670
Views
209
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Contributions of heme and nonheme iron to human nutrition

&
Pages 333-367 | Published online: 29 Sep 2009

References

  • Weinberg , E. D. 1989 . Cellular regulation of iron assimilation . Q. Rev. Biol. , 64 : 261
  • Ramdath , D. D. and Golden , M. N. H. 1989 . Non‐haemotological aspects of iron nutrition . Nutr. Res. Rev. , 2 : 29
  • Neilands , J. B. 1991 . A brief history of iron metabolism . Biol. Metals , 4 : 1
  • Crichton , R. R. 1987 . and Charliteaux‐Wauters, M., Iron transport and storage . Eur. J. Biochem. , 164 : 485
  • Huebers , H. A. and Finch , C. A. 1987 . The physiology of transferrin and transferrin receptors . Physiol. Rev. , 67 : 520
  • Theil , E. C. 1987 . Ferritin: structure, gene regulation, and cellular function in animals, plants and microorganisms . Annu. Rev. Biochem. , 56 : 289
  • Anon. 1990 . Iron in Human Nutrition , Chicago : National Livestock and Meat Board .
  • Baynes , R. D. and Bothwell , T. H. 1990 . Iron deficiency . Annu. Rev. Nutr. , 10 : 133
  • Bothwell , T. H. , Baynes , R. D. , MacFarlane , B. J. and MacPhail , A. P. 1989 . Nutritional iron requirements and food iron absorption . J. Intern. Med. , 226 : 357
  • Charlton , R. W. and Bothwell , T. H. 1983 . Iron absorption . Annu. Rev. Med. , 34 : 55
  • Conrad , M. E. 1987 . “ Iron absorption ” . In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Johnson , L. R. 1437 New York : Raven Press .
  • Windham , C. T. , Wyse , B. W. and Hansen , R. G. 1983 . Nutrient density of diets in the USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 1977–1978. II. Adequacy of nutrient density consumption practices . J. Am. Dietetic Assoc. , 82 : 34
  • Windham , C. T. , Wyse , B. W. and Hurst , R. L. 1981 . Consistency of nutrient consumption patterns in the United States . J. Am. Diet. Assoc , 78 : 587
  • Hallberg , L. 1981 . Bioavailability of dietary iron in man . Annu. Rev. Nutr. , 1 : 123
  • Hallberg , L. 1981 . Bioavailable nutrient density: a new concept applied in the interpretation of food iron absorption data . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 34 : 2242
  • Cook , J. D. 1990 . Adaption in iron metabolism . Am. J. Nutr. , 51 : 301
  • Borel , M. J. , Smith , S. H. , Brigham , D. E. and Beard , J. L. 1991 . The impact of varying degree of iron nutriture on several consequences of iron deficiency in rats . J. Nutr. , 121 : 729
  • Cook , J. D. and Lynch , S. R. 1986 . The liabilities of iron deficiency . Blood , 68 : 803
  • Skikne , B. S. 1988 . Current concepts in iron deficiency anemia . Food Rev. Int. , 42 : 137
  • Cook , J. D. , Skikne , B. S. , Lynch , S. R. and Reusser , M. E. 1986 . Estimates of iron sufficiency in the US population . Blood , : 68
  • Nilsson‐Ehle , H. 1990 . Iron deficiency . Uppsala J. Med. Sci. , 95 : 213
  • Guyatt , G. H. , Patterson , C. , Ali , M. , Singer , J. , Livine , M. , Turpie , I. and Meyer , R. 1990 . Diagnosis of iron‐deficiency anemia in the elderly . Am. J. Clin. Med. , 88 : 205
  • Haymes , E. M. and Spillman , D. M. 1989 . Iron status of women distance runners, sprinters, and control women . Int. J. Sports Med. , 10 : 430
  • Nickerson , H. J. , Holubets , M. C. , Weiler , B. R. , Haas , R. G. , Schwartz , S. and Elleferson , M. E. 1989 . Causes of iron deficiency in adolescent athletes . J. Pediatr. , 114 : 657
  • Prasad , M. K. and Pratt , C. A. 1990 . The effects of exercise and two levels of dietary iron on iron status . Nutr. Res. , 10 : 1273
  • Kent , S. , Weinberg , E. D. and Stuart‐Macadam , P. 1990 . Dietary and medical prophylactic iron supplements: helpful or harmful . Hum. Nat. , 1 : 55
  • Krikker , M. A. 1987 . Iron fortification — continuing controversy . Nutr. Today , 22 : 37
  • Cook , J. D. and Skikne , B. S. 1989 . Iron deficiency: definition and diagnosis . J. Int. Med. , 226 : 349
  • Finch , C. A. and Cook , J. D. 1984 . Iron deficiency . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 39 : 471
  • Hallberg , L. 1982 . Iron absorption and iron deficiency . Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. , 36C : 259
  • Johnson , M. A. 1990 . Iron: monitoring and nutrition status assessment . J. Nutr. , 120 : 1486
  • Bezkorovainy , A. 1989 . Biochemistry of nonheme iron in man. II: Absorption of iron . Clin. Phys. Biochem. , 7 : 53
  • Flanagan , P. R. 1989 . Mechanism and regulation of intestinal uptake and transfer of iron . Acta Paediatr. Scand. Suppl. , 361 : 21
  • Godbar , J. S. 1990 . Nutrient bioavailability in humans and experimental animals . J. Food Quality , 13 : 21
  • Harland , B. F. 1989 . Dietary fibre and mineral bioavailability . Nutr. Res. Rev. , 2 : 133
  • Murray , M. J. and Stein , N. 1967 . The integrity of the stomach as a requirement for maximal iron absorption . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 70 : 673
  • Rhodes , J. , Benton , D. and Brown , D. A. 1968 . Absorption of iron instilled into the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum . Gut , 9 : 323
  • Tovey , F. I. and Clark , C. G. 1980 . Anemia after partial gastrectomy; a neglected curable condition . Lancet , 1 : 956
  • Jacobs , P. , Bothwell , T. H. and Charlton , R. W. 1964 . Role of hydrochloric acid in iron absorption . J. Appl. Physiol. , 19 : 187
  • Jacobs , P. , Charlton , R. W. and Bothwell , T. H. 1968 . The influence of gastric factors on the absorption of iron salts . S. Afr. J. Med. Sci. , 33 : 53
  • Jacobs , A. and Owen , G. M. 1968 . Gastric secretion and iron absorption . Br. J. Haematol. , 15 : 324
  • Jacobs , A. , Rhodes , J. and Eakins , J. D. 1967 . Gastric factors influencing iron absorption in anemic patients . Scand. J. Haematol. , 4 : 105
  • Jacobs , A. , Rhodes , J. , Peters , D. K. , Campell , H. and Eakins , J. D. 1966 . Gastric acidity and iron absorption . Br. J. Haematol. , 12 : 728
  • Bezwoda , W. , Charlton , R. , Bothwell , T. , Torrance , J. and Mayet , F. 1978 . The importance of gastric hydrochloric acid in the absorption of nonheme food iron . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 92 : 108
  • Skikne , B. S. , Lynch , S. R. and Cook , J. D. 1981 . Role of gastric acid in food iron absorption . Gastroenterology , 81 : 1068
  • Golubov , J. , Flanagan , P. and Adams , P. 1991 . Inhibition af iron absorption by Omeprazole in rat model . Dig. Dis. Sci. , 36 : 405
  • Cook , J. D. , Brown , G. M. and Valberg , L. S. 1964 . The effect of achylia gastrica on iron absorption . J. Clin. Invest. , 43 : 1185
  • Hallberg , L. 1974 . The pool concept in food iron absorption and some of its implications . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 33 : 285
  • Layrisse , M. , Martínez‐Torres , C. , Cook , J. D. , Walker , R. and Finch , C. A. 1973 . Iron fortification of food: its measurement by the extrinsic tag method . Blood , 41 : 333
  • Bjorn‐Rasmussen , E. , Hallberg , L. , Isaksson , B. and Arvidson , B. 1974 . Food iron absorption in man. Application of the two pool extrinsic tag method to measure heme and non‐heme iron absorption from the whole diet . J. Clin. Invest. , 53 : 247
  • Layrisse , M. , Martínez‐Torres , C. , Renzi , M. and Leets , I. 1975 . Ferritin iron absorption in man . Blood , 45 : 689
  • Martínez‐Torres , C. , Renzi , M. and Layrisse , M. 1976 . Iron absorption by humans from hemosiderin and ferritin. Further studies . J. Nutr. , 106 : 128
  • Cook , J. D. , Minnich , V. , Moore , C. V. , Rasmussen , A. , Bradley , W. B. and Finch , C. A. 1973 . Absorption of fortification iron in bread . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 26 : 861
  • Bjorn‐Rasmussen , E. , Hallberg , L. and Rossander , L. 1977 . Absorption of fortification iron. Bioavailability in man of different samples of reduced iron, and prediction of the effects of fortification . Br. J. Nutr. , 37 : 375
  • Layrisse , M. , Martínez‐Torres , C. and Roche , M. 1968 . The effect of interaction of various foods on iron absorption . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 21 : 1178
  • Martínez‐Torres , C. , Leets , I. , Renzi , M. and Layrisse , M. 1974 . Iron absorption by humans from veal liver . J. Nutr. , 104 : 983
  • Berner , L. A. , Miller , D. D. and VanCampen , D. 1985 . Availability to rats of iron in ferric hydroxide polymers . Fed. Proc. , 43 : 1050
  • Champagne , E. T. 1988 . Effects of pH on mineral‐phytate, protein‐mineral‐phytate, and mineral‐fiber interactions. Possible consequences of atrophic gastritis on mineral bioavailability . J. Am. Coll. Nutr. , 6 : 499
  • Clydesdale , F. M. 1983 . Physicochemical determinants of iron bioavailability . Food Technol. , October : 133
  • Leigh , M. J. and Miller , D. D. 1983 . Effects of pH and chelating agents on iron binding by dietary fiber: implications for iron bioavailability . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 38 : 202
  • Torre , M. , Rodriguiz , A. R. and Saura‐Calixto , F. 1991 . Effects of dietary fiber and phytic acid on mineral bioavailability . Crit, Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 1 : 1
  • Zhang , D. , Carpenter , C. E. and Mahoney , A. M. 1990 . A mechanistic hypothesis for meat enhancement of iron absorption: stimulation of gastric secretions and iron chelation . Nutr. Res. , 10 : 929
  • Conrad , M. E. , Umbert , J. N. and Moore , E. G. 1991 . A role for mucin in the absorption of inorganic iron and other metals . Gastroenterology , 100 : 129
  • Conrad , M. E. and Schade , S. G. 1968 . Ascorbic acid chelate in iron absorption; a role for HC1 and bile . Gastroenterology , 55 : 35
  • Spiro , T. G. and Saltman , P. 1974 . “ Inorganic chemistry ” . In Iron Biochemistry and Medicine , Edited by: Jacobs , A. and Worwood , M. 1 New York : Academic Press .
  • Carpenter , C. E. and Mahoney , A. W. 1989 . Proteolytic digestion of meat is not necessary for iron solubilization . J. Nutr. , 119 : 1418
  • Wheby , M. S. , Suttle , G. E. and Ford , K. T. 1970 . Intestinal absorption of hemoglobin iron . Gastroenterology , 58 : 647
  • Conrad , M. E. , Cortell , S. , Williams , H. F. and Foy , A. L. 1966 . Polymerization and intraluminal factors in the absorption of hemoglobin‐iron . J. Lab. Clin. Invest. , 68 : 659
  • Akoyunoglou , J. H. , Olcott , H. S. and Brown , W. D. 1963 . Ferrihemichrome and ferrohemochrome formation with amino acids, amimo‐acid esters, pyridine derivatives and related compounds . Biochemistry , 2 : 1033
  • Keilin , J. 1960 . Nature of the haem‐binding groups in native and denatured haemoglobin and myoglobin . Nature , 187 : 365
  • Hazell , T. , Ledward , D. A. and Neale , R. J. 1978 . Iron bioavailability from meat . Br. J. Nutr. , 39 : 631
  • Hazell , T. , Ledward , D. A. , Neale , R. J. and Root , I. C. 1980–81 . The role of proteins in meat haemoprotein digestion . Meat Sci. , 5 : 397
  • Hwang , Y. F. and Brown , E. B. 1965 . Effect of desfer‐rioxamine on iron absorption . Lancet , 1 : 137
  • Kuhn , I. N. , Layrisse , M. , Roche , O. , Martínez‐Torres , C. and Walker , R. B. 1968 . Observations on the mechanisms of iron absorption . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 21 : 1184
  • Martinez‐Torres , C. and Layriss , M. 1971 . Iron absorption from veal muscle . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 24 : 531
  • Layrisse , M. and Martínez‐Torres , C. 1972 . Model for measuring dietary absorption of heme iron: test with a complete meal . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 25 : 401
  • Hallberg , L. and Björn‐Rasmussen , E. 1972 . Determination of iron absorption from whole diet. A new two‐pool model using two radioiron isotopes given as haem and non‐haem . Scand. J. Haematol. , 9 : 193
  • Johnson , G. , Jacobs , P. and Purves , L. R. 1983 . Iron binding proteins of iron‐absorbing rat intestinal mucosa . J. Clin. Invest. , 71 : 1467
  • Wheby , M. S. , Jones , L. G. and Crosby , W. H. 1964 . Studies on iron absorption. Intestinal regulatory mechanisms . J. Clin. Invest. , 43 : 1433
  • Charlton , R. W. , Jacobs , P. , Torrance , J. D. and Bothwell , T. H. 1965 . The role of the intestinal mucosa in iron absorption . J. Clin. Invest. , 44 : 543
  • Conrad , M. E. and Crosby , W. H. 1963 . Intestinal mucosal mechanisms controlling iron absorption . Blood , 22 : 406
  • Wheby , M. S. and Crosby , W. H. 1963 . The gastrointestinal tract and iron absorption . Blood , 22 : 415
  • Bédard , Y. C. , Pinkerton , P. H. and Simon , G. T. 1976 . Uptake of circulating iron by the duodenum of normal mice and mice with altered iron stores, including sex‐linked anemia . Lab. Invest. , 6 : 611
  • Edwards , J. A. and Bannerman , R. M. 1970 . Hereditary defect of intestinal iron transport in mice with sex‐linked anemia . J. Clin. Invest. , 49 : 1869
  • Edwards , J. A. and Hoke , J. E. 1972 . Defect of intestinal mucosal iron uptake in mice with hereditary microcytic anemia . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 141 : 81
  • Manis , J. 1971 . Intestinal iron transport defect in the mouse with sex‐linked anemia . Am. J. Physiol. , 220 : 135
  • Bakerzak , S. P. , Jensen , W. N. and Pollack , S. 1966 . Mechanism of action of desferrioxamine on iron absorption . Scand. J. Hematol. , 3 : 205
  • Levine , D. S. , Huebers , H. A. , Rubin , C. E. and Finch , C. A. 1988 . Blocking action of parenteral desferrioxamine on iron absorption in rodents and men . Gastroenterology , 95 : 1242
  • Nathanson , M. H. , Muir , A. and McLaren , G. D. 1985 . Iron absorption in normal and iron deficient beagle dogs; mucosal iron kinetics . Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. , 12 : G439
  • Francanzani , A. L. , Fargion , S. , Romano , R. , Piperno , A. , Arosio , P. , Ruggerri , G. , Ronchi , G. and Fiorelli , G. 1989 . Immunohistochemical evidence for a lack of ferritin in duodenal absorptive epithelial cells in idiopathic hemochromatosis . Gastroenterology , 96 : 1071
  • Whittaker , P. , Skikne , B. S. , Covell , A. M. , Flowers , C. , Cooke , A. , Lynch , S. R. and Cook , J. D. 1989 . Duodenal proteins in idiopathic hematochromatosis . J. Clin. Invest. , 83 : 261
  • Geisser , P. and Müller , A. 1987 . Pharmokinetics of iron salts and ferric‐hydroxide complexes . Arzneim.‐Forsch./Drug Res. , 37 : 100
  • Huebers , H. A. , Csiba , E. , Josephson , B. and Finch , F. A. 1990 . Iron absorption in the iron deficient rat . Blut , 60 : 345
  • Teichman , R. and Stremmel , W. 1990 . Iron uptake by human upper small intestine microvillus membrane vesicles . J. Clin. Invest. , 86 : 2145
  • Thompson , A. B. R. and Valberg , L. S. 1971 . Kinetics of intestinal iron absorption in the rat: effect of cobalt . Am. J. Physiol , 220 : 1080
  • Thompson , A. B. R. , Valberg , L. S. and Sinclair , D. G. 1971 . Competitive nature of the intestinal transport mechanism for cobalt and iron in the rat . J. Clin. Invest. , 50 : 2384
  • Valberg , L. S. and Flanagan , P. R. 1983 . “ Intestinal absorption of iron and chemically related metals ” . In Biological Aspects of Metals and Metal‐Related Diseases , Edited by: Sarkar , B. 741 New York : Raven Press .
  • Jacobs , P. , Wormand , L. A. and Gregory , M. C. 1979 . Absorption of iron polymaltose and ferrous sulfate in rats and humans . S. Afr. Med. J. , 58 : 1065
  • Johnson , G. and Jacobs , P. 1990 . Bioavailability and the mechanisms of intestinal absorption of iron from ferrous ascorbate and ferric polymaltose in experimental animals . Exp. Hematol. , 18 : 1064
  • Jacobs , P. , Johnson , G. and Wood , L. 1984 . Oral iron therapy in human subjects: comparative absorption between ferrous salts and iron polymaltose . J. Med. , 15 : 367
  • Stremmel , W. , Lota , G. , Niederau , C. , Teschke , R. and Strohmeyer , G. 1987 . Iron uptake by rat duodenal microvillous membrane vessicles; evidence for carrier‐mediated transport system . Eur. J. Clin. Invest. , 17 : 136
  • Berner , L. A. , Miller , D. D. and VanCampen , D. 1986 . Absorption of iron from ferric hydroxide polymers introduced into ligated rat duodenal segments . Fed. Proc. , 44 : 1851
  • Peters , T. J. , Raja , K. B. , Simpson , R. J. and Snape , S. 1988 . Mechanisms and regulation of intestinal iron absorption . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 526 : 141
  • Barrand , M. A. , Hider , R. C. and Callingham , B. A. 1990 . The importance of reductive mechanisms for intestinal uptake of iron from ferric maltol and ferric nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) . J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , 42 : 279
  • Wollenberg , P. and Rummel , W. 1987 . Dependence of intestinal iron absorption on the valency state of iron . Arch. Pharmacol. , 336 : 578
  • Simplson , R. J. , Raja , K. B. and Peters , T. J. 1986 . Evidence for distinct, separately regulated mechanisms for the uptake of Fe2+ and Fe3+ by mouse duodenum . Biochem. Soc. Trans. , 14 : 142
  • Helbock , H. J. and Saltman , P. 1967 . The transport of iron by the intestine . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 135 : 979
  • Simpson , R. J. and Peters , T. J. 1984 . Studies of Fe3+ transport across isolated intestinal brush border membrane of the mouse . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 772 : 220
  • Huebers , H. A. , Huebers , E. , Csiba , E. , Rummel , W. and Finch , C. A. 1983 . The significance of trans‐ferrin for intestinal iron absorption . Blood , 61 : 283
  • Baldwin , G. S. , Chandler , R. and Weinstock , J. 1986 . Binding of gastrin to gastric transferrin . FEBS Lett. , 205 : 147
  • Longano , S. C. , Knesel , J. , Howlett , G. J. and Baldwin , G. S. 1988 . Interaction of gastrin with transferrin; effects of ferric ions . Arch. Biochem. Biophy. , 263 : 410
  • Cox , T. M. , Mazurier , J. , Spik , G. , Montreuil , J. and Peters , T. J. 1979 . Iron binding proteins and influx of iron across the duodenal brush border; evidence for specific lactotransfenin receptors in the human intestine . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 588 : 120
  • Osterloh , K. R. S. , Simpson , R. J. and Peters , T. J. 1987 . The role of mucosal tranasferrin in intestinal iron absorption . Br. J. Haemotol. , 65 : 1
  • Simpson , R. J. , Osterloh , K. R. S. , Raja , K. B. , Snape , S. D. and Peters , T. J. 1986 . Studies on the role of transferrin and endocytosis on the uptake of Fe3+ from Fe‐nitrilotriacetate by mouse duodenum . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 884 : 166
  • Anderson , G. J. , Powell , L. W. and Halliday , J. W. 1990 . Transferrin receptor distribution and regulation in the rat small intestine . Gastroenterology , 98 : 576
  • Banerjie , D. , Flanagan , P. R. , Cluett , J. and Valberg , L. S. 1986 . Transferrin receptors in the human gastrointestinal tract . Gastroenterology , 91 : 861
  • Mazurier , J. , Montreuil , J. and Spik , J. 1985 . Visualization of lactotransferin brush‐border receptors by ligand blotting . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 821 : 453
  • Parmley , R. T. , Barton , J. C. and Conrad , M. E. 1985 . Ultrastructural localization of transferrin, transferrin receptor, and iron binding sites on human placental and duodenal microvilli . Br. J. Haematol. , 60 : 81
  • Bezwoda , W. R. , MacPhail , A. P. , Bothwell , T. H. , Baynes , R. D. , Derman , D. P. and Torrance , J. D. 1986 . Failure of transferrin to enhance iron absorption in achlorohydric human subjects . Br. J. Hematol. , 63 : 749
  • Izdera , R. L. , Huebers , H. , Finch , C. A. and McKnight , G. S. 1986 . Rat transferrin gene expression; tissue specific regulation by iron deficiency . Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 83 : 154
  • Schümann , K. , Schafer , S. G. and Forth , W. 1986 . Iron absorption and billiary excretion of transferrin in rats . Res. Exp. Med. , 186 : 215
  • Bédard , Y. C. , Pinkerton , P. H. and Simon , G. T. 1971 . Radiographic observations on iron absorption in normal mouse duodenum . Blood , 38 : 232
  • Bédard , Y. C. , Pinkerton , P. H. and Simon , G. T. 1973 . Radiographie observations on iron absorption by the duodenum of mice with iron overload, iron deficiency, and sex‐linked anemia . Blood , 42 : 131
  • Conrad , M. E. , Parmley , R. T. and Osterloh , K. 1987 . Small intestinal regulation of iron absorption in the rat . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 110 : 418
  • Halliday , J. W. , Powell , L. W. and Mack , U. 1976 . Iron absorption in the rat; the search for possible intestinal mucosal carriers . Br. J. Haematol. , 34 : 237
  • Sheehan , R. G. and Frenkel , L. W. 1972 . The control of iron absorption by the gastrointestinal mucosal cell . J. Clin. Invest. , 51 : 224
  • El‐Shobaki , F. A. and Rummel , W. 1977 . Mucosal transferrin and ferritin factors in the regulation of iron absorption . Res. Exp. Med. , 172 : 243
  • Huebers , H. A. , Huebers , E. , Forth , W. and Rummel , W. 1971 . Binding of iron to a non‐ferritin protein in the mucosal cells of normal and iron deficient rats during absorption . Life Sci. , 10 : 1141
  • Huebers , H. A. , Huebers , E. , Forth , W. and Rummel , W. 1973 . Iron absorption and iron binding proteins in intestinal mucosa of mice with sex‐linked anemia . Hoppe‐Seleyer's Z. Physiol. Chem. , 354 : 1156
  • Savin , M. A. and Cook , J. D. 1980 . Mucosal iron transport by rat intestine . Blood , 56 : 1029
  • Ehtechami , C. , Elsenhans , B. and Forth , W. 1989 . Incorporation of iron from an oral dose into the ferritin of the duodenal mucosa and liver of normal and iron deficient rats . J. Nutr. , 119 : 202
  • Schüman , K. , Elsenhans , B. , Echtchami , C. and Forth , W. 1990 . Rat intestinal iron transfer capacity and the longitudinal distribution of its adaptation to iron deficiency . Digestion , 46 : 35
  • Schüman , K. , Elsenhans , B. , Echtchami , C. and Forth , W. 1990 . Increased intestinal iron absorption in rats with normal hepatic iron stores. Kinetic aspects of the adaptive response to parenteral iron repletion . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1033 : 277
  • Huebers , H. A. , Huebers , E. , Rummel , W. and Crichton , R. R. 1976 . Isolation and characterization of iron‐binding proteins from rat intestinal mucosa . Eur. J. Biochem. , 66 : 447
  • Brittin , G. M. and Raval , D. 1970 . Duodenal ferritin synthesis during iron absorption in the iron deficient rat . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 75 : 811
  • Bergamaschi , G. , Eng , M. , Huebers , H. A. and Finch , C. A. 1986 . The effect of transferrin saturation on internal iron exchange . Proc. Soc. Exp. Med. , 183 : 66
  • Brittin , G. M. and Raval , D. 1971 . Duodenal ferritin synthesis in iron‐replete and iron‐deficient rats; response to small doses of iron . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 77 : 54
  • Whittaker , P. , Skikne , B. S. , Lynch , S. R. and Cook , J. D. 1985 . Relationship of duodenal mucosal ferritin and transferrin to iron absorption in humans . Blood , 66 : 51a
  • Jacobs , A. 1977 . Low molecular weight intracellular iron. transport compounds . Blood , 50 : 433
  • May , P. M. , Williams , D. R. and Linder , P. W. 1978 . “ Biological significance of low molecular weight iron (III) complexes ” . In Metals in Biological Systems , Edited by: Sidel , H. 29 New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Pollack , S. and Weaver , J. 1986 . Iron release from transferrin: synergistic interaction between adenosine tri‐phosphate and an ammonium sulphate fraction of hemolysate . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 108 : 411
  • Linder , M. C. , Dunn , V. , Isaacs , E. , Jones , D. , Van Volkom , M. and Munro , H. N. 1975 . Ferritin and intestinal iron absorption: pancreatic enzymes and free iron . Am. J. Physiol. , 228 : 196
  • Evans , G. W. and Grace , C. I. 1974 . Interaction of transferrin with iron‐binding sites on rat intestinal epithelial cell plasma membrane . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 147 : 687
  • Levine , P. H. , Levine , D. J. and Weintraub , L. R. 1972 . The role of transferrin in the control of iron absorption: studies on a cellular level . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 80 : 333
  • Yoshino , Y. and Manis , J. 1973 . Iron‐binding substances isolated from particulate fraction of rat intestine . Am. J. Physiol. , 225 : 1276
  • Levine , J. S. and Seligman , P. A. 1984 . The ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of transferrin receptor (TFR) and transferrin (TF) in the gastrointestinal tract of man . Gastroenterology , 86 : 1161
  • Heilmeyer von , L. , Keller , W. , Vivell , O. , Keiderling , W. , Betke , K. , Wohler , F. and Schultze , H. E. 1961 . Kongenitale atransferrinamie bie einem seiben jahre alten kind . Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. , 86 : 1475
  • Craven , C. M. , Alexander , J. , Elridge , M. , Kushner , J. P. , Bernstein , S. and Kaplan , J. 1987 . Tissue distribution and clearance kinetics of non‐transferrin‐bound iron in the hypotransferrinemic mouse: a rodent model for hematochromatosis . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 84 : 3457
  • Conrad , M. E. , Benjamin , B. I. , Williams , H. L. and Foy , A. L. 1967 . Human absorption of hemoglobin iron . Gastroenterology , 53 : 5
  • Hallberg , L. and Sövell , L. 1967 . Absorption of hemoglobin iron in man . Acta Med. Scand. , 181 : 335
  • Wheby , M. S. and Spyker , D. A. 1981 . Hemoglobin iron absorption kinetics in the iron‐deficient dog . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 34 : 1686
  • Weintraub , L. R. , Weinstein , M. B. , Huser , H.‐J. and Rafal , S. 1968 . Absorption of hemoglobin iron: the role of a heme splitting substance in the intestinal mucosa . J. Clin. Invest. , 47 : 531
  • Dawson , R. B. , Rafal , S. and Weintraub , L. R. 1970 . Absorption of hemoglobin iron; the role of xanthine oxidase in the intestinal heme‐splitting reaction . Blood , 35 : 94
  • Raffin , S. B. , Choong , H. W. , Roost , K. T. , Price , D. C. and Schmid , R. 1974 . Intestinal absorption of hemoglobin iron — Heme cleavage by mucosal heme oxygenase . J. Clin. Invest. , 54 : 1344
  • Jansuittivechakul , O. 1983 . “ The Effect of Heat Treatment on Meat Heme and Nonheme Iron Bioavailability ” . Logan : Utah State University . Ph.D. dissertation
  • Jansuittivechakul , O. , Mahoney , A. W. , Cornforth , D. P. , Hendricks , D. G. and Kangsdalampai , K. 1985 . Effect of heat treatment on bioavailability of meat and hemoglobin iron fed to anemic rats . J. Food Sci. , 50 : 407
  • Jansuittivechakul , O. , Mahoney , A. W. , Cornforth , D. P. , Hendricks , D. G. and Sisson , D. V. 1986 . Effect of heat treatment on meat enhancement of dietary iron bioavailability of meat/ferrous sulfate and meat/hemoglobin mixtures fed to anemic rats . J. Food. Sci. , 51 : 263
  • Mahoney , A. W. , Hendricks , D. G. , Gillett , T. A. , Buck , D. R. and Miller , C. G. 1979 . Effect of sodium nitrite on the bioavailability of meat iron for the anemic rat . J. Nutr. , 109 : 2182
  • Mahoney , A. W. , Whittaker , P. , Park , Y. W. and Hendricks , D. G. 1987 . Iron bioavailability of breakfast cereals supplemented with different iron sources . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 35 : 251
  • Thannoun , A. M. 1987 . “ Iron Bioavailability of MeatBread Mixtures and Meat Loaves Fed to Anemic Rats ” . Logan : Utah State University . Ph.D. dissertation
  • Thannoun , A. M. , Mahoney , A. W. and Hendricks , D. G. 1987 . Hemoglobin regeneration and iron absorption from meat loaf diets fed to anemic and healthy rats . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 36 : 1273
  • Thannoun , A. M. , Mahoney , A. W. , Hendricks , D. G. and Zhang , D. 1987 . Effect of meat:bread mixtures on bioavailability of total dietary iron for anemic rats . Cereal Chem. , 64 : 399
  • Whittaker , P. 1983 . “ Efficiency of Converting Iron into Hemoglobin as an Assay for Evaluating Iron Bioavailability ” . Logan : Utah State University . Ph.D. dissertation
  • Zhang , D. 1988 . “ The Bioavailability of Iron from Meat, Spinach, Soy Protein Isolate, Proportional, Meat:Spinach, and Meat:SPI Mixtures Fed to Anemic and Healthy Rats ” . Logan : Utah State University . Ph.D. dissertation
  • Zhang , D. , Hendricks , D. G. and Mahoney , A. W. 1989 . Bioavailabliity of total iron from meat, spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) and meat‐spinach mixtures by anemic and non‐anemic rats . Br. J. Nutr. , 61 : 331
  • Zhang , D. , Hendricks , D. G. , Mahoney , A. W. and Cornforth , D. P. 1985 . Bioavailability of iron in peas, spinich, bran cereal, and corn meal fed to anemic rats . J. Food Sci. , 50 : 426
  • Kalpalathika , M. , Mahoney , A. , Whittaker , P. and Hendricks , D. 1991 . Incorporation of absorbed iron from different dietary sources into hemoglobin . Nutr. Res. , 11 : 185
  • Baynes , R. D. , Bothwell , T. H. , Bezwoda , W. R. , MacPail , A. P. and Derman , D. P. 1987 . Relationship between absorption of inorganic and food iron in field studies . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 31 : 109
  • Cook , J. D. , Lipschitz , D. A. , Miles , L. E. and Finch , C. A. 1974 . Serum ferritin as a measure of iron stores in normal human subjects . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 27 : 681
  • Magnusson , B. , Faxen , A. , Cedarbald , A. , Rossander , J. , Kewenter , J. and Hallberg , L. 1979 . The effect of parietal cell vagotomy and selection vagotomy with pyloroplasty on iron absorption. A prospective, randomized study . Scand. J. Gastroentrol. , 14 : 177
  • Turnberg , L. A. 1966 . The absorption of iron after partial gastrectomy . Q. J. Med. , 35 : 107
  • Bogunjoko , F. E. , Neale , R. J. and Ledward , D. A. 1983 . Availability of iron from chicken meat and liver given to rats . Br. J. Nutr. , 50 : 511
  • Adams , P. C. , Zhong , R. , Haist , J. , Flanagan , P. R. and Grant , D. R. 1991 . Mucosal iron in the control of iron absorption in a rat intestinal transport model . Gastroenterology , 100 : 370
  • Diamond , J. M. and Karasov , W. H. 1987 . Adaptive regulation of intestinal nutrient transporters . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 84 : 2242
  • Muir , W. A. , Hopfer , U. and King , M. 1984 . Iron transport across the brush‐border membranes from normal and iron‐deficient mouse upper small intestine . J. Biol. Chem. , 259 : 4896
  • Raja , K. B. , Bjarhason , I. , Simpson , R. J. and Peters , T. J. 1987 . In vitro measurement and adaptive response of Fe3+ uptake by mouse small intestine . Cell Biochem. Funct. , 5 : 69
  • Raja , K. B. , Simpson , R. J. and Peters , T. J. 1987 . Comparison of 59Fe+3 uptake in vitro and in vivo by mouse duodenum . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 901 : 52
  • Linder , M. C. and Munro , H. N. 1977 . The mechanism of iron absorption and its regulation . Fed. Proc , 36 : 2017
  • Marx , J. J. M. 1979 . Mucosal uptake, mucosal transfer, and retention of iron, measured by whole‐body counting . Scand. J. Haematol. , 23 : 293
  • Matti , R. , Meike , C. H. , Levine , P. H. and Crosby , W. H. 1973 . Iron in the duodenal mucosa of normal, iron‐loaded, and iron deficient rats . Blood , 41 : 959
  • Richmond , V. S. , Woorwood , M. and Jacobs , A. 1972 . The iron content of intestinal epithelial cells and its subcellular distribution. Studies on normal, iron‐overloaded, and iron‐deficient rats . Br. J. Haematol. , 23 : 605
  • Fairweather‐Tait , S. J. and Wright , A. J. A. 1984 . The influence of previous iron intake on the estimation of bioavailabile Fe from a test meal given to rats . Br. J. Nutr. , 51 : 185
  • Granick , S. 1946 . Ferritin. IX. Increase of protein ap‐poferritin in the gastrointestinal mucosa as a direct response to iron feeding . Biol. Chem. , 164 : 737
  • Hahn , P. F. , Bale , W. F. , Ross , J. F. , Balfour , W. M. and Whipple , G. H. 1943 . Radioactive iron absorption by gastrointestinal tract. Influence of anemia, anoxia, and antecedent feeding distribution in growing dogs . J. Exp. Med. , 22 : 69
  • Kaufman , R. M. , Pollack , S. and Crosby , W. H. 1966 . Iron deficient diet: effects in rats and humans . Blood , 28 : 726
  • Bowman , B. H. , Yang , F. and Adrian , G. S. 1988 . “ Transferrin: evaluation and genetic regulation of expression ” . In Advances in Genetics , Edited by: Caspari , E. W. and Scandelios , J. C. Vol. 25 , New York : Academic Press .
  • Klausner , R. D. 1988 . From receptors to genes — insights from molecular iron metabolism . Clin. Res. , 36 : 494
  • Rouault , T. A. , Hentze , M. W. , Caughman , S. W. , Harford , J. B. and Klausner , R. D. 1988 . Binding of a cytosolic protein to the iron‐responsive element of human ferritin messenger RNA . Science , 241 : 1207
  • White , K. and Munro , H. N. 1988 . Induction of ferritin subunit synthesis by iron is regulated at both the transcriptiona] and translational levels . J. Biol. Chem. , 263 : 8938
  • Buchowski , M. S. , Mahoney , A. M. and Kalpalathika , M. 1989 . Iron absorption, apparent iron absorption and hemoglobin regeneration efficiency in anemic and normal rats fed with dietary heme and nonheme iron at various levels . Nutr. Res. , 9 : 773
  • Gabbe , E. E. , Heinrich , H. C. , Brüggeman , J. and Pfau , A. A. 1979 . Iron absorption from hemiglobin (stable oxidation product of hemoglobin) in relation to the dose in subjects with normal and depleted iron stores . Nutr. Metab. , 23 : 17
  • Layrisse , M. , Cook , J. D. , Martínez , C. , Roche , M. , Kuhn , I. N. , Walker , R. B. and Finch , C. A. 1969 . Food iron absorption: a comparison of vegetable and animal protein . Blood , 33 : 430
  • Smith , K. 1983 . Effects of chemical environment on iron bioavailability measurements . Food Technol. , 37 : 115
  • Fairweather‐Tait , S. J. 1989 . Iron in food and its availability . Acta Pediatr. Scand. Suppl. , 361 : 12
  • Cook , J. D. 1983 . Determinants of nonheme iron absorption in man . Food Technol. , 37 : 124
  • Worthington‐Roberts , B. and Monsen , E. 1990 . “ Iron ” . In Meat and Health , Edited by: Pearson , A. M. and Dutson , T. R. 185 New York : Elsevier .
  • Morris , E. R. 1983 . An overview of current information on bioavailability of dietary iron to humans . Fed. Proc. , 42 : 1716
  • Lynch , S. R. and Cook , J. D. 1980 . Interaction of vitamin C and iron . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 355 : 32
  • Berner , L. A. and Miller , D. D. 1985 . Effects of dietary proteins on iron bioavailability — a review . Food Chem. , 18 : 47
  • Fox , M. R. S. and Tao , S.‐H. 1989 . Antinutritive effects of phytate and other phosphorylated derivatives . Nutr. Toxicol. , 3 : 59
  • Siegenberg , D. , Baynes , R. D. , Bothwell , T. H. , Macfarlane , B. J. , Lamparelli , R. D. , Car , N. G. , MacPhail , P. , Schmidt , U. , Tal , A. and Mayet , F. 1991 . Ascorbic acid prevents the dose‐dependent inhibitory effect of polyphenols and phytates on nonheme‐iron absorption . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 537
  • Rossander , L. 1987 . Effect of dietary phytate on iron absorption in man . Scand. J. Gastroenterol. , 22 : 68
  • Hallberg , L. 1987 . Wheat fiber, phytates and iron absorption . Scand. J. Gastroenterol. , 22 : 73
  • Brune , M. , Rossander , L. and Hallberg , L. 1989 . Iron absorption and phenolic compounds: the importance of different phenolic structures . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 43 : 547
  • Tuntawiroon , M. , Sritongkul , N. , Brune , M. , Rossander‐Hultén , L. , Pleetachinda , R. , Suwanik , R. and Hallberg , L. 1991 . Dose‐dependent inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds in food on nonheme‐iron absorption in men . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 554
  • Disler , P. B. , Lynch , S. R. , Torrance , J. D. , Sayers , M. H. , Bothwell , T. H. and Charlton , R. W. 1975 . The mechanism of the inhibition of iron absorption by tea . S. Afr. J. Med. Sci. , 40 : 109
  • Zhang , D. , Hendricks , D. G. , Mahoney , A. W. and Yaxim , Y. 1988 . Effect of tea on iron bioavailability in anemic and healthy rats . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 37 : 1225
  • Black , A. M. , Mahoney , A. W. , Farley , M. A. and Hendricks , D. G. 1988 . Estimation of available iron intake from total food consumption . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 37 : 737
  • Monsen , E. R. 1980 . Simplified method for calculating available dietary iron . Food Nutr. News , 51
  • Monsen , E. R. and Balintfy , J. L. 1982 . Calculating dietary iron bioavailability: refinement and computerization . J. Am. Diet Assoc , 80 : 307
  • Monsen , E. R. , Hallberg , L. , Layrisse , M. , Hegsted , D. M. , Cook , J. D. , Mertz , W. and Finch , C. A. 1978 . Estimation of available dietary iron . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 31 : 124
  • Gorman , J. E. and Clydesdale , F. M. 1983 . The behavior and stability of iron‐ascorbate complexes in solution . J. Food Sci. , 48 : 1217
  • Kim , Y. , Carpenter , C. E. and Mahoney , A. W. 1991 . Iron solubilizing capacity of meat and bioavailability of beef‐iron complex . FASEB J. , 5 : A589
  • Kim , Y. , Carpenter , C. E. and Mahoney , A. W. . Alteration of iron absorption by various sources of dietary protein: influences of gastric acid production, iron status, and dietary phytate . presented at 44th Annu. Reciprocal Meats Conf. of the Am. Meat Sci. Assoc. . June 9 to 12 , Manhattan : Kansas State University .
