Aflatoxins in food: Occurrence, biosynthesis, effects on organisms, detection, and methods of control

References

• Adamson , R. H. , Correa , P. , Sieber , S. M. , Mcintire , K. R. and Daigaard , D. W. 1976 . Carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B, in Rhesus monkeys: two additional cases of primary liver cancer . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 57 : 67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allcroft , R. , Roberts , B. A. and Lloyd , M. K. 1968 . Excretion of aflatoxin in a lactating cow . Food. Cosmet. Toxicol. , 6 : 619
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen , R. C. 1975 . The role of pH in the chemiluminescent response of the myeloperoxidase‐halide‐HOOH antimicrobial system . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 63 : 684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Applebaum , R. S. and Marth , E. H. 1980 . Inactivation of aflatoxin M, by hydrogen peroxide . J. Food Prot. , 43 : 820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arseculeratue , S. N. , Desilva , L. M. , Wijesundra , S. and Bandunatha , C. H. S. R. 1969 . Coconut as a medium for the experimental production of aflatoxin . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 18 : 88
   Google Scholar
• Association of Official Analytical Chemists . 1984 . Official Methods of Analysis , 14th ed. , Washington, D.C. : AOAC .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , R. C. , Qureshi , R. A. and Hotchkiss , J. H. 1986 . Effects of an elevated level of CO2‐containing atmosphere on the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria at 2°C, 7°C, and 13°C . Poultry Sci. , 65 : 729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basappa , S. C. , Jayarman , A. , Sreenivasamurthy , V. and Parpia , H. A. B. 1967 . Effects of B‐vitamins and ethyl alcohol on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus oryzae . Indian J. Exp. Biol. , 5 : 262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaver , R. W. 1986 . “ Gas chromatography in mycotoxin analysis ” . In Modern Methods in the Analysis and Structural Elucidation of Mycotoxins , Edited by: Cole , R. J. 289 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , J. W. and Lee , L. S. 1979 . Mycotoxins: their biosynthesis in fungi‐aflatoxins and other bisfura‐noids . J. Food Prot. , 42 : 805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , J. W. and Christensen , S. B. 1983 . New perspectives on aflatoxin biosynthesis . Adv. Appl. Microbiol. , 29 : 53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , J. W. , Rubin , P. L. , Lee , L. S. and Chen , P. N. 1979 . Influence of trace elements and N2 sources on versicolorin production by a mutant strain of . Aspergillusparasiticus, Mycopathologia , 69 : 161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , J. W. , Dunn , J. J. and Goldman , C. I. 1981 . Influence of white light on production of aflatoxin and Anthraquinones in Aspergillus parasiticus . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 41 : 488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , J. W. , Fernholz , F. A. and Lee , L. S. 1978 . Effect of light on aflatoxins, Anthraquinones and Sclerotia in Aspergillus flavus and . Aspergillus parasiticus, Mycologia , 70 : 104
   Google Scholar
• Betina , V. 1989 . Mycotoxins: Chemical, Biological and Environmental aspects — Bioactive molecules , Vol. 9 , 32 New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Beuchat , L. R. 1987 . Food and Beverage Mycology , 2nd ed. , 28 New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Boiler , R. A. and Schroeder , H. W. 1973 . Influence of Aspergillus chevalieri on production of aflatoxin in rice . by Aspergillus parasiticus, Phytopathology , 63 : 1507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boller , R. A. and Schroeder , H. W. 1974 . Influence of Aspergillus candidus on production of aflatoxin in rice by . Aspergillus parasiticus, Phytopathology , 64 : 121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botharst , R. J. and Hesseltine , C. W. 1975 . Bright greenish‐yellow fluorescence and aflatoxin in agricultural commodities . Appl. Microbiol. , 30 : 337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brekke , O. L. , Peplinski , A. J. and Lancester , E. B. 1977 . Aflatoxin inactivation in corn by aqueous ammonia . Trans. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 20 : 1160
   Google Scholar
• Brown , R. F. , Wildman , J. D. and Eppley , R. M. 1968 . Temperature‐dose relationship with aflatoxin on the Brine shrimp‐ . Artemia salina, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 51 : 905
   Google Scholar
• Buchi , G. and Rae , I. D. 1969 . “ The structure and chemistry of the aflatoxins ” . In Aflatoxins , Edited by: Goldblatt , L. A. 55 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bullerman , L. B. 1979 . Significance of mycotoxins to food safety and human health . J. Food Prot. , 42 : 65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullerman , L. B. 1987 . “ Methods of detecting mycotoxins in foods and beverages ” . In Food and Beverage Mycology , 2nd ed , Edited by: Beuchat , L. R. 571 New York : AVI .
   Google Scholar
• Bullock , E. , Roberts , J. C. and Underwood , J. G. 1962 . Studies in mycological chemistry. XI. The structure of isosterigmatocystin and an amended structure of sterigmatocystin. III . J. Chem. Soc. , : 4179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burmeister , H. R. and Hesseltine , C. W. 1966 . Survey of the sensitivity of microorganisms to aflatoxins . Appl. Microbiol. , 20 : 437
   Google Scholar
• Busby , W. F. Jr. and Wogan , G. N. 1981 . “ Aflatoxins ” . In Mycotoxins and N‐Nitroso Compounds — Envi‐ronmental Risks , Edited by: Shank , R. L. Vol. 2 , 3 Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carlile , M. J. 1970 . “ The photoresponses of fungi ” . In Photobiology of microorganisms , Edited by: Halldal , P. 310 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Chou , Wing‐Wu and Tung , Ta‐Chang . 1969 . Aflatoxin B, in the excretion of aflatoxin poisoned rats . J. Formosan Med. Assoc. , 68 : 389
   Google Scholar
• Chu , F. S. 1984 . Immunoassays for analysis of mycotoxins . J. Food Prot. , 47 : 562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , F. S. and Ueno , I. 1977 . Production of antibody against aflatoxin B1 . Appl. Environ Microbiol. , 33 : 1125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciegler , A. , Lillehoj , E. B. , Peterson , R. E. and Hall , H. H. 1966 . Microbial detoxification of aflatoxin . Appl. Microbiol. , 14 : 934
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clements , N. L. 1968 . Rapid confirmatory test for aflatoxin B, using Bacillus megaterium . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 51 : 1192
   Google Scholar
• Clifford , J. I. , Rees , K. K. and Steven , M. E. M. 1967 . Effect of aflatoxins B1 G1 and G2 on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in rat liver . Biochem. J. , 103 : 258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concon , J. M. , ed. 1988 . Food Toxicology: Contaminants and Additives , 677 New York : Marcel Dekker . Part B
   Google Scholar
• Counc. for Agric. Sci. Technol. Rep. No. 80, Aflatoxins and other Mycotoxins: an Agricultural perspective, 1979
   Google Scholar
• Cucullu , A. F. , Lee , L. S. , Mayne , R. Y. and Goldblatt , L. A. 1966 . Determination of aflatoxin in individual peanuts and peanut sections . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 43 : 89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis , R. F. , Coxon , D. T. and Levett , G. 1974 . Tox‐icity of fatty acids in assays for mycotoxins using the Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) . Food Cosmet. Toxi‐col. , 12 : 233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D'Andrea , A. D. and Hasettine , W. H. 1978 . Modification of DNA by aflatoxin B, creates alkali‐labile lesions in DNA at positions of guanine and adenine . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 75 : 4120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , N. D. and Diener , U. L. 1987 . Food and Beverage Mycology , Edited by: Beuchat , L. R. 517 New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , N. D. and Diener , U. L. 1968 . Growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus from various carbon sources . Appl. Microbiol. , 16 : 158
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies , N. D. , Diener , U. L. and Agnihotri , V. P. 1967 . Production of aflatoxin B, and aflatoxin G, in chemically defined medium by . Aspergillus flavus, Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. , 13 : 251
   Google Scholar
• Detroy , R. W. , Lillehoj , E. B. and Ciegler , A. 1971 . “ Aflatoxins and related compounds ” . In Microbial Toxins , Edited by: Ciegler , A. , Kadis , S. and Ajl , S. J. Vol. 6 , 39 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Detroy , R. W. and Hesseltine , C. W. 1969 . Transformation of aflatoxin B1 by steroid‐hydroxylating fungi . Can. J. Microbiol. , 15 : 495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens , J. W. and Welty , R. E. Proceedings of the 1967 mycotoxin research seminar held . at Washington, D.C.. pp. 38 U.S. Dept. of Agric. . Council for Agric. Sci. and Tech. Rep. No. 80 1979
   Google Scholar
• Diener , U. L. and Davies , N. D. 1972 . Highlights Agric. Res. , 19 ( 3 )
   Google Scholar
• Diener , U. L. and Davis , N. D. 1969 . Aflatoxin formation by Aspergillus flavus in Aflatoxins , Edited by: Goldblatt , L. A. 13 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Diener , U. L. and Davis , N. D. 1967 . Limiting temperature and relative humidity for growth and production of aflatoxin and free fatty acids by Aspergillus flavus in sterile peanuts . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 44 : 259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener , U. L. and Davis , N. D. 1970 . Limiting temperature and relative humidity for aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in stored peanuts . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 47 : 347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diew , S. W. and Demain , A. L. 1977 . Effects of primary metabolism on secondary metabolism . Ann. Rev. Microbiol. , 31 : 343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon , R. C. and Hamilton , P. B. 1981 . Effects of feed ingredients on the antifungal activity of propionate . Poultry Sci. , 60 : 2407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollear , F. G. , Mann , G. E. , Codifer , L. P. Jr. , Gardner , H. K. Jr. , Koltun , S. P. and Vix , H. L. E. 1968 . Elimination of aflatoxin from peanut meal . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 45 : 862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , M. P. , Applebaum , R. S. , Brackett , R. E. and Marth , E. H. 1982 . Physical, chemical and biological degradation of mycotoxins in foods and agricultural commodities . J. Food Prot. , 45 : 964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , M. P. and Marth , E. H. 1978 . Bisulfite degrades aflatoxin: effect of temperature and concentration of bisulfite . J. Food Prot. , 41 : 774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , M. P. and Marth , E. H. 1979 . Peroxidase activity in mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus that degrades aflatoxin . Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. , 7 : 211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , M. P. and Marth , E. H. 1978 . Degradation of aflatoxin by lactoperoxidase . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 166 : 271
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dwarakanath , C. T. , Rayner , E. T. , Mann , G. E. and Dollear , F. G. 1968 . Reduction of aflatoxin levels in cottonseed and peanut meals by ozonization . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 45 : 93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eka , O. U. 1972 . Effects of aflatoxin on microorganisms . Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. , 12 : 593
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epstein , E. , Steinberg , M. P. , Nelson , A. I. and Wei , L. S. 1970 . Aflatoxin production as affected by environmental conditions . J. Food Sci. , 35 : 389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennell , A. J. 1966 . Aflatoxin in groundnuts. IV. Problems of detoxification . Trop. Sci. , 8 : 61
   Google Scholar
• Frank , H. K. and Grunewald , T. 1970 . Radiation resistance of aflatoxins . Food Irradiat. , 11 : 15
   Google Scholar
• Friedli , F. J. 1981 . High Resolut. Chromatogr. Commun. , 4 : 495
   Google Scholar
• Gareis , M. , Bauer , J. , Von Montgales , A. and Gedek , B. 1984 . Stimulation of aflatoxin B, and T‐2 toxin production by sorbate . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 47 : 416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldblatt , L. A. 1970 . Chemistry and control of aflatoxin . Pure Appl. Chem. , 21 : 331
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldblatt , L. A. 1971 . Control and removal of aflatoxin . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 48 : 605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldblatt , L. A. 1972 . Implications of mycotoxins . Clin. Toxicol. , 5 : 453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldblatt , L. A. and Dollear , F. A. 1977 . “ Detoxification of contaminated crops ” . In Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health , Edited by: Rodricks , Hesseltine and Mehlman . 139 Park Forest, IL : Pathotox. Pub. .
   Google Scholar
• Golumbic , C. and Kulik , M. M. 1969 . “ Fungal spoilage in stored crops and its control ” . In Aflatoxins , Edited by: Goldblatt , L. A. 311 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goto , T. , Matsui , M. and Kitsuwa , T. 1988 . Determination of aflatoxins by capillary column gas chro‐matography . J. Chromatogr. , 447 : 410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb , D. 1971 . Limited growth in fungi . Mycologia , 63 : 619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourley , D. R. H. 1971 . Interaction of Drugs with Cells , 131 Springfield, IL : Charles C Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Groopman , J. D. , Cain , L. G. and Kensler , T. W. 1988 . Aflatoxin exposure in human populations: measurements and relationship to cancer . CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 19 : 113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groopman , J. D. and Donahue , K. F. 1988 . Aflatoxin, A human carcinogen: determination in foods and biological samples by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 71 : 861
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gurtoo , H. L. and Motycka , L. 1976 . Effect of sex differences on the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by the rat . Cancer Res. , 36 : 4663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harein , P. K. and Press , A. F. 1968 . Mortality of stored‐peanut insects exposed to mixtures of atmospheric gases at various temperatures . J. Stored Prod. Res. , 4 : 77
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwig , J. , Chen , Y‐K. , Kennedy , B. P. C. and Scott , P. M. 1973 . Occurrence of patulin and patulin producing strains of Penicillium expansum in natural rots of apple in Canada . Can. Inst. Food. Sci. Technol. J. , 6 : 22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heathcote , J. G. and Hibbert , J. R. , eds. 1978 . Afla‐toxins: chemical and biological aspects , 55 New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Heathcote , J. G. , Dutton , M. F. and Hibbert , J. R. 1976 . Biosynthesis of aflatoxins. II . Chem. Ind. , 270 : 207
   Google Scholar
• Hesseltine , C. W. , Shot well , O. L. , Smith , M. , Ellis , J. J. , Vandegraft , E. and Shannon , G. Production of various aflatoxin strains of the Asper‐gillus flavus series . Proc. First U.S. Jpn. Conf. Tox‐icol. Microorg. 1970 . Edited by: Lacey , J. pp. 258 Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . Trichothecenes and Other Mycotoxins
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson , E. and Levi , P. E. , eds. 1987 . A Textbook of Modern Toxicology , 73 New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Holzapfel , C. W. , Purchase , I. F. H. , Steyn , P. S. and Gonws , L. 1966 . The toxicity and chemical assay of sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin and its isolation from two new fungal sources, 5 . Afr. Med. J. , 40 : 1000
   Google Scholar
• Horn , B. W. and Wicklow , D. T. 1983 . Factors influencing the inhibition of aflatoxin production in corn by . Aspergillus niger, Can. J. Microbiol. , 29 : 1087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh , D. P. H. 1973 . Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis of dichlorvos . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 21 : 468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh , D. P. H. and Mateles , R. I. 1971 . Preparation of labelled aflatoxins with high specific activities . Appl. Microbiol. , 22 : 79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsieh , D. P. H. , Lin , M. T. , Yao , R. C. and Singh , R. 1976 . Biosynthesis of aflatoxin: conversion of norsolorinic acid and other hypothetical intermediates into aflatoxin B1 . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 24 : 1170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff , W. E. 1980 . A physical method for the segregation of aflatoxin contaminated corn . Cereal Chem. , 57 : 236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff , W. E. and Hagler , W. M. 1982 . Evaluation of density segregation as a means to estimate the degree of aflatoxin contamination of corn . Cereal Chem. , 59 : 152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , R. D. and Holzapfel , C. W. 1971 . The conversion of sterigmatocystin into dihydroaspertoxin . Tetrahedron , 27 : 425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelinek , F. C. , Pohland , A. E. and Wood , G. E. 1989 . Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds — an Update . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 72 : 223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jinks , J. L. 1969 . Selection for adaptability to new environment in Aspergillus glaucus . J. Gene Microbiol. , 20 : 223
   Google Scholar
• Joffe , A. Z. and Lisker , N. 1969 . Effect of light, temperature and pH value on aflatoxin production in vitro . Appl. Microbiol. , 18 : 517
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kader , A. A. , Zagory , D. and Kerbel , E. L. 1989 . Modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables . CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. and Nutr. , 28 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Karunaratne , A. and Bullerman , L. B. 1990 . Interactive effects of spore load and temperature on aflatoxin production . J. Food Prot. , 53 : 227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karunaratne , A. , Wezenberg , E. and Bullerman , L. B. 1990 . Inhibition of mold growth and aflatoxin production by Lactobacillus spp . J. Food Prot. , 53 : 230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiermeier , F. and Hemmerich , K. H. 1947 . Influence of light on water aflatoxin B, solutions Z. . Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 155 : 81
   Google Scholar
• Korycka‐Dahl , M. B. and Richardson , T. 1978 . Activated oxygen species and oxidation of food constituents . CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 10 : 209
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuehn , H. H. and Gunderson , M. F. 1963 . Psychro‐philic and mesophilic fungi in frozen food products . Appl. Microbiol. , 11 : 352
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurtzman , C. P. , Horn , B. W. and Hesseltine , C. W. 1987 . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . J. Microbiol. Serol. , 53 : 147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landers , K. E. , Davis , N. D. and Diener , U. L. 1967 . Influence of atmospheric gases on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in peanuts . Phytopathology , 57 : 1086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawellin , D. W. , Grant , D. W. and Joyce , B. K. 1977 . Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent analysis of aflatoxin B1 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 34 : 94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , E. G. H. , Townsley , P. M. and Walden , C. C. 1966 . Effects of divalent metals on the production of aflatoxins in submerged cultures . J. Food Sci. , 31 : 432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lie , Jennie L. and Marth , E. H. 1968 . Aflatoxin formation by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus para‐siticus in a casein substrate at different pH values . J. Dairy Sci. , 51 : 1743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillehoj , E. B. and Zuber , M. S. 1975 . Aflatoxin problem in corn and possible solutions, Proc. 30th Ann. Corn Sorghum Res. Conf . Am. Seed Trade Assoc. Pub. , 30 : 230
   Google Scholar
• Lillehoj , E. B. , Stubblefield , R. D. , Shannon , G. and Shotwell , O. L. 1971 . Aflatoxin M, removal from aqueous solutions by Flavobacterium aurantiacum . Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. , 45 : 259
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linsell , A. 1985 . “ Carcinogenicity of aflatoxin ” . In Mycotoxins—Formation, Analysis and Significance , Edited by: Smith , J. E. and Moss , M. O. 61 Chichester : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Llewellyn , G. C. 1973 . Evaluation of the response of Du‐gesia tigrina (Brown planaria) to aflatoxin B1 . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 56 : 1119
   Google Scholar
• Maggio , E. T. 1980 . Enzyme Immunoassay , 168 Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mann , G. E. , Codifer , L. P. Jr. and Dollear , F. G. 1976 . Effects of heat on aflatoxins in oilseed meals . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 15 : 1090
   Google Scholar
• Mann , G. E. , Gardner , H. K. Jr. , Booth , A. N. and Gumbmann , M. R. 1971 . Aflatoxin Inactivation: chemical and biological properties of ammonia and methylamirie treated cottonseed . J. Agric. Food Chem.. , 19 : 1155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , P. B. and Simpson , M. E. 1984 . Detection of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin in cotton and corn by ultraviolet fluorescence . J. Environ. Qual. , 13 : 8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , P. B. , Simpson , M. E. , Ferretti , R. J. , Merola , G. V. , Donoso , J. , Craig , G. O. , Trucksess , M. W. and Work , P. S. 1969 . Mechanism of formation of fluorescence in cotton fiber associated with aflatoxin in the seeds at harvest . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 17 : 468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masimango , N. , Remade , J. and Ramaut , J. L. 1978 . The role of adsorption in the elimination of aflatoxin B, from contaminated media . Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. , 6 : 101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateles , R. I. and Adye , J. C. 1965 . Production of aflatoxin in submerged cultures . Appl. Microbiol. , 13 : 208
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menzel , A. E. O. , Wintersteiner , O. and Hoogerheide , J. C. 1944 . The isolation of gliotoxin and fumigacin from culture filtrates of . Aspergillus fumigatus, J. Biol. Chem. , 152 : 419
   Google Scholar
• Misra , R. P. , Muench , K. F. and Humayun , M. Z. 1983 . Covalent and non‐covalent interactions of aflatoxins with defined DNA sequences . Biochemistry , 22 : 3351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moerck , K. E. , McElfresh , P. , Wohlman , A. and Hilton , B. W. 1980 . Aflatoxin degradation in corn using sodium bisulphite, sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia . J Food Prot. , 43 : 571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau , C. and Moss , M. , eds. 1979 . Moulds, Toxins and Food , 43 Chichester : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Moss , M. O. and Smith , J. E. 1985 . Mycotoxins: Formation, Analysis and Significance , 7 Chichester : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Moss , M. O. and Frank , J. M. 1985 . The influence on mycotoxins production of interactions between fungi and their environment in Trichothecenes and other Mycotoxins , Edited by: Lacey , J. 257 Chichester : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Newberne , P. M. 1973 . Chronic aflatoxicosis . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , 163 : 1262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkama , I. , Nobbs , J. H. and Muller , H. G. 1987 . Destruction of aflatoxin B, in rice exposed to light . J. Cereal Sci. , 5 : 167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northolt , M. D. , Van Egmond , H. P. and Paulsch , W. E. 1977 . Differences between Aspergillus flavus strains in growth and aflatoxin B1 production in relation to water activity and temperature . J. Food Prot. , 40 : 778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northolt , M. D. , Verhulsdonk , C. A. H. , Soentoro , P. S. S. and Paulsch , W. E. 1976 . Effects of water activity and temperature aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus . J. Milk Food Tech. , 39 : 170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , K. Y. and Bullerman , L. B. 1983 . Effects of substrate and temperature on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus . J. Food Prot. , 46 : 178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peers , F. G. and Linsell , C. A. 1975 . Aflatoxin contamination and its heat stability in Indian cooking oils . Trop. Sci. , 17 : 229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pestka , J. J. , Lee , S. S. , Lau , H. P. and Chu , F. S. 1981 . Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for T‐2 toxins . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 58 : 940A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pestka , J. J. , Li , Y. K. and Chu , F. S. 1983 . Determination of aflatoxin B,‐DNA adducts and guanyl‐aflatoxin B, prepared in vitro with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 44 : 1159
   Google Scholar
• Philips , T. D. , Kubena , L. F. , Harvey , R. B. , Taylor , D. R. and Heidelbaugh , N. D. 1988 . Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate: a high affinity sorbent for aflatoxin . Poultry Sci. , 67 : 243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piers , A. C. , Richard , J. L. and Thurston , J. R. 1979 . “ The influence of mycotoxins on resistance and immunity ” . In Interactions of Mycotoxins in Animal Production , 56 Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Pomeranz , Y. and Meloan , C. E. , eds. 1987 . Food Analysis: Theory and Practice , 2nd ed. , 372 New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Pons , W. A. Jr. , Cucullu , A. F. , Lee , L. S. , Janssen , H. and Goldblatt , L. A. 1972 . Kinetic study of acid‐catalyzed conversion of aflatoxins B, and G, to aflatoxins B2a and G2a . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 49 : 124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons , W. A. and Franz , A. O. 1977 . High performance liquid chromatography of aflatoxins in cotton products . J. Assoc Off. Anal. Chem. , 60 : 89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preston , R. S. , Hayes , J. R. and Campbell , T. C. 1976 . The effect of protein deficiency on the in vivo binding of aflatoxin B1 to rat liver macromolecules . life Sci. , 19 : 1191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priyadarshini , E. and Tulpule , P. G. 1967 . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 14 : 293
   Google Scholar
• Rainbow , C. and Rose , A. H. , eds. 1963 . Biochemistry of Industrial Microorganisms , 446 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reiss , J. 1975 . Mycotoxins in foodstuffs . Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. , 2 : 183
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , T. 1976 . “ Enzymes ” . In Food Chemistry , Edited by: Fennema , O. R. 338 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , A. C. and McWeeny , D. J. 1972 . The uses of sulphur dioxide in the food industry . J. Food Tech. , 7 : 221
   Google Scholar
• Rodricks , J. V. , Lustig , E. , Campbell , A. D. and Stoloff , L. 1968 . Aspertoxin, a hydroxy derivative of O‐methyl sterigmatocystin from aflatoxin‐producing cultures of . Aspergillus flavus, Tetrahedron Lett. , 25 : 2975
   Google Scholar
• Rodricks , J. V. and Stoloff , D. 1970 . Determination of concentration and purity of aflatoxin standards . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 53 : 92
   Google Scholar
• Rodricks , J. V. , Stoloff , L. , Pons , W. A. Jr. , Robertson , J. A. and Goldblatt , L. A. 1970 . Molar absorptivity values for aflatoxin and justification for their use as criteria of purity of analytical standards . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 53 : 96
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , R. T. , Rosen , J. D. and Diprossimo , V. P. 1984 . Confirmation of aflatoxin B1 and B2 in peanuts by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 32 : 276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , E. and Lieber , C. S. 1968 . Malnutrition and liver disease: an overemphasized relationship . Am. J. Med. , 45 : 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabbioni , G. 1990 . Chemical and physical properties of the major serum albumin adduct of aflatoxin B, and their implications for the quantification in biological samples . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 75 : 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarasin , A. R. , Smith , C. A. and Hanawalt , P. C. 1977 . Repair of DNA in human cells after treatment with activated aflatoxin B1 . Cancer Res. , 37 : 1786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargeant , K. , O'Kelly , J. , Carnaghan , R. B. A. and Allcroft , R. 1961 . Assay of a toxic principle in certain groundnut meals . Vet. Rec. , 73 : 1219
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder , H. W. and Hein , H. 1967 . Aflatoxins: production of the toxins in vitro in relation to temperature . Appl. Microbiol. , 15 : 441
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott , P. M. , Van Welbeek , W. , Kennedy , B. and Anyeti , D. 1972 . Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A, citrinin and sterigmatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 20 : 1103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgwick , B. and Morris , C. 1980 . Stereochemical course of hydrogen transfer catalysed by the enoyl reductase enzyme of the yeast fatty acid synthetase . J. Chem. Soc. D: , : 96
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shank , R. C. , Gordon , J. E. and Wogan , G. N. 1972 . Dietary Aflatoxin and Human liver cancer (III). Field survey of rural Thai families for ingested Aflatoxins . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 10 : 71
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , A. , Behere , S. R. , Padwal‐Desai and Nadkarni , G. B. 1980 . Influence of inoculum size of Aspergillus parasiticus spores on aflatoxin production . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 40 : 989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih , C. N. and Marth , E. H. 1973 . Aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus parasiticus when incubated in the presence of different gases . J. Milk Food Tech. , 36 : 421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shotwell , O. L. 1986 . “ Chemical survey methods for mycotoxins ” . In Modern Methods in the Analysis and Structural Elucidation of Mycotoxins , Edited by: Cole , R. J. 60 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , T. J. 1986 . “ Studies of polyketide chain assembly processes, in IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Pretoria ” . In Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins , Edited by: Steyn , P. S. and Vleggaar , R. 85 New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J. P. , Ramaswamy , H. S. and Simpson , B. K. 1990 . Developments in food packaging technology. II. Storage aspects . Trends in Food Sci. Technol. , 1 : 111
   Google Scholar
• Sonuner , N. F. , Buchanan , J. R. and Fortlage , R. J. 1974 . Production of patulin by . Penicillium expan‐sum, Appl. Microbiol. , 28 : 589
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sreenivasamurthy , V. , Parpia , H. A. B. , Srikanta , S. and Shankarmurti , A. 1967 . Detoxification of aflatoxin in peanut meal by hydrogen peroxide . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 50 : 350
   Google Scholar
• Stark , A. A. 1986 . “ Molecular aspects of aflatoxin B1 mutagenesis and carcinogenesis ” . In Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins , Edited by: Steyn , P. S. and Vleggaar , R. 435 New York : El‐sevier .
   Google Scholar
• Stoloff , L. 1972 . Analytical methods for mycotoxins . Clin. Toxicol. , 5 : 465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swensen , D. H. , Lin , J. K. , Miller , J. A. and Miller , E. C. 1977 . Aflatoxin B,‐2,3 epoxide as a probable intermediate in the covalent binding of aflatoxins B, and B2 to rat liver DNA and rRNA in vivo . Cancer Res. , 37 : 172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabak , H. H. and Cooke , W. B. 1968 . The effect of gaseous environment on the growth and metabolism of fungi . Bot. Rev. , 34 : 124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thean , J. E. , Lorenz , D. L. , Wilson , D. M. , Rodgers , K. and Gueldner , R. C. 1980 . Extraction, clean‐up and quantitative determination of aflatoxin in corn . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 63 : 631
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiel , P. G. 1986 . “ HPLC determination of aflatoxin and mammalian aflatoxin metabolites ” . In Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins , Edited by: Steyn , P. S. and Vleggaar , R. 329 New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Tomlins , K. I. , Jewers , K. and Coker , R. D. 1989 . Evaluation of non‐polar bonded‐phases for the cleanup of maize extracts prior to aflatoxin assay by HPTLC . Chromatographia , 27 : 67
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trucksess , M. W. , Brumley , W. C. and Nesheim , S. 1984 . Rapid quantitation and confirmation of aflatoxins in corn and peanut butter, using a disposable silica gel column, thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 67 : 973
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vandegraft , E. E. , Hesseltine , C. W. and Shotwell , O. L. 1975 . Grain preservatives: effects on aflatoxin and ochratoxin production . Cereal Chem. , 52 : 79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Walbeek , W. , Clademenos , T. and Thatcher , F. S. 1969 . Influence of refrigeration on aflatoxin production by strains . of Aspergillus flaws, Can. J. Microbiol. , 15 : 629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Walbeek , W. , Scott , P. M. , Harwig , J. and Lawrence , J. W. 1969 . Penicillium viridicatum Westling: a new source of ochratoxin A . Can. J. Microbiol. , 15 : 1281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vederas , J. C. and Nakashima , T. T. 1980 . Biosynthesis of Averufin by Aspergillus parasiticus; detection of 18O‐label by 13C‐NMR isotope shifts . J. Chem. Soc. D: , : 183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesonder , R. F. , Ciegler , A. , Rogers , R. F. , Burbridge , K. A. , Botharst , R. J. and Jensen , A. H. 1978 . Survey of 1977 crop year preharvest com for vomitoxin . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 36 : 885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , E. C. 1940 . Bactericidal filtrates from a mold culture . Science , 92 : 127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson , D. M. 1976 . “ Patulin and penicillic acid ” . In My‐cotoxins and Other Fungal Related Food Problems , Adv. Chem. Ser. No. 149 Edited by: Rodricks , J. V. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Wragg , J. B. , Ross , V. C. and Legator , M. S. 1967 . Effect of aflatoxin B1 on the DNA polymerase of Escherichia coli (32274) . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 125 : 1052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yabuta , T. 1924 . The constitution of Kojic acid, a gamma‐pyrone derivative formed by Aspergillus oryzae from carbohydrates . J. Chem. Soc. , 125 : 575
   Google Scholar
• Yousef , A. E. and Marth , E. H. 1981 . Growth and synthesis of aflatoxin by Aspergillus parasiticus in the presence of sorbic acid . J. Food Prot. , 44 : 736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousef , A. E. and Marth , E. H. 1983 . Incorporation of (C14) acetate into aflatoxin by resting cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus in the presence of antifungal agents . Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. , 18 : 103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar