Something So Sad Can Be So Beautiful: A Qualitative Study of Adolescent Experiences at a 9/11 Memorial

References

• Alexander, M. (2000). Do visitors get it? A sweatshop museum and visitors’ comments. The Public Historian, 22(3), 85–94. doi:10.2307/3379580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allemand, M., Steiger, A. E., & Fend, H. A. (2015). Empathy development in adolescence predicts social competencies in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 83(2), 229–241. doi:10.1111/jopy.12098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent, S. B., Speece, M. W., Lin, C., Dong, Q., & Chongming, Y. (1996). The development of the concept of death among Chinese and U.S. children 3–17 years of age: From binary to “fuzzy” concepts. Omega - Journal of Death and Dying, 33(1), 67–83. doi:10.2190/27L7-G7Q1-DY5Q-J9F3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvert, L. (2015). Navigating sensitive topics with children. In D. Anderson (Ed.), Research informing the practice of museum educators (pp. 81–95). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. L., Quincy, C., Osserman, J., & Pedersen, O. K. (2013). Coding in-depth semistructured interviews: Problems of unitization and intercoder reliability and agreement. Sociological Methods & Research, 42(3), 294–320. doi:10.1177/0049124113500475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffee, K. (2006). Museums and the agency of ideology: Three recent examples. Curator: The Museum Journal, 49(4), 435–448. doi:10.1111/j.2151-6952.2006.tb00235.x
   Google Scholar
• Coffee, K. (2011). Disturbing the eternal silence of the gallery: A site of dialogue about hunger in America. Museum Management and Curatorship, 26(1), 11–26. doi:10.1080/09647775.2011.540124
   Google Scholar
• Conson, M., Salzano, S., Frolli, A., & Mazzarella, E. (2017). The peer’s point of view: Observing a peer performing an action enhances third-person perspective in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 56, 84–90. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrade, T. L. (2006). Prosocial development. In N. Eisenberg & W. Damon (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 701–778). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Elkind, D. (1977). Life and death: Concepts and feelings in children. Day Care and Early Education, 4(3), 27–29. doi:10.1007/BF02353091
   Google Scholar
• Fairbrother, G., Stuber, J., Galea, S., Fleischman, A. R., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2003). Posttraumatic stress reactions in New York City children after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 3(6), 304–311.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferguson, M., Piché, J., & Walby, K. (2015). Bridging or fostering social distance? An analysis of penal spectator comments on Canadian penal history museums. Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal, 11(3), 357–374. doi:10.1177/1741659015596111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, W., & Laing, J. H. (2017). Children, families and heritage. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 12(1), 1–6. doi:10.1080/1743873X.2016.1201089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, A. K., Musher-Eizenman, D. R., Holub, S. C., & Dalrymple, J. (2004). What are children thankful for? An archival analysis of gratitude before and after the attacks of September 11. Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(5), 541–553. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamik, P. G., & Ross, R. M. (2004). Models of inquiry-based science outreach to urban schools. Journal of Geoscience Education, 52(5), 420–428.
   Google Scholar
• Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C. S., Lucas, C. P., Wu, P., Mandell, D. J., Goodwin, R. D., … Susser, E. (2005). Psychopathology among New York City public school children 6 months after September 11. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(5), 545–551. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, M., & Colwell, J. (2001). Talking to children about death. Mortality, 6(3), 321–325. doi:10.1080/13576270127024
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, M. M., Fried, S. E., Price, R. H., Cornick, C., & Dugan, S. E. (2017). Rural children’s responses to the Flight 93 crash on September 11, 2001. Journal of Rural Mental Health, 41(3), 176–188. doi:10.1037/rmh0000072
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, M. M., & Price, R. H. (2016). Overlooked encounters: Young tourists’ experiences at dark sites. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 11(2), 177–185. doi:10.1080/1743873X.2015.1075543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, M. M., & Price, R. H. (2018). I know the plane crashed: Children’s perspectives in dark tourism. In P. R. Stone, R. Hartmann, T. Seaton, R. Sharpley, & L. White (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of dark tourism studies (pp. 553–583). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, M. M., Price, R. H., Savine, C. D., Ifft, K., & McMullen, M. A. (2017). Interpreting terrorism: Learning from children’s visitor comments. Journal of Interpretation Research, 22(1), 83–100. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://www.interpnet.com/NAI/nai/_publications/JIR_v21n1_Kerr.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2015). Kids on board: Methodological challenges, concerns and clarifications when including young children's voices in tourism research. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(9), 845–858. doi:10.1080/13683500.2015.1049129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King-McKenzie, E. (2011). Death and dying in the curriculum of public schools: Is there a place? Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets, 3, 511–520.
   Google Scholar
• Koocher, G. P., O’Malley, J. E., Foster, D., & Gogan, J. L. (1976). Death anxiety in normal children and adolescents. Psychopathology, 9(3–4), 220–229. doi:10.1159/000283682
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, P., Pedretti, E., & Soren, B. J. (2001). Visitor comments and the socio-cultural context of science: Public perceptions and the exhibition a question of truth. Museum Management and Curatorship, 19(4), 355–369. doi:10.1080/09647770100401904
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, S. (2005). Accessing audiences: Visiting visitor books. Museum and Society, 3(3), 119–136.
