Ecological and economical sustainability assessment of community forest management in Nepal: A reality check

References

• Acharya, R., & Shrestha, B. B. (2011). Vegetation structure, natural regeneration and management of Parroha community forest in Rupandehi district, Nepal. Scientific World, 9(9), 70–81. doi:10.3126/sw.v9i9.5523
   Google Scholar
• Awasthi, N., Bhandari, S. K., & Khanal, Y. (2015). Does scientific forest management promote plant species diversity and regeneration in Sal (Shorea robusta) forest? A case study from Lumbini collaborative forest, Rupandehi, Nepal. Banko Janakari, 25(1), 20–29. doi:10.3126/banko.v25i1.13468
   Google Scholar
• Baral, S., Vacik, S., Khanal Chetteri, B. B., & Gauli, K. (2018). The pertinent role of forest inventory in making choice of silvicultural operations in community forests of Nepal. Banko Janakari, Special Issue No. 4, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, K. P. (2013). Implementing uneven-aged management in New England. Is it practical? 2006 workshop proceedings. University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension Natural Resource Network Report. Durham, NH. 45 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdier, T., Cordonnier, T., Kunstler, G., Piedallu, C., Lagarrigues, G., & Courbaud, B. (2016). Tree size inequality reduces forest productivity: An analysis combining inventory data for ten European species and a light competition model. PloS One, 11(3), e0151852. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodbeck, F. (2004). Structure and processes in traditional forest gardens of central sulawesi, Indonesia. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Brundtland, G., Khalid, M., Agnelli, S., Al-Athel, S., Chidzero, B., Fadika, L., … Singh, M. (1987). Our common future (\ ’brundtland report\ ’).
   Google Scholar
• Bufum, B., Gratzer, G., & Tenzin, Y. (2008). The sustainability of selection cutting in a late successional broadleaved community forest in Bhutan. Forest Ecology and Management, 256(12), 2084–2091. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buongiorno, J., Dahir, S., Lu, H. C., & Lin, C. R. (1994). Tree size diversity and economic returns in uneven-aged forest stands. Forest Science, 40(1), 83–103. doi:10.1093/forestscience/40.1.83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charnley, S., & Poe, M. R. (2007). Community forestry in theory and practice: Where are we now? Annual Review of Anthropology, 36. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary, A., Burivalova, Z., Koh, L. P., & Hellweg, S. (2016). Impact of forest management on species richness: Global meta-analysis and economic trade-offs. Scientific Reports, 6. doi:10.1038/srep23954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Ali, S., Beer, C., Bond, L., Boumans, R., & Gayer, D. E. (2007). Quality of life: An approach integrating opportunities, human needs, and subjective well-being. Ecological Economics, 61(2), 267–276. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.02.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallakoti, B. K., & Kleinn, C. (2008). Evaluating community forest management in sustainability perspective. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag. Retrieved from http://www.tropentag.de/2008/abstracts/full/488.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Devkota, R. R. (2010). Interests and power as drivers of community forestry: A case study of Nepal. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. Retrieved from http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de
   Google Scholar
• DFRS. (2015). State of Nepal’s forests. Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Djomo Njepang, A. (2015). A structure analysis for ecological management of moist tropical forests. International Journal of Forestry Research, 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/161645
   Google Scholar
• DoF. (2004). Community Forest Inventory Guideline, 2004. Nepal: Department of Forest.
   Google Scholar
• Essmann, H. F., Andrian, G., Pattenella, D., & Vantomme, P. (2007). Influence of globalization on forests and forestry. Allgemeine Forst Und Jagdzeitung, 178(4), 59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, J. F., Spies, T. A., Van Pelt, R., Carey, A. B., Thornburgh, D. A., Berg, D. R., … Bible, K. (2002). Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. Forest Ecology and Management, 155(1), 399–423. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00575-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freese, F. (1984). Statistics for land managers: An introduction to sampling methods and statistical analysis for foresters, farmers and environmental biologists (pp. 176). Allerley Braem Jedburgh, Scotland: Paeony Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gilmour, D. (2016). Forty years of community-based forestry: A review of its extent and effectiveness. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
   Google Scholar
• Giri, A., Aryal, B., Bhattarai, B., Ghimire, S. K., Shrestha, K. K., & Jha, P. K. (1999). Vegetation composition, biomass production and regeneration in shorea robusta forests in the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 1(1), 47-56.
   Google Scholar
• GoN. (2014). Community forest guideline for harvest, sell and distribution of timber and fuelwood: Government of Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Singhadurbar.
   Google Scholar
• Gurung, A., Bista, R., Karki, R., Shrestha, S., Uprety, D., & Oh, S. E. (2013). Community-based forest management and its role in improving forest conditions in Nepal. Small-Scale Forestry, 12(3), 377–388. doi:10.1007/s11842-012-9217-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara, K. L., & Gersonde, R. F. (2004). Stocking control concepts in uneven-aged silviculture. Forestry, 77(2), 131–143. doi:10.1093/forestry/77.2.131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, W., Pohjonen, V., Johansson, S., Nashanda, M., Katigula, M. I. L., & Luukkanen, O. (2003). Species diversity, forest structure and species composition in Tanzanian tropical forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 173(1), 11–24. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00820-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ITTO. (2005). Revised ITTO criteria and indicators for the sustainable management of tropical forests including reporting format, ITTO Policy Development Series No 15. Yokohama, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• James, N. A., Abt, C., Abt, K. L., Sheffield, R. M., & Cubbage, F. W., (2012). Forcasting sustainability: Growth to removals ratio dynamics. Moving from Status to Trends: Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium 2012. www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/42307
   Google Scholar
• Khadka, C., & Vacik, H. (2012). Use of multi-criteria analysis (MCA) for supporting community forest management. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 5(2), 60. doi:10.3832/ifor0608-009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, H. (1988). Waldwachstumslehre: ökologische und anthropogene Einflüsse auf das Wachstum des Waldes, seine Massen und Wertleistung und die Bestandessicherheit (pp. 374). Hamburg, Germany: Verlag Paul Parey.
   Google Scholar
• Laurance, W. F. (1999). Reflections on the tropical deforestation crisis. Biological Conservation, 91(2), 109–117. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00088-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lexerød, N. L., & Eid, T. (2006). An evaluation of different diameter diversity indices based on criteria related to forest management planning. Forest Ecology and Management, 222(1), 17–28. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, J., Buongiorno, J., Monserud, R. A., Kruger, E. L., & Zhou, M. (2007). Effects of diversity of tree species and size on forest basal area growth, recruitment, and mortality. For. Ecology Manage, 243(1), 116–127. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., & Diamond, J. (2005). China’s environment in a globalizing world. Nature, 435(7046), 1179–1186. doi:10.1038/4351179a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margalef, R. (1958). Information theory in ecology. General Syste, 3, 36–71.
   Google Scholar
• McElhinny, C., Gibbons, P., Brack, C., & Bauhus, J. (2005). Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: Its definition and measurement. Forest Ecology and Management, 218(1), 1–24. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meilby, H., Puri, L., Christensen, M., & Rayamajhi, S. (2006). Planning a system of permanent sample plots for integrated long-term studies of community-based forest management. Banko Janakari, 16(2), 3–11. doi:10.3126/banko.v16i2.965
   Google Scholar
• Meilby, H., Smith-Hall, C., Byg, A., Larsen, H. O., Nielsen, Ø. J., Puri, L., & Rayamajhi, S. (2014). Are forest incomes sustainable? Firewood and timber extraction and productivity in community managed forests in Nepal. World Development, 64, S113–S124. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, H. A. (1943). Management without rotation. Journal of Forestry, 41(2), 126–132. doi:10.1093/jof/41.2.126
   Google Scholar
• Miehe, S., Miehe, G., Miehe, S., Bo¨Hner, J., Ba¨Umler, R., Ghimire, S. K., … Subedi, M. (2015). Vegetation ecology. In G. Miehe & C. A. Pendry (eds), Nepal: An introduction to the natural history, ecology and human environment in the Himalayas—A companion to the Flora of Nepal, Chapter 16 (1 ed., pp. 385–472). Edinburgh, Edinburgh: The Royal Botanical Garden.