  • Murphy , S. P. and Calloway , D. H. 1986 . Nutrient intakes of women in NHANES II, emphasizing trace minerals, fiber, and phytate . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. , 86 : 1366
  • USDA . 1984 . Nutrient intakes: individuals in 48 states, year 1977–78, Report No. 1–2, Consumer Nutrition Division , Hyattsville, MD : Human Nutrition Information Service, USDA .
  • National Research Council . 1989 . Recommended Daily Allowances , 10th ed. , Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press .
  • Block , G. , Dresser , C. M. , Hartman , A. M. and Carroll , M. D. 1985 . Nutrient sources in the American diet: quantitative data from the NHANES II survey. I. Vitamins and minerals . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 122 : 13
  • Hendricks , D. G. , Mahoney , A. W. , Zhang , D. and Yu , Y. 1987 . Validity and assumptions in estimating heme iron for determining available dietary iron . Fed. Proc , 46 : 1160
  • Buchowski , M. S. , Mahoney , A. W. , Carpenter , C. E. and Cornforth , D. P. 1988 . Heating and the distribution of total and heme iron between meat and broth . J. Food Sci. , 53 : 43
  • Schricker , B. R. , Miller , D. D. and Stouffer , J. E. 1982 . Measurement and content of nonheme and total iron in muscle . J. Food Sci. , 47 : 740
  • Kalpalathika , M. , Clark , E. M. and Mahoney , A. 1991 . Heme iron content in selected ready‐to‐serve beef products . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 39 : 1091
  • Clark, E., Mahoney, A. W., unpublished data
  • Hornsey , H. C. 1956 . The colour of cooked cured pork. I. Estimation of the nitric oxide‐haem pigments . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 7 : 534
  • Block , G. , Dresser , C. M. , Hartman , A. M. and Carroll , M. D. 1985 . Nutrient sources in the American diet: quantitative data from the NHANES II survey. n. Macronutrients and fat . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 122 : 27
  • USDA . 1983 . Food intakes: individuals in 48 states, year 1977–78, Report No. 1–1, Consumer Nutrition Division , Hyattsville, MD : Human Nutrition Information Service, USDA .
  • Black , A. M. 1986 . “ A Model for Estimating Available Iron from Total Nutrient Intakes ” . Logan : Utah State University . M.S. thesis
  • Raper , N. M. , Rosenthal , J. C. and Woteki , C. E. 1984 . Estimation of available iron in diets of individuals 1 year old and older in the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. , 84 : 783
  • Farley , M. A. , Smith , P. D. , Mahoney , A. W. , West , D. W. and Post , J. R. 1987 . Adult dietary characteristics affecting iron intake: a comparison based on iron density . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. , 87 : 184
  • Black , A. M. , Mahoney , A. W. , Farley , M. A. and Hendricks , D. G. 1987 . Available iron intakes of school children consuming diets differing in iron density . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 35 : 1015
  • Pennington , J. A. T. , Wilson , D. B. , Newell , R. F. , Harland , B. F. , Johnson , R. D. and Vanderveen , J. E. 1984 . Selected minerals in foods surveys, 1974 to 1981/82 . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. , 84 : 771
  • Abdulla , M. , Alley , K.‐O. , Andersson , I. , Asp , N.‐G. , Birkhed , D. , Denker , I. , Johansson , C.‐G. , Jägerstad , M. , Kolar , K. , Nair , B. M. , Nilsson‐Ehle , P. , Nordén , A. , Rassner , S. , Svensson , S. , Akesson , B. and Öckerman , P.‐A. 1984 . Nutrient intake and health status of lactovegetarians; chemical analysis of diets using the duplicate portion sampling technique . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 40 : 325
  • Bindra , G. S. and Gibson , R. S. 1986 . Iron status of predominantly lacto‐vegetarian East Indian immigrants to Canada; a model approach . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 44 : 643
  • Brown , P. T. and Bergen , J. G. 1975 . The dietary status of “new”; vegetarians . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. , 67 : 455
  • Freeland‐Graves , J. 1988 . Mineral adequacy of vegetarian diets . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 48 : 859
  • Helman , A. D. and Darton‐Hill , I. Vitamin and iron status in new vegetarians . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 45 785
  • Schultz , T. D. and Leklem , J. E. 1983 . Dietary status of Seventh‐day Adventists and nonvegetarians . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. , 83 : 27
  • Acosta , A. , Amar , M. , Cornbluth‐Szarfarc , S. C. , Dillman , E. , Fosil , M. , Biachi , R. G. , Grebe , G. , Hertampf , E. , Kremenchuzky , S. , Layrisse , M. , Martinez‐Torres , C. , Morón , C. , Pizarro , F. C. , Stekel , A. , Villavicencio , D. and Zuniga , H. 1984 . Iron absorption from typical Latin American diets . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 39 : 453
  • Pabón , M. L. , Munevar , E. , Ramirez , R. , Martinez‐Torres , C. and Layrisse , M. 1990 . Iron absorption from typical Columbian diets . Nutr. Res. , 10 : 15
  • Torrence , J. D. and Bothwell , T. H. 1968 . A simple technique for measuring storage iron concentrations in formalised liver samples . S. Afr. J. Med. Sci. , 33 : 9
  • Rhee , K. S. and Ziprin . 1987 . Modification of the Schricker nonheme iron method to minimize pigment effects for red meats . J. Food Sci. , 52 : 1174

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.