Farmer Perceptions and Economic Performance of Cocoa Agroforestry Shade Levels in Ghana

References

• Abdulai, I., Jassogne, L., Graefe, S., Asare, R., Van Asten, P., Läderach, P., & Vaast, P. (2018). Characterization of cocoa production, income diversification and shade tree management along a climate gradient in Ghana. PLoS ONE, 13(4), e0195777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou Rajad, Y., Leuschner, C., Barus, H., Tjoa, A. & Hertel, D. (2016). Cacao cultivation under diverse shade tree cover allows high carbon storage and sequestration without yield losses. Plos One 11(2): e0149949. h ttps://d oi.org/1 0.1371/journal.pone.0149949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asante-Poku, A., & Angelucci, F. (2013). Analysis of incentives and disincentives for cocoa in Ghana. Technical Notes Series, MAFAP, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Asare, R., Afari-Sefa, V., Osei-Owusu, Y., & Pabi, O. (2014). Cocoa agroforestry for increasing forest connectivity in a fragmented landscape in Ghana. Agroforestry Systems, 88(6), 1143–1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9688-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asare, R., Markussen, B., Asare, R. A., Anim-Kwapong, G., & Ræbild, A. (2019). On-farm cocoa yields increase with canopy cover of shade trees in two agro-ecological zones in Ghana. Climate and Development 11(5):435-445. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2018.1442805
   Google Scholar
• Asare, R., & Ræbild, A. (2016). Tree diversity and canopy cover in cocoa systems in Ghana. New Forests, 47, 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9515-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisseleua, D. H. B., Fotio, D., Yede, M. A. D., & Vidal, S. (2013). Shade tree diversity, cocoa pest damage, yield compensating inputs and farmers’ net returns in West Africa. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e56115. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerda, R., Deheuvels, O., Calvache, D., Niehaus, L., Saenz, Y., Kent, J., Vilchez, S., Villota, A., Martinez, C., & Somarriba, E. (2014). Contribution of cocoa agroforestry systems to family income and domestic consumption: Looking toward intensification. Agroforestry Systems, 88(6), 957–981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9691-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRIG (2010). Cocoa Manual. A Source Book for Sustainable Cocoa Production. Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG), Ghana, pp. 20.
   Google Scholar
• Current, D., Lutz, E., & Scherr, S. (1995). The costs and benefits of agroforestry to farmers. The World Bank Research Observer, 10(2), 151–180. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/10.2.151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essouma, F.M, Michel, I., Mala, W.A., Levang, P, Ambang, Z., Boyogueno, A.D.B., Moisy, C., Ngono, F. & Carriere, S.M. (2020). Cocoa-based agroforestry system dynamics and trends in Akongo subregion of central Cameroon. Agroforestry Systems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00510-9
   Google Scholar
• Ferretti, F., Saltelli, A., & Tarantola, S. (2016). Trends in sensitivity analysis practice in the last decade. Science of the Total Environment, 568, 666–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong, Y., & Huang, Y. (2019). Modified wilcoxon–mann–whitney test and power against strong null. The American Statistician, 73(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2017.1328375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspar, P., Escribano, M., & Mesias, F. J. (2016). A qualitative approach to study social perceptions and public policies in dehesa agroforestry systems. Land Use Policy, 58, 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghana Geological Survey (2015). Geological Map of Ghana. Survey of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
   Google Scholar
• Ghana Statistical Service (2012). Population and Housing Census: Summary Report of Final Result. Ghana Statistical Service, Accra, Ghana,
   Google Scholar
• Gittinger, J.P. (1982). Economic Analysis of Agricultural Projects. Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press. 2nd Edition
   Google Scholar
• Hainmueller, J., Hiscox, M. J., & Tampe, M. (2011). Sustainable development for cocoa farmers in Ghana. Working paper. International growth centre (IGC). The London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, J. B., & Swaine, M. D. (1981). Distribution and ecology of vascular plants in a tropical rain forest vegetation in Ghana. Geobotany I.W Junk Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Harenberg, D., Marelli, S., Sudret, B., & Winschel, V. (2019). Uncertainty quantification and global sensitivity analysis for economic models. Quantitative Economics, 10(1), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.3982/QE866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz, K., & Rattan, L. (2014). Soil organic carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(2), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0212-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinellia, G. D. C., Schlindweina, M. M., Padovan, M. P., & Gimenes, R. M. T. (2019). Decreasing uncertainties and reversing paradigms on the economic performance of agroforestry systems in Brazil. Land Use Policy, 80, 274–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.09.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadège, M. T., Zapfack, L., Cédric, C. D., Louis-Paul, K. B., Funwi, F. P., Ingrid, T. T., Clotex, T. V., Flore, N. Y. A., Bruno, T. M. R., & Julliete Mancho, N. (2019). Carbon storage potential of cacao agroforestry systems of different age and management intensity. Climate and Development, 11(7), 543–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2018.1456895
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunoo, I., & Owusu, V. (2017). Comparative analysis on financial viability of cocoa agroforestry systems in Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(1), 83–98. h ttps:/d oi.org/1 0.1007/s10668-015-9733-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odijie, E. M. (2016). Diminishing returns and agricultural involution in Cote d’Ivoire’s cocoa sector. Review of African Political Economy, 43(149), 504–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2015.1085381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owusu, V., & Frimpong, F. K. (2014). Impact of cocoa agroforests on yield and household income: Evidence from Ghana. 88th Annual Conference, April 9-11, 2014. AgroParisTech, Paris, France 170787, Agricultural Economics Society.
   Google Scholar
• Porro, R., Lopez-Feldman, A., & Vela-Alvarado, J. W. (2015). Forest use and agriculture in Ucayali, Peru: Livelihood strategies, poverty and wealth in an Amazon frontier. Forest Policy and Economics, 51, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2014.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolim, S. G., Sambuichi, R. H. R., Schroth, G., Nascimento, M. T., & Gomes, J. M. L. (2017). Recovery of forest and phylogenetic structure in abandoned cocoa agroforestry in the Atlantic forest of Brazil. Environmental Management, 59(3), 410–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0800-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruf, F. (2011). The myth of complex cocoa agroforests: The case of Ghana. Human Ecology, 39(3), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9392-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambuichi, R. H. R., Vidal, D. B., Piasentin, F. B., Jardim, J. G., Viana, T. G., Menezes, A. A., Mello, D. L. N., Ahnert, D., & Baligar, V. C. (2012). Cabruca agroforests in southern Bahia, Brazil: Tree component, management practices and tree species conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21(4), 1055–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0240-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somarriba, E., Suárez-Islas, A., Calero-Borge, W., Villota, A., Castillo, C., Vílchez, S., Deheuvels, O., & Cerda, R. (2014). Cocoa–timber agroforestry systems: Theobroma cacao–cordia alliodora in Central America. Agroforestry Systems, 88(6), 1001–1019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9692-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevisan, A. C. D., Schmitt-Filho, A. L., Farley, J., Fantini, A. C., & Longo, C. (2016). Farmer perceptions, policy and reforestation in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Ecological Economics, 130, 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.06.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tscharntke, T., Clough, Y., Bhagwat, S.A., Buchori, D., Faust, H., Hertel, D., Holscher, D., Juhrbandt, J., Kessler, M., Perfecto, I., Scherber, C., Schroth, G., Veldcamp, E. & Wagner, T.C. (2011). Multifunctional shade-tree management in tropical agroforestry landscapes- A review. Journal of Applied Ecology48(3): 619.629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01939.x
   Google Scholar
• Utomo, B., Prawoto, A. A., Bonnet, S., Bangviwat, A., & Gheewala, S. H. (2016). Environmental performance of cocoa production from monoculture and agroforestry systems in Indonesia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 134(Part B), 583–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.102
   Google Scholar
• Wessel, M., & Foluke Quist-Wessel, P. M. (2015). Cocoa production in West Africa, a review and analysis of recent developments. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 74–75, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2015.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar