“What makes me click?” The effects of images and color in consumer-based pandemic health messages

References

• Armstrong, K., Richards, A. S., & Boyd, K. J. (2021). Red-hot reactance: Color cues moderate the freedom threatening characteristics of health PSAs. Health Communication, 36(6), 663–670. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1700885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asare, Anthony K., Chowdhury, T. G., Norberg, P., Kang, J., & Bannor, R. (2019). Magnitude matters: The impact of pandemic threat perceptions on the effectiveness of health message framing across countries. Global Advances in Business Communication, 8(1), 2.
   Google Scholar
• Babin, Barry J., William, R. D., & Griffin, M. (1994). Work and/or fun: Measuring hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(4), 644–656. https://doi.org/10.1086/209376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagchi, R., & Cheema, A. (2013). The effect of red background color on willingness-to-pay: The moderating role of selling mechanism. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(5), 947–960. https://doi.org/10.1086/666466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnkrant, R. E., & Rao Unnava, H. (1995). Effects of self-referencing on persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1086/209432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, C., Eddy, C., Hemrajani, R., Howell, C., Lyons, D., Sung, Y.-H., & Connors, E. C. (2021). The effects of source cues and issue frames during COVID-19. Journal of Experimental Political Science, First View, 1–10 doi:10.1017/XPS.2021.3.
   Google Scholar
• Ceylan, M., & Hayran, C. (2021). Message framing effects on individuals’ social distancing and helping behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12 March , 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.579164
   Google Scholar
• Chaiken, S., & Eagly, A. H. (1976). Communication modality as a determinant of message persuasiveness and message comprehensibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(4), 605–614. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.34.4.605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, T., Dai, M., Xia, S., & Zhou, Y. (2021). Do messages matter? Investigating the combined effects of framing, outcome uncertainty, and number format on COVID-19 vaccination attitudes and intention. Health Communication, 27 January, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1876814
   Google Scholar
• Crowley Ayn, E. (1993). The two-dimensional impact of color on shopping. Marketing Letters, 4(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994188
   Google Scholar
• Dorison, C. A., Lerner, J. S., Heller, B. H., Rothman, A. J., Kawachi, I. I., Wang, K., Rees, V. W., Gill, B. P., Gibbs, N., Coles, N. A., & Coles, N. A. (2020), A global test of message framing on behavioural intentions, policy support, information seeking, and experienced anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leibniz Institut für Psychologische Information und Dokumentation (ZPID). https://doi.org/10.23668/PSYCHARCHIVES.3013. Last accessed 8/16/2021.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez , K. V., & Rosen, D. L. (2000). The effectiveness of information and color in yellow pages advertising. Journal of Advertising, 29(2), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2000.10673609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantiva, C., Jiménez-Leal, W., & Urriago-Rayo, J. (2021). Framing messages to deal with the COVID-19 crisis: The role of loss/gain frames and content. Frontiers in Psychology, 12 January . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.568212
   Google Scholar
• Geise, S., & Baden, C. (2015). Putting the image back into the frame: Modeling the linkage between visual communication and frame-processing theory. Communication Theory, 25(1), 46–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerend, M. A., & Sias, T. (2009). Message framing and color priming: How subtle threat cues affect persuasion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 999–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gigerenzer, G., Wolfgang, G., Elke, K.-M., Schwartz Lisa, M., & Woloshin, S. (2007). Helping doctors and patients make sense of health statistics. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 8(2), 53–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2008.00033.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorn, G. J., Chattopadhyay, A., Tracey, Y., & Dahl, D. W. (1997). Effects of color as an executional cue in advertising: They’re in the shade. Management Science, 43(October), 1387–1400. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.43.10.1387
   Google Scholar
• Guidry, J. P. D., Carlyle, K. E., LaRose, J. G., Perrin, P., Messner, M., & Ryan, M. (2019). Using the health belief model to analyze Instagram posts about zika for public health communications. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 25 (1), 179–180. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2501.180824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarus, O. (2020), 20 of the worst epidemics and pandemics in history 22 March 2022. https://www.livescience.com/worst-epidemics-and-pandemics-in-history.html
   Google Scholar
• Joffe, H. (2008). The power of visual material: Persuasion, emotion and identification. Diogenes, 55(1), 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0392192107087919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, P. A. (2008). Designing effective health communications: A meta-analysis. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 27(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.27.2.117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, P. A. (2014). Social marketing and healthy behavior. In D. W. Stewart (Ed.), Handbook of Persuasion and Social Marketing. Routledge. 9–38.
   Google Scholar
• King, A. J., & Lazard, A. J. (2020). Advancing visual health communication research to improve infodemic response. Health Communication, 35(14), 1723–1728. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrecque, L. I., & Milne, G. R. (2012). Exciting red and competent blue: The importance of color in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40 September , 711–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-010-0245-y
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S., & Srinivasan Rao, V. (2010). Color and store choice in electronic commerce: The explanatory role of trust. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 11(2), 110–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 149–188. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., & Xie, Y. (2020). Is a picture worth a thousand words? An empirical study of image content and social media engagement. Journal of Marketing Research, 57(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022243719881113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lixun, S., Cui, A. P., & Walsh, M. F. (2019). Trustworthy blue or untrustworthy red: The influence of colors on trust. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 27(3), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2019.1616560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill, S., & Nicholson-Cole, S. (2009). ‘Fear won’t do it’ promoting positive engagement with climate change through visual and iconic representations. Science Communication, 30(3), 355–379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547008329201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta, M. (2008). A dictionary of epidemiology. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195314496.001.0001/acref-9780195314496
   Google Scholar
• Powell, T. E., Boomgaarden, H. G., De Swert, K., & de Vrees, C. H. (2015). A clearer picture: The contribution of visuals and text to framing effects. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 997–1017. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puccinelli, N. M., Chandrashekaran, R., Grewal, D., & Suri, R. (2013). Are men seduced by red? The effect of red versus black prices on price perceptions. Journal of Retailing, 89(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2013.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2007). The affect heuristic. European Journal of Operational Research, 177(3), 1333–1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks, J. R., Areni, C. S., & Chris Cox, K. (1998). An investigation of the effects of language style and communication modality on persuasion. Communication Monographs, 65(2), 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759809376440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, G., Sparks, B., & Herington, C. (2012). The impact of consumption vision and emotion on the tourism consumer’s decision behavior. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 36(3), 366–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010390815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (‎2005)‎, WHO global influenza preparedness plan: The role of WHO and recommendations for national measures before and during pandemics. World Health Organization, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/68998/WHO_CDS_CSR_GIP_2005.5.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Zajonc, R. B. (1998). Emotions. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 591–632). McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar