81–3537
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar , N. and Wolfe , R. R. 1985 . Feature extraction techniques for sorting tomatoes by computer vision . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 28 (3) : 970
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe , R. R. and Swaminathan , M. 1986 . Determining orientation and shape of bell peppers by machine vision . Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , Paper No. 86–3045
   Google Scholar
• Gunasekaran , S. and Paulsen , M. R. 1986 . “ Automatic, nondestructive detection of corn kernel defects ” . In International Advances in Nondestructive Testing , Edited by: McGonnagle , W. J. Vol. 12 , 95 New York : Gordon and Breach Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Gunasekaran , S. , Cooper , T. M. and Berlage , A. G. . Quality evaluation of grains by image processing . Proc. Int. Symp. Agric. Mechanization Int. Cooperation High Technol. Era . pp. 327
   Google Scholar
• Gunasekaran , S. , Cooper , T. M. and Berlage , A. G. 1987 . Image processing for stress cracks in corn kernels . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 30 (1) : 266
   Google Scholar
• Matshuisa , T. and Hosokawa , A. 1981 . Possibilities of checking cracks of brown rice using illumination by oblique ray and image data processing system . Soc. Agric. Mach. , 42 (4) : 515
   Google Scholar
• Gunasekaran , S. , Cooper , T. M. and Berlage , A. G. Evaluating quality factors of corn and soybeans using a computer vision system . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , submitted.
   Google Scholar
• Chuma , Y. and Nakaji , K. 1979 . “ Delayed light emission as a means of color sorting of plant products ” . In Food Process Engineering , Edited by: Linko , P. , Malkki , Y. , Olkku , J. and Larinkari , J. Vol. 1 , 314 London : Applied Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Abbott , J. A. , Krizek , D. T. , Semeniuk , P. , Moline , H. E. and Mirecki , R. M. 1987 . Refreshed delayed light emission and fluorescence for detecting pretreatment effects on chilling injury in coleus . J. Am. Soc. Hon. Set , 112 (3) : 560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmiHie , R. M. 1979 . “ The useful chloroplast: a new approach for investigating chilling stress in plants ” . In Low Temperature Stress in Crop Plants , Edited by: Lyons , J. , Raison , J. K. and Graham , D. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Agricultural Research . 1986 . New detector for hidden injuries in fruit . Agric. Res.. , 34 (1) : 15
   Google Scholar
• Seo , S. T. , Farias , G. J. and Harris , E. J. 1982 . Oriental fruit fly: ripening of fruit and its effect on the index of infestation of Hawaiian papayas . J. Econ. Entomol , 75 : 173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbus , W. R. Jr. , Hardigree , G. A. and Adams , J. H. 1985 . Experimental delayed lights emission meter for horticultural crops , Agricultural Research Service Bulletin No. 41
   Google Scholar
• Groin , F. and Bechever , R. J. 1979 . Optical Radiation Measurements Vol. 1 Radiometry , Vol. 1 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grnm , F. and Bartleson , C. J. , eds. 1980 . Optical Radiation Measurements Vol. 2, Color Measurement , Vol. 2 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mielenz , K. D. , ed. 1982 . Optical Radiation Measurements Vol. 3, Measurement of Photoluminescence , Vol. 3 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Budde , W. 1983 . Optical Radiation Measurements Vol. 4, Physical Detectors of Optical Radiation , Vol. 4 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sun , Z. and Chen , P. 1983 . Distribution of light transmitted through agricultural products . Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , Paper No. 83–3089
   Google Scholar
• Birth , G. S. 1975 . “ Electromagnetic radiation: optical ” . In Instrumentation and Measurement for Environmental Sciences , Edited by: Henry , Z. A. St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers . Supplementary Publication No. SP‐0375
   Google Scholar
• Massie , D. R. and Norris , K. H. 1975 . A high‐intensity spectrophotometer interfaced with a computer for food quality measurement . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 18 (1) : 173
   Google Scholar
• Von Beckman , J. W. and Bulley , N. R. 1976 . Electronic size and solor grader for greenhouse tomatoes . Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , Paper No. 76–1030
   Google Scholar
• McRae , D. C. 1983 . A review of developments in potato handling and grading . J. Agric. Eng. Res. , 31 : 115
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , J. M. and Shawver , B. M. 1973 . Singulation — a problem in design . J. Eng. Ind. , 2 : 101
   Google Scholar
• Shawver , B. M. and Henderson , J. M. 1982 . A compendium of singulation and associated devices , Department of Mechanical Engineering Report Davis, CA : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Burkhardt , T. H. and Mrozek , R. F. 1974 . An orienting and conveying device for sorting dried prunes . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 17 (6) : 1173
   Google Scholar
• Gaflhey , J. J. 1976 . “ Light reflectance of radishes as a basis for automatic grading ” . In Quality Detection in Foods , Edited by: Gaffhey , J. J. Vol. 5 , 75 St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , J. 1983 . “ Photodetectors and electronics ” . In Optical Transducers and Techniques in Engineering Measurement , Edited by: Luxmoore , A. R. 1 London : Applied Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Fogarty , M. P. , Ho , C. N. and Warner , I. M. 1982 . “ Data handling in fluorescence spectrometry ” . In Optical Radiation Measurements Vol. 3, Measurement of Photoluminescence , Edited by: Mielenz , K. D. Vol. 3 , 249 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• McClure , W. F. , Rohrbach , R. P. , Kishman , L. J. and Ballinger , W. 1975 . E‐, Design of a high‐speed fiber optic blueberry sorter . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.. , 18 (3) : 487
   Google Scholar
• Story , A. G. and Raghavan , G. S. V. 1973 . Sorting potatoes from stones and soil clods by infrared reflectance . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 16 (2) : 304
   Google Scholar
• Anon . 1989 . Photomultiplier tubes, Hamamatsu , Electron Tube Division, JAN/89 (Rev.) 77
   Google Scholar
• Forbus , W. R. Jr. and Chan , H. T. Jr. in press . The effects of quarantine heat treatments on delayed light emission measurements for papaya maturity . J. Food Sci. ,
   Google Scholar
• Chan , H. T. Jr. and Forbus , W. R. Jr. 1988 . Delayed light emission as a biochemical indicator of papaya heat treatment . J. Food Sci. , 53 (5) : 1490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbus , W. R. Jr. and Chan , H. T. Jr. in press . Delayed light emission as a means of predicting papaya susceptibility to fruit fly infestation . J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. ,
   Google Scholar