Cicero’s rationale for his use of prose rhythm in argumentation

Works cited

Primary References

• All primary references to classical works follow the universal, standard form of citation requiring no reference to any specific edition, unless so noted by the author. Translations for classical works listed below are available in the Loeb Classical Library series of the Harvard University Press. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations were done by the author.
   Google Scholar
• Aristotle. Poetics.
   Google Scholar
• Aristotle. Rhetoric.
   Google Scholar
• Cicero. Brutus.
   Google Scholar
• Cicero. De oratore.
   Google Scholar
• Cicero. Orator.
   Google Scholar
• Horace. Sermones.
   Google Scholar
• Phaedrus. Fabulae.
   Google Scholar
• Quintilian. Institutio oratoria.
   Google Scholar
• Tacitus. Dialogus de oratoribus.
   Google Scholar
• Vergil. Aeneid.
   Google Scholar

Secondary References

• Allen, W. S. 1965. Vox Latina: The Pronunciation of Classical Latin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, W. S. 1973. Accent and Rhythm: Prosodic Features of Latin and Greek: A Study in Theory and Reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, C. 2019. Cicero, Greek Learning, and the Making of a Roman Classic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Canter, H. V. 1925. 1970. Rhetorical Elements in the Tragedies of Seneca. Reprint, New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Conte, G. B. 1986. The Rhetoric of Imitation: Genre and Poetic Memory in Virgil and Other Latin Poets. Translated and edited by Charles Segal. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, C. G. 1952. 1966. An Introduction to the Latin Hexameter. Reprint, Melbourne: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• D’Alton, J. F. 1962. Roman Literary Theory and Criticism: A Study in Tendencies. New York: Russell & Russell, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Enos, R. L. 1988. The Literate Mode of Cicero’s Legal Rhetoric. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Enos, R. L. 2001. “Arrangement.” In Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, edited by T. O. Sloane, 40–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Enos, R. L. 2008. Roman Rhetoric: Revolution and the Greek Influence. Revised ed. West Lafayette, IN: Parlor Press.
   Google Scholar
• Enos, R. L. 2012. Greek Rhetoric before Aristotle. Revised ed. Anderson, SC: Parlor Press.
   Google Scholar
• Enos, R. L. 2016. “Demosthenes’ Style: Lexis in on the Crown.” In Demosthenes’ on the Crown: Rhetorical Perspectives, edited by J. J. Murphy, 174–203. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Enos, R. L. 2021. “Was There an Art of (Asiatic) Rhetoric at Halicarnassus? A Plea for Rediscovering the Lost Centers of Classical Rhetoric.” In The Routledge Handbook of Comparative World Rhetorics: Studies in the History, Application, and Teaching of Rhetoric beyond Traditional Greco-Roman Contexts, edited by K. Lloyd, 96–105. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Franzosi, R. 2017. “Introduction: Of Tropes and Figures and Their Strange Career through the Centuries.” In Landmark Essays on Tropes and Figures, edited by R. Franzosi, 1–16. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fredal, J. 2020. The Enthymeme: Syllogism, Reasoning, and the Narrative in Ancient Greek Rhetoric. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grimaldi, W. M. A. 1990. “The Auditors’ Role in Aristotelian Rhetoric.” In Oral and Written Communication: Historical Approaches, edited by R. L. Enos, 65–81. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Halloran, S. M., and M. D. Whitburn. 1982. “Ciceronian Rhetoric and the Rise of Science: The Plain Style Reconsidered.” In The Rhetorical Tradition and Modern Writing, edited by J. J. Murphy, 58–72. New York: Modern Language Association of America.
   Google Scholar
• Howell, W. S. 1975. “Aristotle and Horace on Rhetoric and Poetics.” In Poetics, Rhetoric, and Logic: Studies in the Basic Disciplines of Criticism, 45–72. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, M. O. 1969. Word, Sound, and Image in the Odes of Horace. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leeman, A. D. 1963. Orationis Ratio: The Stylistic Theories and Practice of the Roman Orators, Historians and Philosophers. 2 Vols. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
   Google Scholar
• Lord, A. B. 1976. The Singer of Tales. New York: Atheneum.
   Google Scholar
• Maas, P. 1972. Greek Metre. Translated by Hugh Lloyd-Jones. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J. 1974. Antike Rhetorik: Technik Und Methode. München: Beck.
   Google Scholar
• Norden, E. (1909) 1974. Die Antike Kunstprosa: Vom VI. Jahrhundert V. Chr. bis in die Zeit der Renaissance. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, J. G. F. 1996. “Prose-Rhythm, Latin.” In The Oxford Classical Dictionary, edited by S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, 3rd ed., 1261–1262. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, J. G. F. 2011. “The Language of Roman Oratory and Rhetoric.” In A Companion to the Latin Language, edited by J. Clackson, 384–407. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Shewring, W. H. 1931. “Prose-Rhythm and the Comparative Method.” The Classical Quarterly 25 (1): 12–22. doi:10.1017/S0009838800021418.
   Google Scholar
• Solmsen, F. 1968. “Drei Rekonstruktionen Zur Antiken Rhetorik Und Poetik.” In Rhetorika: Schriften Zur Aristotelischen Und Hellenistischen Rhetorik, edited by R. Stark, 184–205. Hildesheim: G. Olms.
   Google Scholar
• Stanford, W. B. 1967. The Sound of Greek: Studies in the Greek Theory and Practice of Euphony. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vatri, A. 2017. Orality and Performance in Classical Attic Prose: A Linguistic Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Von Albrech, M. 2003. Cicero’s Style: A Synopsis. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, J. 2000. Rhetoric and Poetics in Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, L. P. 1970. Golden Latin Artistry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Willis, J. 1972. Latin Textual Criticism. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wooten, C. W. 1983. Cicero’s Philippics and Their Demosthenic Model: The Rhetoric of Crisis. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wooten, C. W., trans. 1987. Hermogenes’ on Types of Style. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wüst, G. 1881. “De Clausula Rhetorica Quae Praecepit Cicero Quatenus in Orationibus Secutus Sit.” PhD diss., Argentorati.
   Google Scholar
• Young, R. E. 1982. “Concepts of Art and the Teaching of Writing.” In The Rhetorical Tradition and Modern Writing, edited by J. J. Murphy, 130–141. New York: Modern Language Association of America.
   Google Scholar
• Zieliński, T. 1904. Das Clauselgesetz in Ciceros Reden: Grundzüge Einer Oratorischen Rhythmik. Leipzig: Dieterich’sche Verlags-Buchhandlung.
   Google Scholar
• Zieliński, T. 1914. Der Constructive Rhythmus in Ciceros Reden: Der Oratorischen Rhythmik: zweiter Teil. Leipzig: Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung T. Weicher.
   Google Scholar