Fire Injury Severity in an Eastern Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Stand: Variability and Influencing Factors

REFERENCES

• Agee , J. K. 1993 . Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests , Washington , DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arno , S. F. 2000 . “ Fire in western forest ecosystems ” . In Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora , Edited by: Brown , J. K. and Smith , J. K. Vol. 2 , 97 – 120 . Ogden , UT : USDA Forest Service . (General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42)
   Google Scholar
• Arno , S. F. and Fiedler , C. E. 2005 . Mimicking nature's fire: Restoring fire-prone forests in the West , Washington , DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beesley , D. 1996 . “ Reconstructing the landscape: An environmental history, 1820–1960 ” . In Status of the Sierra Nevada , Vol. II , 3 – 24 . Davis : University of California, Wildland Resources Center . assessments and scientific basis for management options (Report No. 38)
   Google Scholar
• Covington , W. W. , Everett , R. L. , Steele , R. , Irwin , L. L. , Daer , T. A. and Auclair , A. N. D. 1994 . Historical and anticipated changes in forest ecosystems of the Inland West of the United States . Journal of Sustainable Forestry , 2 ( 1–2 ) : 13 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Curtis , R. O. and Marshall , D. D. 2000 . Why quadratic mean diameter? . Western Journal of Applied Forestry , 15 : 137 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , L. C. , Johnson , K. N. , Bettinger , P. S. and Howard , T. E. 2001 . Forest management , 4th , New York , NY : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson , M. B. and Johnson , E. A. 2001 . “ Fire effects on trees ” . In Forest fires: Behavior and ecological effects , Edited by: Johnson , E. A. and Miyanishi , K. New York , NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dieterich , J. H. 1979 . Recovery potential of fire-damaged southwestern ponderosa pine , Fort Collins , CO : USDA Forest Service . Research Note RM-379
   Google Scholar
• Dunning , D. 1942 . A site classification for the mixed conifer selection forests of the Sierra Nevada , Berkeley , CA : USDA Forest Service California Forest and Range Experiment Station . Research Note No. 28
   Google Scholar
• Edmonds , R. L. , Agee , J. K. and Gara , R. I. 2011 . Forest health and protection , 2nd , Long Grove , IL : Waveland Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ferrell , G. T. 1983 . Host resistance to the fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): Frequencies of attacks contacting cortical resin blisters and canals of Abies concolor . Canadian Entomologist , 115 : 1421 – 1428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrell , G. T. 1996 . “ The influence of insect pests and pathogens on Sierra forests ” . In Status of the Sierra Nevada , Vol. II , 1177 – 1192 . Davis : University of California, Wildland Resources Center . assessments and scientific basis for management options (Report No. 38)
   Google Scholar
• Ferrell , G. T. , Otrosina , W. J. and DeMars , C. J. Jr. 1994 . “ Predicting susceptibility of white fir during a drought-associated outbreak of the fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis, in California ” . In Canadian Journal of Forest Research Vol. 24 , 302 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Gruell , G. E. 2001 . Fire in Sierra Nevada forests: A photographic interpretation of ecological change since 1849 , Missoula , MT : Mountain Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harrington , M. G. 1987 . Ponderosa pine mortality from spring, summer, and fall crown scorching . Western Journal of Applied Forestry , 2 : 14 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Kinloch , B. B. Jr. and Scheuner , W. H. 1990 . “ Sugar pine ” . In Silvics of North America , Edited by: Burns , R. M. and Honkala , B. H. Vol. 1 , 370 – 379 . Washington , DC : USDA Forest Service . conifers (Agriculture Handbook 654)
   Google Scholar
• Laacke , R. J. 1990 . “ White fir ” . In Silvics of North America , Edited by: Burns , R. M. and Honkala , B. H. Vol. 1 , 36 – 46 . Washington , DC : USDA Forest Service . conifers (Agriculture Handbook 654)
   Google Scholar
• Lanner , R. M. 1983 . Trees of the Great Basin: A natural history , Reno : University of Nevada Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lindstrom , S. , Rucks , P. and Wigand , P. 2000 . “ A contextual overview of human land use and environmental conditions ” . In Lake Tahoe watershed assessment , Edited by: Murphy , D. D. and Knopp , C. M. Vol. I , 23 – 127 . Berkeley , CA : USDA Forest Service . (General Technical Report PSW-GTR-175)
   Google Scholar
