References
- Administration for Children and Families. (2020). Head Start program facts: Fiscal year 2019. https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/about-us/article/head-start-program-facts-fiscal-year-2019
- Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2020). Kids count: Early childhood. https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data#USA/1/8/10,11,12,13,15,14,2719/char/0
- Ansari, A., Lόpez, M., Manfra, L., Bleiker, C., Dinehart, L. H. B., Hartman, S. C., & Winsler, A. (2017). Differential third-grade outcomes associated with attending publicly funded preschool programs for low-income Latino children. Child Development, 88(5), 1743–1756. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12663
- Barnett, W. S., & Friedman-Krauss, A. H. (2016). State (s) of Head Start. National Institute for Early Education Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
- Brewster, K. L., & Padavic, I. (2002). No more kin care?: Change in black mothers’ reliance on relatives for child care, 1977-94. Gender & Society, 16(4), 546–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243202016004008
- Buriel, R. (1998). Child care in the Latino community: Needs, preferences, and access. Tomás Rivera Policy Institute.
- Burstein, N., & Layzer, J. (2007). National study of child care for low-income families: Patterns of child care use among low-income families, final report. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/opre/report/national-study-child-care-low-income-families-patterns-child-care-use-among-low-0
- Capizzano, J., Adams, G., & Sonenstein, F. (2000). Child care arrangements for children under five: Variation across states. No. B-7. Assessing the new federalism: An urban institute program to assess changing social policies. Washington D.C.: The Urban Institute. https://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/anf_b7.pdf
- Chaudry, A., Pedroza, J. M., Sandstrom, H., Danzinger, A., Grosz, M., Scott, M., & Ting, S. (2011). Child care choices of low-income working families. In Urban Institute. Urban Institute. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED578676
- Conway, A., Waldfogel, J., & Wang, Y. (2019). Disparities in kindergarteners’ executive functions at kindergarten entry: Relations with parenting and child care. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 48, 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.03.009
- Crosnoe, R., Purtell, K. M., Davis-Kean, P., Ansari, A., & Benner, A. D. (2016). The selection of children from low-income families into preschool. Developmental Psychology, 52(4), 599–612. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000101
- Cui, J., & Hanson, R. (2021). Early child care in single-parent and two-parent families: 2019. Data point. NCES 2021-005. National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2021/2021005/index.asp
- Cui, J., & Natzke, L. (2020). Early childhood program participation: 2019. First look. NCES 2020-075. National center for education statistics. National Center for Education Statistics. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED607039
- Davis, E. E., & Connelly, R. (2005). The influence of local price and availability on parents’ choice of childcare. Population Research and Policy Review, 24(4), 301–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-8515-y
- Early, D. M., & Burchinal, M. R. (2001). Early childhood care: Relations with family characteristics and preferred care characteristics. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 16(4), 475–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(01)00120-X
- Garces, E., Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2002). Longer-term effects of Head Start. The American Economic Review, 92(4), 999–1012. https://doi.org/10.1257/00028280260344560
- Hahn, R. A., Barnett, W. S., Knopf, J. A., Truman, B. I., Johnson, R. L., Fielding, J. E., Muntaner, C., Jones, C. P., Fullilove, M. T., Hunt, P. C., & Community Preventive Services Task Force. (2016). Early childhood education to promote health equity: A community guide systematic review. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice: JPHMP, 22(5), E1. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000378
- Henly, J. R., & Lyons, S. (2000). The negotiation of child care and employment demands among low-income parents. The Journal of Social Issues, 56(4), 683–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00191
- Hofferth, S. L. (1998). Characteristics of children’s early care and education programs: Data from the 1995 national household education survey. DIANE Publishing.
- Hofferth, S. L., Chaplin, D. D., Wissoker, D. A., & Robins, P. K. (1996). Choice characteristics and parents’ child-care decisions. Rationality and Society, 8(4), 453–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/104346396008004006
- Institute of Education Science. (2021). Early child care for single parents and two parent families: 2019. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2021/2021005.pdf
- Jaffee, S. R., Van Hulle, C., & Rodgers, J. L. (2011). Effects of nonmaternal care in the first 3 years on children’s academic skills and behavioral functioning in childhood and early adolescence: A sibling comparison study. Child Development, 82(4), 1076–1091. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01611.x
- Kalenkoski, C. M., Ribar, D., & Stratton, L. S. (2005). Parental child care in single parent, cohabiting, and married couple families: Time diary evidence from the United Kingdom. The American Economic Review, 95(2), 194–988. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282805774670176
- Koball, H., Moore, A., & Hernandez, J. (2021). Basic facts about low-income children: Children under 9 years, 2019. National center for children in poverty. National Center for Children in Poverty. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED612007
- Lee, R., Zhai, F., Brooks-Gunn, J., Han, W. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2014). Head Start participation and school readiness: Evidence from the early childhood longitudinal study–birth cohort. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 202. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032280
- Mensing, J. F., French, D., Fuller, B., & Kagan, S. L. (2000). Child care selection under welfare reform: How mothers balance work requirements and parenting. Early Education and Development, 11(5), 573–595. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1105_3
- National Head Start Association. (2017). National Head Start fact sheet. https://www.nhsa.org/national-head-start-fact-sheets
- National Head Start Association. (2022). 2022 state fact sheet. https://nhsa.org/resource/2022-state-fact-sheets/#: :text=Long%2DTerm%20Impacts,with%20the%20child%20welfare%20system.
- Office of Head Start. (2021). Office of Head Start services snapshot: National all programs. https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/no-search/service-snapshot-all-programs-2021-2022.pdf
- Peyton, V., Jacobs, A., O’Brien, M., & Roy, C. (2001). Reasons for choosing child care: Associations with family factors, quality, and satisfaction. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 16(2), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(01)00098-9
- Radey, M., & Brewster, K. L. (2007). The influence of race/ethnicity on disadvantaged mothers’ child care arrangements. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 22(3), 379–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2007.05.004
- Reichman, N., Teitler, J., Garfinkel, I., & McLanahan, S. (2001). The Fragile families and child well-being study: Sample and design. Children and Youth Services Review, 23(4/5), 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(01)00141-4
- Repetti, R. L., & Wang, S.-W. (2014). Employment and parenting. Parenting: Science & Practice, 14(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2014.914364
- Sayour, N. (2019). The impact of maternal care on child development: Evidence from sibling spillover effects of a parental leave expansion. Labour Economics, 58, 167–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2018.03.005
- Tang, S., Coley, R. L., & Votruba-Drzal, E. (2012). Low-income families’ selection of child care for their young children. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(10), 2002–2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.06.012
- Thompson, O. (2018). Head Start’s long-run impact: Evidence from the program’s introduction. The Journal of Human Resources, 53(4), 1100–1139. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.53.4.0216.7735R1
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families (January2010). Head Start Impact Study. Final Report. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/hs_impact_study_final.pdf
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). (2022). Eligibility. https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/eligibility-ersea/article/poverty-guidelines-determining-eligibility-participation-head-start-programs.
- Zhai, F., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Waldfogel, J. (2011). Head Start and urban children’s school readiness: A birth cohort study in 18 cities. Developmental Psychology, 47(1), 134. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020784
- Zhai, F., Waldfogel, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2013). Estimating the effects of Head Start on parenting and child maltreatment. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(7), 1119–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.03.008
- Zigler, E., & Styfco, S. J. (2004). The Head Start debates. Brookes Publishing Company.