   Google Scholar
• Mak, M. H. J. (2011). Chinese secondary students’ knowledge of, and attitudes toward, death, dying, and life education: A qualitative study. Illness, Crisis, and Loss, 19(4), 309–327. doi:10.2190/IL.19.4.b
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, A. S. (2007). Representing the past and reflecting the present: Museums, memorials, and the secondary history classroom. The Social Studies, 98(3), 105–110. doi:10.3200/TSSS.98.3.105-110
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, A. S., Levine, T. H., & Grenier, R. S. (2012). How secondary history teachers use and think about museums. Theory & Research in Social Education, 40(1), 66–97. doi:10.1080/00933104.2012.649466
   Google Scholar
• Miles, S. (2014). Battlefield sites as dark tourism attractions: An analysis of experience. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 9(2), 134–147. doi:10.1080/1743873X.2013.871017
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Munar, A. M., & Ooi, C. S. (2012). The truth of the crowds: Social media and destination management. In L. Smith, E. Waterton & S. Watson (Eds.), The cultural moment in tourism (pp. 255–273). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• National Park Service. (2002). Flight 93 national memorial mission statement. Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/management/missionstatement.htm
   Google Scholar
• National Park Service. (n.d.) The Flight 93 story. Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Nawijn, J., & Fricke, M. C. (2015). Visitor emotions and behavioral intentions: The case of concentration camp memorial Neuengamme. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(3), 221–228. doi:10.1002/jtr.1977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawijn, J., Isaac, R. K., Gridnevskiy, K., & van Liempt, A. (2018). Holocaust concentration camp memorial sites: An exploratory study into expected emotional response. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(2), 175–190. doi:10.1080/13683500.2015.1058343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noppe, I. C., & Noppe, L. D. (1997). Evolving meanings of death during early, middle, and later adolescence. Death Studies, 21(3), 253–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noy, C. (2015). Writing in museums: Toward a rhetoric of participation. Written Communication, 32(2), 195–219. doi:10.1177/0741088315574703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer, J., & Ballantyne, R. (2013). Encouraging reflective visitor experiences in ecotourism. In R. Ballantyne & J. Packer (Eds.), International handbook on ecotourism (pp. 169–177). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Packer, J., & Ballantyne, R. (2016). Conceptualizing the visitor experience: A review of literature and development of a multifaceted model. Visitor Studies, 19(2), 128–143. doi:10.1080/10645578.2016.1144023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paliewicz, N. S., & Hasian, M. Jr. (2016). Mourning absences, melancholic commemoration, and the contested public memories of the national September 11 memorial and museum. Western Journal of Communication, 80(2), 140–162. doi:10.1080/10570314.2015.1128559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L. (2017). Meaning making and resilience. In U. Kumar (Ed.), Handbook of psychosocial resilience (pp. 162–172). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, A. R. (2007). Dad look, she’s sleeping: Parent-child conversations about human remains. Visitor Studies, 10(1), 55–72. doi:10.1080/10645570701263453
   Google Scholar
• Pekarik, A. J. (1997). Understanding visitor comments: The case of flight time Barbie. Curator: The Museum Journal, 40(1), 56–68. doi:10.1111/j.2151-6952.1997.tb01121.x
   Google Scholar
• Pennell, C. (2016). Learning lessons from war? Inclusions and exclusions in teaching first world war history in English secondary schools. History & Memory, 28(1), 36–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum, B., Pfefferbaum, R. L., Gurwitch, R. H., Nagumalli, S., Brandt, E. N., Robertson, M. J., … Saste, V. S. (2003). Children’s response to terrorism: A critical review of the literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 5(2), 95–100. doi:10.1007/s11920-003-0025-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poltorak, D. Y., & Glazer, J. P. (2006). The development of children’s understanding of death: Cognitive and psychodynamic considerations. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15(3), 567–573. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2006.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poria, Y., & Timothy, D. J. (2014). Where are the children in tourism research? Annals of Tourism Research, 47, 93–95. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2014.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag, G., Hosany, S., & Odeh, K. (2013). The role of tourists' emotional experiences and satisfaction in understanding behavioral intentions. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(2), 118–127. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, R. H., & Kerr, M. M. (2018). Child’s play at war memorials: Insights from a social media debate. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 13(2), 167–180. doi:10.1080/1743873X.2016.1277732
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reindl, M., Gniewosz, B., & Reinders, H. (2016). Socialization of emotion regulation strategies through friends. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 146–157. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosengren, K. S., Gutiérrez, I. T., & Schein, S. S. (2014). Cognitive dimensions of death in context. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 79(1), 62–82. doi:10.1111/mono.12079
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schonfeld, D. J. (1993). Talking with children about death. Journal of Pediatric Health Care: Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates and Practitioners, 7(6), 269–274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott, J. (2008). Children as respondents: The challenge for quantitative methods. In P. Christensen and A. James (Eds.), Research with children: Perspectives and practices (2nd ed., pp. 87–108). Abington, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Shargel, R. (2014). “We saw it firsthand, not in a textbook!” Interdisciplinary learning in history museums: A case of a high school wiki. The Ohio Social Studies Review, 51(2), 56–65.
   Google Scholar
• Small, J. (2008). The absence of childhood in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 772–789. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, P. R. (2006). A dark tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions. Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, 54(2), 145–160.
   Google Scholar
• Tamm, M. E., & Granqvist, A. (1995). The meaning of death for children and adolescents: A phenomenographic study of drawings. Death Studies, 19(3), 203–222. doi:10.1080/07481189508252726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulin, R. O. (1977). Death and dying education. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
   Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau (2010). QuickFacts. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts
   Google Scholar
• Uzzell, D., & Ballantyne, R. (2008). Heritage that hurts: Interpretation in a postmodern world. In G. Fairclough, R. Harrison, J. H. Jameson and J. Schofield (Eds.), The heritage reader (pp. 502–513). Abington, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Veal, A. J. (2006). Research methods for leisure and tourism: A practical guide. Essex, UK: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Willis, C. A. (2002). The grieving process in children: Strategies for understanding, educating, and reconciling children’s perception of death. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(4), 221–227.
   Google Scholar