   Google Scholar
• Morin, R. S., & Liknes, G. C. (2012). Moving from status to trends: Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) symposium 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Mueller-Dombois, D., & Ellenberg, H. (1974). Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, W. G. (2001). Collecting spatial data: Optimum design of experiments for random fields. Heidelberg, Germany: Physica-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Naidu, M. T., & Kumar, O. A. (2016). Tree diversity, stand structure, and community composition of tropical forests in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 9(3), 328–334. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2016.03.019
   Google Scholar
• Oli, B. N., & Subedi, M. R. (2015). Effects of management activities on vegetation diversity, dispersion pattern and stand structure of community-managed forest (Shorea robusta) in Nepal. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 11(2), 96–105. doi:10.1080/21513732.2014.984334
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, S. S., Maraseni, T. N., Cockfield, G., & Gerhard, K. (2014). Tree species diversity in community managed and national park forests in the mid-hills of central Nepal. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 33(8), 796–813. doi:10.1080/10549811.2014.925811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paudel, S., & Sah, J. P. (2015). Effects of different management practices on stand composition and species diversity in subtropical forests in Nepal: Implications of community participation in biodiversity conservation. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 34(8), 738–760. doi:10.1080/10549811.2015.1036298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picard, N., & Gasparotto, D. (2016). Liocourt’s law for tree diameter distribution in forest stands. Annals of Forest Science, 73(3), 751–755. doi:10.1007/s13595-016-0563-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pielou, E. C. (1966). The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 13, 131–144. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(66)90013-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinard, M. A., Putz, F. E., & Tay, J. (2000). Lessons learned from the implementation of reduced-impact logging in hilly terrain in Sabah, Malaysia. The International Forestry Review, 2 (1), 33–39
   Google Scholar
• Poudel, N. R., Fuwa, N., & Otsuka, K. (2015). The impacts of a community forestry program on forest conditions, management intensity and revenue generation in the Dang district of Nepal Discussion Paper: 13-24. National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies. 7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan 106-8677. doi.10.1017/S1355770X14000473
   Google Scholar
• Prabhu, R., Colfer, C. J. P., & Dudley, R. G. (1999). Guidelines for developing, testing and selecting criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management: A C&I developer’s reference (Vol. 1). Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
   Google Scholar
• Puri, L., Meilby, H., Rayamajhi, S., Timilsina, Y. P., Gautam, N. P., Subedi, R., & Larsen, H. O. (2013). Growth and volume based on permanent sample plots in forests managed by communities. Banko Janakari, 22(2), 11–18. doi:10.3126/banko.v22i2.9194
   Google Scholar
• Sample, V. A. (2004). Sustainability in forestry: Origins, evolution and prospects. Discussion Paper 6-04. Washington, DC: Pinchot Institute of Conservation.
   Google Scholar
• Sapkota, I. P., & Odén, P. C. (2008). Household characteristics and dependency on community forests in Terai of Nepal. International Journal of Social Forestry, 1(2), 123–144.
   Google Scholar
• Sapkota, I. P., Tigabu, M., & Odén, P. C. (2009). Spatial distribution, advanced regeneration and stand structure of Nepalese Sal (Shorea robusta) forests subject to disturbances of different intensities. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(9), 1966–1975. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seydack, A. H. (1995). An unconventional approach to timber yield regulation for multi-aged, multispecies forests. I. Fundamental considerations. Forest Ecology and Management, 77(1), 139–153. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(95)03577-W
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon, C. E., & Weiner, W. (1963). The mathematical theory of communication (125 pp.). Chicago, IL: University Illinois Press-Urbana.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, E. R., & Pukkala, T. (1990). Volume tables for forest trees of Nepal: Vol. 48. Forest survey and statistics division. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, His Majesty Government.
   Google Scholar
• Shrestha, A. (2015). Tree diversity and forest sustainability through participatory forest management. A Case of Chainpur VDC, Chitwan Nepal. Master dissertation, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• Stöcker, G. (2002). Analyse und Vergleich von Bestandesstrukturen naturnaher Fichtenwälder mit Lorenz-Funktionen und Gini-Koeffizienten. Centralblatt Für Das Gesamte Forstwesen, 119, 12–39.
   Google Scholar
• Tenzin, J., & Hasenauer, H. (2016). Tree species composition and diversity in relation to anthropogenic disturbances in broad-leaved forests of Bhutan. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 12(4), 274–290. doi:10.1080/21513732.2016.1206038
   Google Scholar
• Timilsina, N., Ross, M. S., & Heinen, J. T. (2007). A community analysis of sal (Shorea robusta) forests in the western Terai of Nepal. Forest Ecology and Management, 241(1), 223–234. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.01.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toft, M. N. J., Adeyeye, Y., & Lund, J. F. (2015). The use and usefulness of inventory-based management planning to forest management: Evidence from community forestry in Nepal. Forest Policy and Economics, 60, 35–49. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2015.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai, D. L., Cannon, C. H., Dai, Z. C., Zhang, C. P., & Xu, J. C. (2015). Deforestation and fragmentation of natural forests in the upper Changhua watershed, Hainan, China: Implications for biodiversity conservation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(1), 4137. doi:10.1007/s10661-014-4137-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zobel, D. B., Jha, P. K., Behan, M. J., & Yadav, U. K. R. (1987). A practical manual for ecology (149 pp.) Ratna Book Distributors: Kathmandu, Nepal.
   Google Scholar