Franchisee Associations: Strategic Focus or Response to Franchisor Opportunism

REFERENCES

• Ahearne , M. , Bhattacharya , C. B. , & Gruen , T. ( 2005 ). Antecedents and consequences of customer-company identification: Expanding the role of relationship marketing . Journal of Applied Psychology , 90 ( 3 ), 574 – 585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , R. L. ( 1992, October 12 ). Franchisees unite, seek political clout with new coalition . Nation's Restaurant News. Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.findarticles.com
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . ( 1998, December 14 ). McDonald's Corp. creates new franchisee council . The Nation's Restaurant News. Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.findarticles.com
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . ( 2007, October 15 ). Franchise partnership with Yum! led to creation of world's largest purchasing cooperative . The Nation's Restaurant News. Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.findarticles.com
   Google Scholar
• Barkoff , R. ( 2006 ). Franchisee associations: Nothing to fear but fear itself, usually . Franchising World , 38 ( 9 ), 29 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , E. N. ( 1988, November 14 ). Burger King's angry franchisees . New York Times , p. D1 .
   Google Scholar
• Bettencourt , B. A. , Brewer , M. B. , Croak , R. R. , & Miller , N. ( 1992 ). Cooperation and the reduction of intergroup bias: The role of reward structure and social orientation . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 28 ( 4 ), 301 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya , C. B. , Rao , H. , & Glynn , M. A. ( 1995 ). Understanding the bond of identification: An investigation of its correlates among art museum members . Journal of Marketing , 59 ( 4 ), 46 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya , C. B. , & Sen , S. ( 2003 ). Consumer–company identification: A framework for understanding consumers' relationships with companies . Journal of Marketing , 67 ( 2 ), 76 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bok , D. C. , & Dunlop , J. T. ( 1970 ). Labor and the American community . New York : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , M. B. ( 1988 ). A dual process model of impression formation . Advances in Social Cognition , 1 , 1 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , M. B. ( 1991 ). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 ( 5 ), 475 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brickley , J. A. , Misra , S. , & Horn , R. L. ( 2003 ). Contract duration: Evidence from franchise contracts . In D. Haines & F. Wadsworth (Eds.), Building international bridges to success: Proceedings of the 17th annual conference of the International Society of Franchising (Paper #8) . Fort Lauderdale , FL : International Society of Franchising/Nova Southeastern University .
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright , D. , & Zander , A. ( 1968 ). Group dynamics: Research and theory . London : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Creswell , J. ( 2007, February 24 ). When disillusion sets in . New York Times . Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.nytimes.com
   Google Scholar
• Deutsch , C. H. (1988, December 4). Franchisees fight back. New York Times , p. 31. Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.nytimes.com
   Google Scholar
• Dutton , J. E. , Dukerich , J. M. , & Harquail , C. V. ( 1994 ). Organizational images and member identification . Administrative Science Quarterly , 39 ( 2 ), 239 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer , F. R. ( 1980 ). Channel-member satisfaction: Laboratory insights . Journal of Retailing , 56 ( 2 ), 45 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Ansary , A. I. , & Stern , L. W. ( 1972 ). Power measurement in the distribution channel . Journal of Marketing Research , 9 ( 1 ), 47 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , R. B. , & Medoff , J. L. ( 1984 ). What do unions do? New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , M. ( 1962 ). Capitalism and freedom . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gaertner , S. L. , Dovidio , J. F. , Banker , B. S. , Houlette , M. , Johnson , K. M. , & McGlynn , E. A. ( 2000 ). Reducing intergroup conflict: From superordinate goals to decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation . Group Dynamics , 4 ( 1 ), 98 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Galbraith , J. K. ( 1956 ). American capitalism: The concept of countervailing power . Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. , Pyszczynski , T. , & Solomon , S. ( 1986 ). The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory . In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 189 – 212 ). New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Grünhagen , M. , & Mittelstaedt , R. A. ( 2002 ). Is bigger better? The anticipation of scale efficiencies and decision participation as motivations for aspiring multi-unit franchisees . International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research , 8 ( 3 ), 188 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamstra , M. ( 1997, June 2 ). MCD's to decentralize US management team—McDonald's . Nation's Restaurant News . Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.findarticles.com
   Google Scholar
• Hayes , J. ( 2004, October 4 ). Blimpie operators slam policy shifts, allege kickbacks to Endervelt regime . Nation's Restaurant News . Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.findarticles.com
   Google Scholar
• Hays , C. L. ( 2001, February 24 ). Franchisees on edge . New York Times , p. C1. Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.nytimes.com
   Google Scholar
• Hewstone , M. , & Brown , R. J. (Eds.). ( 1986 ). Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters . Oxford , UK : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Hogg , M. , & Abrams , D. ( 1993 ). Towards a single-process uncertainty-reduction model of social motivation in groups . In M. Hogg & D. Adams (Eds.), Group motivation: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 173 – 190 ). Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Hornstein , H. A. ( 1976 ). Cruelty and kindness: A new look at aggression and altruism . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , S. D. , & Nevin , J. R. ( 1974 ). Power in a channel of distribution: Sources and consequences . Journal of Marketing Research , 11 ( 2 ), 186 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutt , W. H. ( 1930 ). The theory of collective bargaining . Glencoe , IL : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Insko , C. A. , Kirchner , J. L. , Pinter , B. , Efaw , J. , & Wildschut , T. ( 2005 ). Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity as a function of trust and categorization: The paradox of expected cooperation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88 ( 2 ), 365 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , L. (1996, April 1). McD franchisees form indy group: Aim to track new operations plan—McDonald's Corp. Nation's Restaurant News . Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.findarticles.com
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , N. ( 1996 ). The power of trust in manufacturer-retailer relationships . Harvard Business Review , 76 ( November-December ), 92 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• MacMillan , D. ( 2007, January 29 ). Franchise owners go to court . Business Week . Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.businessweek.com
   Google Scholar
• Mael , F. , & Ashforth , B. E. ( 1992 ). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 13 ( 2 ), 103 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maze , J. ( 2008, January ). Has Quizno's changed? The Franchise Times . Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.thefranchisetimes.com
   Google Scholar
• Muniz , A. M. Jr. , & O'Guinn , T. ( 2001 ). Brand community . Journal of Consumer Research , 27 ( 4 ), 412 – 432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson , M. ( 1965 ). The logic of collective action . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oxenfeldt , A. R. , & Kelly , A. O. ( 1968 ). Will successful franchise systems ultimately become wholly-owned chains? Journal of Retailing , 44 ( 4 ), 69 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piliavin , J. , Dovidio , J. F. , Gaertner , S. L. , & Clark , R. D. ( 1981 ). Emergency intervention . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , L. G. , & Taft , C. H. ( 1956 ). The evolution of wage structure . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , P. H. ( 1978 ). The theory of the firm and the structure of the franchise contract . Journal of Law and Economics , 21 ( 1 ), 223 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatzker , M. , & Calleja , D. ( 2007, April 2 ). Toasted . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.theglobeandmail.com
   Google Scholar
• Sherif , M. ( 1961 ). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The robbers cave experiment . Greenville , NC : University Book Exchange .
   Google Scholar
• Slichter , S. H. ( 1960 ). The impact of collective bargaining on management . Washington , DC : Brookings Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , J. ( 2009, October 15 ). Quiznos class actions near settlement . Bluemaumau . Retrieved January 15, 2010, from bluemaumau.org/legalnews .
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel , H. ( 1970 ). Experiments in intergroup discrimination . Scientific American , 223 ( 5 ), 96 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel , H. , Billig , M. G. , Bundy , R. P. , & Flament , C. ( 1971 ). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour . European Journal of Social Psychology , 1 ( 2 ), 149 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel , H. , & Turner , J. C. ( 1979 ). An integrative theory of social conflict . In W. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations . Monterrey , CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Tichy , N. M. ( 2002 ). The cycle of leadership: How great leaders teach their companies to win . New York : Collins Business .
   Google Scholar
• Weingartner , N. ( 2008, March ). Where'd all the Quiznos letters go? The Franchise Times. Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www.thefranchisetimes.com .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , I. F. ( 1979 ). Power and satisfaction in channels of distribution . Journal of Retailing , 55 ( 2 ), 79 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An earlier version of this article under a different title was presented at the 2009 International Society of Franchising Conference, San Diego, California.
   Google Scholar