REFERENCES
- Bell , D. A. 1979 . Bakke, minority admissions and the usual price of racial remedies . California Law Review , 76 ( 1 ) : 3 – 19 .
- Bowen , W. G. and Bok , D. C. 1998 . The shape of the river: Long term consequences of considering race in college and university admissions , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Brief of the American Bar Association as amici curiae in Support of Respondent . 2003 . Grutter v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-241
- Brief of Carnegie Mellon University and 37 fellow private colleges and universities as amicus curiae in Support of Respondents . 2003 . Grutter v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-241 (2003); Gratz v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-516
- 2003 . Brief of the Center for Equal Opportunity as amicus curiae in Support of Petitioners, Grutter v Bollinger et al., No. 02-241
- Brief of the Center for Individual Freedom as amicus curiae in Support of Petitioners . 2003 . Grutter v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-241 (2003); Gratz v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-516
- Brief of the Center for New Black Leadership as amicus curiae in Support of Petitioners . 2003 . Grutter v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-241 (2003); Gratz v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-516
- Brief of the General Motors Corporation as amicus curiae in Support of Respondents . 2003 . Grutter v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-241 (2003); Gratz v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-516
- 2003 . Brief of Lt. General Julius W. Becton, Jr., Adm. Dennis Blair, Maj. Gen. Charles Bolden. Hon. James M. Cannon, Lt. Gen. Daniel W. Christman, Gen. Wesley K. Clark, Sen. Max Cleland, Adm. Archie Clemins, Hon. William Cohen, Adm. William J. Crowe, Gen. Ronald R. Fogleman, Lt. Gen. Howard D. Graves, Gen. Joseph P. Hoar, Sen. Robert J. Kerrey, et al. as amici curiae in Support of Respondents. Grutter v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-241 (2003); Gratz v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-516
- 2003 . Brief of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc. and the American Civil Liberties Union as amici curiae in Support of Respondents. Grutter v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-241
- 2003 . Brief of the Reason Foundation as amicus curiae in Support of Petitioners. Grutter v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-241 (2003); Gratz v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-516
- 1954 . Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483
- Carter , S. L. 1991 . Reflections of an affirmative action baby , New York , NY : Basic .
- Chambers , D. L. , Clydesdale , T. T. , Kidder , W. C. and Lempert , R. O. 2004 . The real impact of eliminating affirmative action in American law schools: An empirical critique of Richard Sander's study . Stanford Law Review , 57 : 1855 – 1898 .
- Crenshaw , K. , Gotanda , N. , Peller , G. and Thomas , K. 1995 . Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement , New York , NY : New Press .
- D’Souza , D. 1991 . Illiberal education: The politics of race and sex on campus , New York , NY : The Free Press .
- Delgado , R. and Stefancic , J. 2001 . Critical race theory: An introduction , New York , NY : New York University Press .
- Edley , C. F. 1996 . Not all black or white: Affirmative action, race, and American values , New York : Hill and Wang .
- 2012 . Fisher v. University of Texas Austin (Oral arguments October 10
- Gratz v. Bollinger et al., 539 U.S. 244 . 2003 .
- 2003 . Gratz v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-516
- Grutter v. Bollinger et al., 539 U.S. 306 . 2003 .
- Hakuta , K. , Witt , D. , Jones , J. and Chang , M. J. 2003 . Compelling interest: Examining the evidence on racial dynamics in colleges and universities , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press .
- Kearney , J. D. and Merrill , T. W. 2000 . The influence of amicus curiae briefs on the Supreme Court . University of Pennsylvania Law Review , 148 ( 3 ) : 743 – 855 .
- Ladson-Billings , G. and Tate , W. F. IV . 1995 . Toward a critical race theory in education . Teachers College Record , 97 ( 1 ) : 47 – 68 .
- Laird , B. 2005 . The case for affirmative action in university admissions , Berkeley , CA : Bay Tree .
- Lakoff , G. 2006 . Thinking points: Communicating our American values and vision: A progressive's handbook , New York , NY : Farrar, Straus, and Giroux .
- 1974 . Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563
- Lemke , J. L. 1995 . Textual politics: Discourse and social dynamics , Bristol , PA : Taylor & Francis .
- Liu , G. 1998 . Affirmative action in higher education: The diversity rationale and the compelling interest test . Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review , 33 : 381 – 442 .
- 1950 . McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U.S. 637
- McWhorter , J. H. 2000 . Losing the race: Self-sabotage in Black America , New York , NY : Free Press .
- Moran , R. F. 2010 . What counts as knowledge? A reflection on race, social science, and the law . Law & Society Review , 44 ( 3/4 ) : 515 – 551 .
- Moses , M. S. and Saenz , L. P. 2008 . Hijacking education policy decisions: Ballot initiatives and the case of affirmative action . Harvard Educational Review , 78 ( 2 ) : 289 – 310 .
- O’Connor , S. D. and Schwab , S. J. 2010 . “ Affirmative action in higher education over the next twenty-five years: A need for study and action ” . In The next 25 years: Affirmative action in higher education in the United States and South Africa , Edited by: Featherman , D. L. , Hall , M. and Krislov , M. 58 – 73 . Ann Arbor , MI : The University of Michigan Press .
- Oakes , J. 2003 . Introduction: Education inadequacy, inequality, and failed state policy: A synthesis of expert reports prepared for Williams v. State of California . Santa Clara Law Review , 43 : 1299 – 1398 .
- Orfield , G. and Miller , E. 1998 . Chilling admissions: The affirmative action crisis and the search for alternatives , Cambridge , MA : Harvard Education Publishing Group .
- 2007 . Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, 551 U.S. 701
- 1982 . Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 98 S. Ct. 2733 . 1978 .
- 1973 . San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1
- Sander , R. H. 2004 . A systemic analysis of affirmative action in American law schools . Stanford Law Review , 57 ( 2 ) : 367 – 483 .
- Simmons , O. S. 2009 . Picking friends from the crowd: Amicus participation as political symbolism . Connecticut Law Review , 42 ( 1 ) : 185 – 233 .
- Skrentny , J. D. 1996 . The ironies of affirmative action: Politics, culture, and justice in America , Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press .
- Solorzano , D. G. 1997 . Images and words that wound: Critical race theory, racial stereotyping, and teacher education . Teacher Education Quarterly , 24 ( 3 ) : 5 – 19 .
- Steele , S. 1990 . The content of our character: A new vision of race in America , New York , NY : St. Martin's .
- Strauss , A. C. and Corbin , J. M. 2008 . Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory , Thousand Oakes , CA : Sage .
- 1950 . : 629 Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S.
- 1957 . Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234
- Thernstrom , S. and Thernstrom , A. M. 1997 . America in black and white: One nation indivisible , New York , NY : Touchstone .
- Van Dijk , T. A. 1993 . Principles of critical discourse analysis . Discourse & Society , 4 ( 2 ) : 249 – 283 .
- Yosso , T. J. , Parker , L. , Solorzano , D. G. and Lynn , M. 2004 . From Jim Crow to affirmative action and back again: A critical race discussion of racialized rationales and access to higher education . Review of Research in Education , 28 ( 1 ) : 1 – 25 .