• Manley , P. N. , Fites-Kaufman , J. A. , Barbour , M. G. , Schlesinger , M. D. and Rizzo , D. M. 2000 . “ Biological integrity ” . In Lake Tahoe watershed assessment , Edited by: Murphy , D. D. and Knopp , C. M. Vol. I , 403 – 598 . Berkeley , CA : USDA Forest Service . (General Technical Report PSW-GTR-175)
   Google Scholar
• McKelvey , K. S. , Skinner , C. N. , Chang , C. , Erman , D. C. , Husari , S. J. , Parsons , D. J. … and Weatherspoon , C. P. 1996 . “ An overview of fire in the Sierra Nevada ” . In Status of the Sierra Nevada , Vol. II , 1033 – 1040 . Davis : University of California, Wildland Resources Center . assessments and scientific basis for management options (Report No. 38)
   Google Scholar
• Mutch , L. S. and Parsons , D. J. 1998 . Mixed conifer forest mortality and establishment before and after prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park, California . Forest Science , 44 : 341 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , D. L. 1985 . Crown scorch volume and scorch height: Estimates of postfire tree condition . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 15 : 596 – 598 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyne , S. J. , Andrews , P. L. and Laven , R. D. 1996 . Introduction to wildland fire , 2nd , New York , NY : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Regelbrugge , J. C. and Conard , S. G. 1993 . Modeling tree mortality following wildfire in Pinus ponderosa forests in the central Sierra Nevada of California . International Journal of Wildland Fire , 3 : 139 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , K. C. and Frandsen , W. H. 1991 . Basal injury from smoldering fires in mature Pinus ponderosa Laws . International Journal of Wildland Fire , 1 : 107 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , K. C. , Peterson , D. L. and Reinhardt , E. D. 1988 . Modeling long-term fire-caused mortality of Douglas-fir . Forest Science , 34 : 190 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , K. C. and Reinhardt , E. D. 1988 . Predicting postfire mortality of seven western conifers . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 18 : 1291 – 1297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saveland , J. M. , Bakken , S. R. and Neuenschwander , L. F. 1990 . Predicting mortality and scorch height from prescribed burning for ponderosa pine in northern Idaho (Bulletin No. 53) , Moscow : University of Idaho, Forest, Wildlife, and Range Experiment Station .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. M. , Larson , B. C. , Kelty , M. J. and Ashton , P. M. S. 1997 . The practice of silviculture: Applied forest ecology , 9th , New York , NY : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Stephens , S. L. and Finney , M. A. 2002 . Prescribed fire mortality of Sierra Nevada mixed conifer tree species: Effects of crown damage and forest floor combustion . Forest Ecology and Management , 162 : 261 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service. (2010). National Water and Climate Center: SNOTEL site information and reports for Heavenly Valley, California. http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/nwcc/site?sitenum=518&state=ca (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/nwcc/site?sitenum=518&state=ca)
   Google Scholar
• USDA Soil Conservation Service . 1974 . Soil survey of the Tahoe Basin area: California and Nevada , Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• van Mantgem , P. and Schwartz , M. 2003 . Bark heat resistance of small trees in Californian mixed conifer forests: Testing some model assumptions . Forest Ecology and Management , 178 : 341 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Mantgem , P. and Schwartz , M. 2004 . An experimental demonstration of stem damage as a predictor of fire-caused mortality for ponderosa pine . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 34 : 1343 – 1347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagener , W. W. 1961 . Guidelines for estimating the survival of fire damaged trees in California (Miscellaneous Paper No. 60) , Berkeley , CA : USDA Forest Service California Forest and Range Experiment Station .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , R. F. , Fecko , R. M. , Frederick , W. B. , Johnson , D. W. and Miller , W. W. 2007 . Forest health impacts of bark beetles, dwarf mistletoe, and blister rust in a Lake Tahoe Basin mixed conifer stand . Western North American Naturalist , 67 ( 4 ) : 562 – 571 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyant , J. G. , Omi , P. N. and Laven , R. D. 1986 . Fire induced tree mortality in a Colorado ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir stand . Forest Science , 32 : 49 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar