Institutional Constraints on Interactive Community Participation in Forest Conservation in Mozambique

REFERENCES

• Adams , M. , Sibanda , S. and Turner , S. 2000 . “ Land tenure reform and rural livelihoods in southern Africa ” . In Evolving land rights, policy and tenure in Africa , Edited by: Toulmin , C. and Quan , J. 135 – 150 . London : DFID/IIED/NRI .
   Google Scholar
• Adeyoju , S.K. . Land tenure problems in tropical areas . Tenth World Forestry Congress Proceedings 3 . Edited by: FAO . pp. 93 – 109 . Rome : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Albano , G. . Tropical secondary forest management in Africa: reality and perspectives–Mozambique . Proceedings of the workshop on Tropical secondary forest management in Africa: reality and perspectives . December 09–13 2002 , Nairobi, Kenya. Edited by: Geldenhuys , C. , Castaneda , F. , Savenije , H and Kuzee , M . pp. 195 – 206 . Rome : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Anstey , S. 2001 . “ Necessarily vague: the political economy of community conservation in Mozambique ” . In African wildlife and livelihoods: the promise and performance of community conservation , Edited by: Hulme , D. and Murphree , M. Oxford : James Currey Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Anstey , S. and De Sousa , C. 2001 . “ Traditional resource management systems in the Chimanimani Mountains, Mozambique ” . In African wildlife and livelihoods: the promise and performance of community conservation , Edited by: Hulme , D. and Murphree , M. 74 – 87 . Oxford : James Currey Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Babin , D. and Bertrand , A. 1998 . Managing pluralism: subsidiary patrimonial mediation . Unasylva , : 19 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Bac , M. 1998 . Property rights regimes and the management of resources . Natural Resources Forum , : 263 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Bakema , R.J. 1994 . Land tenure and sustainable land use , Amsterdam : Royal Tropical Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Barraclough , S.L. and Ghimire , K.B. 1995 . Forests and livelihoods: the social dynamics of deforestation in developing countries , London : Macmillan press Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Barrow , E. and Murphree , M. 2001 . “ Community conservation: from concept to practice ” . In African wildlife and livelihoods: the promise and performance of community conservation , Edited by: Hulme , D. and Murphree , M. 24 – 37 . Oxford : James Currey Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Beierle , T.C. and Konisky , D.M. 2000 . Values, conflict, and trust in participatory environmental planning . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , : 587 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botchway , F.N. 1998 . Land ownership and responsibility for the mining environment in Ghana . Natural Resources Journal , : 509 – 535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botes , L. and Van Rensburg , D. 2000 . Community participation in development: nine plagues and twelve commandments . Community Development Journal , : 41 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Braga , C. 2001 . “ They're squeezing us!: matrilineal kinship, power and agricultural policies: case study of Issa Malanga, Niassa Province ” . In Strategic women, gainful men: gender, land and natural resources in different rural context in Mozambique , Edited by: Waterhouse , R. and Vijhhuizen , C. 199 – 226 . Maputo : Nucleo de Estudos de Terra and University of Eduardo Mondlane .
   Google Scholar
• Bruce , J. W. 2000 . African tenure models at the turn of the century: individual property models and common property models . Land Reform , : 17 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Bührs , T. and Aplin , G. 1999 . Pathways towards sustainability: the Australian Approach . Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , : 315 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , B. , Mandondo , A. , Nemarundwe , N. , Sithole , B. , De Jong , W. , Luckert , M. and Matose , F. 2001 . Challenges to proponents of common property resource systems: despairing voices from the social forests of Zimbabwe . World Development , : 589 – 600 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carley , M. 1994 . Policy management for systems and methods of analysis for sustainable agriculture and rural development , London : IIED .
   Google Scholar
• Castro , A.P. and Nielsen , E. 2001 . Indigenous people and co-management: implications for conflict management . Environmental Science and Policy , : 229 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Cernea , M.M. A social methodology for community participation in local investments: the experience of Mexico's PIDER programme . World Bank staff working paper number 598 . 1983 . The World Bank, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Convery , F. J. Applying environmental economics in Africa . World Bank technical paper number 277 . 1995 . World Bank, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Cross , C. and Hornby , D. 2002 . Opportunities and Obstacles to Women's Land Access in South Africa: a research report for the Promoting Women's Access to Land Programme , Pretoria : Department of Land Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Crowley, E. 1999. Women's rights to land and natural resources: some implications for a human rights-based approach. http://www.fao.org/sd/Ltdirect/Ltan0025.htm (Accessed: 21 November 2001 ).
   Google Scholar
• Cuambe , C. 2004 . State-community partnership as an option for sustainable management of an Androstachys johnsonii-dominated forest in the Mabote District, Mozambique , Stellenbosch : Unpublished M.Sc. thesis submitted at the University of Stellenbosch .
   Google Scholar
• Daniel , J. 2001 . “ Lowlands and liquor: gender, mateka and cash crops in Mueda District, Cabo Delgado Province ” . In Strategic women, gainful men: gender, land and natural resources in different rural context in Mozambique , Edited by: Waterhouse , R. and Vijhhuizen , C. 179 – 198 . Maputo : Nucleo de Estudos de Terra and University of Eduardo Mondlane .
   Google Scholar
• Dewdney , R. 1996 . Namibian programme to combat desertification: policy factors and desertification — analysis and proposals , Windhoek : Ministry of Environment and Tourism .
   Google Scholar
• De Wit, P. 2000. Land reform in Mozambique: acquired values and needs for consolidation. Land Reform 2. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X8050T/x8050t04.htm (Accessed: 2 November 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Dryzek , J.S. 1997 . The politics of the earth: environmental discourses , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Els , H. and Bothma , J. du P. 2000 . Developing partnerships in a paradigm shift to achieve conservation reality in South Africa . Koedoe , : 19 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Enters , T. and Anderson , J. 1999 . Rethinking the decentralisation and devolution of biodiversity conservation . Unasylva , : 6 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• FAO . 2000 . Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 , Rome : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• FAO . 2005 . Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 , Rome : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Furtado , J.I. , Belt , T. and Jammi , R. 2000 . Economic development and environmental sustainability: policies and principles for a durable equilibrium , Washington, D.C. : The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , B. 1999 . Mutual incomprehension or selective inattention? Creating capacity for public participation in natural resource management in Panama . Journal of Sustainable Forestry , : 127 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilmour , D. Strategies, methodologies and gender approaches for CBNRM development in Mozambique . FAO Project GCP/MOZ/O56/NET . 2000 . Maputo
   Google Scholar
• Government of Mozambique . 1990 . Constitution , Mozambique : Maputo .
   Google Scholar
• Government of Mozambique . 1997 . Land Law , Mozambique : Maputo .
   Google Scholar
• Government of Mozambique . 1999 . Lei de Florestas e Fauna Bravia. Direcção Nacional de Florestas e Fauna Bravia – DNFFB Maputo
   Google Scholar
• Government of Mozambique. 2000. Lei N.° 10/99 de 7 de Julho. Princípios e normas básicas sobre a protecção, conservação e utilização sustentável dos recursos florestais e faunísticaos. Maputo, Mozambique, Imprensa Nacional de Moçambique.
   Google Scholar
• Gow , D.D. 1992 . Forestry for sustainable development: the social dimension . Unasylva , : 41 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon , J. 2004 . Renewed land debate and the ‘cargo cult’ in Mozambique . Journal of Southern African Studies , 30 ( 3 ) : 603 – 626 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher , J. , Meggiolaro , L. and Ferrer , C. S. 2005 . Cultivating women's rights for access to land: country analysis for Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda and Viet Nam , Rome : ActionAid International .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , R. J. 2000 . Political conditions for agrarian reform and poverty alleviation , Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , N. , Ravnborg , H.M. , Westermann , O. and Probst , K. 2002 . Use participation in watershed management and research . Water Policy , 3 ( 6 ) : 507 – 520 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone , R. , Cau , B. and Norfolk , S. 2004a . Forestry legislation in Mozambique: compliance and the impact on forest communities , Maputo : Terra Firma Lda .
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone , R. and Norfolk , S. 2004b . Analysis of the impact of forestry concessions and levels of legal compliance on the forest dependent local communities in Sofala Province, Mozambique , Maputo : Terra Firma Lda .
   Google Scholar
• Jones, B.T.B. and A.W. Mosimane 2000. Empowering communities to manage natural resources: where does the new power lie? Case studies from Namibia. In: pp. 80–110. S. Shackelton and B. Campbell (eds.). Empowering communities to manage natural resources: case studies from southern Africa. http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Empowering.pdf (Accessed: 2 November 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Kaimowitz , D. 1996 . Livestock and deforestation in Central America in the 1980s and 1990s: a policy perspective , Jakarta : CIFOR Special publication .
   Google Scholar
• Keough , N. 1998 . Participatory development principles and practice: reflections of a western development worker . Community Development Journal , : 187 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Kloeck-Jenson , S. 2000 . Locating the community: administration of natural resources in Mozambique. Land Tenure Center , Madison : University of Wisconsin .
   Google Scholar
• Lundy , P. 1999 . Community participation in Jamaican conservation projects . Community Development Journal , : 122 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Madope , A. 1999 . “ Community participation in wildlife management ” . In Sustainable development in Mozambique , Edited by: Ferraz , B. and Munslow , B. 217 – 222 . Oxford : James Currey Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Mogaka , H. , Simons , G. , Turpie , J. , Emerton , L. and Karanja , F. 2001 . Economic aspects of community involvement in sustainable forest management in eastern and southern Africa , Nairobi : IUCN Eastern Africa Regional Office .
   Google Scholar
• Moyo , S. , 'Keefe , P. O and Sill , M. 1993 . The Southern African Environment: profiles of the SADC countries , London : Earthscan Publications Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Ogolla , B.D. and Mugabe , J. 1996 . “ Land tenure systems and natural resources management ” . In In land we trust: environment, private property and constitutional change , Edited by: Juma , C. and Ojwang , J. B. 85 – 116 . London : Initiatives Publishers and Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Okoth-Ogendo , H. 2000 . “ Legislative approaches to customary tenure and tenure reform in East Africa ” . In Evolving land rights, policy and tenure in Africa , Edited by: Toulmin , C and Quan , J. 123 – 134 . London : DFID/IIED/NRI .
   Google Scholar
• Ondiege , P. 1996 . “ Land tenure and soil conservation ” . In In land we trust: environment, private property and constitutional change , Edited by: Juma , C. and Ojwang , J. B. 117 – 142 . London : Initiatives Publishers and Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , R. 2000 . “ Land policy in Africa: lessons from recent policy and implementation processes ” . In Evolving land rights, policy and tenure in Africa , Edited by: Toulmin , C. and Quan , J. 267 – 288 . London : DFID/IIED/NRI .
   Google Scholar
• Pearse , P. H. 1993 . “ Forest tenure, management incentives and the search for sustainable development ” . In Forestry and the environment: economic perspectives , Edited by: Adamowicz , W. L. , White , W. and Phillips , W. E. 76 – 96 . Wallingford : CABI .
   Google Scholar
• Prud'homme , R. 1995 . The dangers of decentralisation . The World Bank Research Observer , : 201 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raintree , J. B. and Warner , K. 1986 . Agroforestry pathways for the intensification of shifting cultivation . Agroforestry Systems , : 39 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez , R. 1998 . Participatory learning and communication approaches for managing pluralism . Unasylva , : 43 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Reed , D. 1996 . Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development , London : Earthscan Publications Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Ribot , J.C. 1999 . Accountable representation and power in participatory and decentralized environmental management . Unasylva , : 18 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Riddell, J.C. 2000. Emerging trends in land tenure reform: progress towards unified theory. http://www.fao.org/sd/LTdirect/LTan0038.htm (Accessed: 2 November 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Rihoy , E. , Jones , B. , Anstey , S. and Rolfes , M.T. 1999 . Tenure in transition: a stakeholders guide to natural resource tenure in southern Africa , Johannesburg : Africa Resources Trust .
   Google Scholar
• Roe , D. , Leader-Williams , N. and Dalal-Clayton , B. 1997 . Take only photographs, leave only footprints: the environmental impacts of wildlife tourism , London : IILED .
   Google Scholar
• Salamão , A. 1999 . “ Institutional coordination and harmonising formal and customary law in the management of natural resources ” . In Sustainable development in Mozambique , Edited by: Ferraz , B. and Munslow , B. 83 – 87 . Oxford : James Currey Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Sanoff , H. 2000 . Community participation methods in design and planning , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Schafer , J. and Bell , R. 2002 . The state and community-based natural resource management: the case of the Moribane Forest Reserve, Mozambique . Southern African Studies , 28 ( 2 ) : 401 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma , N. , Rowe , R. , Grut , M. , Kramer , R. and Gregersen , H. 1992 . “ Conditions for sustainable development ” . In Managing the world's forests: looking for balance between conservation and development , Edited by: Sharma , N.P. 489 – 513 . Washington, DC : The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Short , C. and Winter , M. 1999 . The problems of common land: towards stakeholder governance . Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , : 613 – 630 .
   Google Scholar
• Sithole , B. 1999 . Access to and use of dambos in communal areas of Zimbabwe: institutional considerations , Zimbabwe : PhD dissertation, Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of .
   Google Scholar
• Sjaastad , E. and Bromley , D.W. 2000 . The prejudices of property rights: on individualism, specificity, and security in property regimes . Development Policy Review , : 365 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• Soto , B. , Muthali , S. M. and Breen , C. 2001 . Perceptions of the forestry and wildlife policy by the local communities living in the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique . Biodiversity and Conservation , 10 : 1723 – 1738 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susskind , L. and Cruikshank , J. 1987 . Breaking the impasse: consensual approaches to resolving public disputes , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Tanner , C. 2001 . The reform and implementation of land policy in Mozambique-a case study of FAO support . Land Reform , : 5 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Tique , C. 2001 . “ Gender aspects of soil conservation: adaptation and conservation strategies of peasant farmers in Gondola District, Manica Province ” . In Strategic women, gainful men: gender, land and natural resources in different rural context in Mozambique , Edited by: Waterhouse , R. and Vijhhuizen , C. 105 – 124 . Maputo : Nucleo de Estudos de Terra and University of Eduardo Mondlane .
   Google Scholar
• Tique , C. 2002 . “ Rural land markets in Mozambique, its impact on land conflicts ” . In Southern Africa Regional Poverty Network , Pretoria : Hatfield .
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 1997. UNDP guidebook on participation. http://www.undp.org/csopp/paguide0.htm (Accessed: 2 November 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Unruh , J. D. 2001 . “ Land dispute resolution in Mozambique: institutions and evidence of agroforestry technology adoption ” . In CAPRi Working Paper No 12 , Washington, D.C. : International Food Policy Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Vogelgesang, F. 1998. After land reform, the market? Retrieved November 2 from ftp://ftp.fao.org/sd/sda/sdaa/LR98_1/art2.pdf (Accessed: 2 November 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Wainwright , C. and Wehrmeyer , W. 1998 . Success in Integrating Conservation and Development? A study from Zambia . World Development , : 933 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts , W. S. 1996 . Review of the causes of deforestation of African tropical rainforests , Dublin : MSc thesis, Trinity College, University of Dublin .
   Google Scholar
• Watts , W. S. 2002 . The effects of forestry policy on the sustainability of forest resources in southern Africa , PhD dissertation, University of Stellenbosch .
   Google Scholar
• Watts , S. 2003 . The effects of communal land resource management on forest conservation in northern and north-eastern Namibia . Development Southern Africa , 20 ( 3 ) : 337 – 360 .
   Google Scholar
• West , H. G. 2005 . “Govern yourselves!” Democracy and carnage in northern Mozambique , London : Department of Anthropology SOAS-University of London .
   Google Scholar
• Wily , L. A. and Mbaya , S. 2001 . Land, people and forests in eastern and southern Africa at the beginning of the 21st century: the impact of land relations on the role of communities in forest use , Nairobi : IUCN East Africa Regional Office .
   Google Scholar