Supplemental Fluency Intervention and Determinants of Reading Outcomes

REFERENCES

• Abrami , P. C. , Lou , Y. , Chambers , B. , Poulsen , C. and Spence , J. C. 2000 . Why should we group students within-class for learning? . Educational Research and Evaluation , 6 : 158 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Adolf , S. M. , Catts , H. W. and Little , T. D. 2006 . Should the simple view of reading include a fluency component? . Reading and Writing , 19 : 933 – 958 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allington , R. L. 1977 . If they don't read much, how they ever gonna get good? . Journal of Reading , 21 : 57 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , R. C. , Hiebert , E. H. , Scott , J. A. and Wilkinson , I. A. 1985 . Becoming a nation of readers: The report of the Commission on Reading Washington, DC : National Academy of Education. .
   Google Scholar
• Bowey , J. 1986 . Syntactic awareness in relation to reading skill and ongoing reading comprehension monitoring . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 41 : 282 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burstein , L. , McDonnell , L. M. , Van Winkle , J. T. , Ormseth , H. , Mirocha , J. and Guiton , G. 1995 . Validating national curriculum indicators Santa Monica, CA : RAND. .
   Google Scholar
• Carlisle , J. F. and Rice , M. S. 2004 . “ Assessment of reading comprehension. ” . In Handbook of language and literacy: Development and disorders Edited by: Stone , C. A. , Silliman , E. R. , Ehren , B. J. and Apel , K. 521 – 540 . New York : Guilford. .
   Google Scholar
• Catts , H. W. , Fey , M. E. , Zhang , Z. and Tomblin , J. B. 1999 . Language basis of reading and reading disabilities: Evidence from a longitudinal investigation . Scientific Studies of Reading , 3 : 331 – 361 .
   Google Scholar
• Chard , D. J. , Vaughn , S. and Tyler , B. 2002 . A synthesis of research on effective interventions for building reading fluency with elementary students with learning disabilities . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 35 : 386 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, , 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Compton , D. L. , Appleton , A. C. and Hosp , M. K. 2004 . Exploring the relationship between text-leveling systems and reading accuracy and fluency in second-grade students who are average and poor decoders . Learning Disabilities Research & Practice , 19 : 176 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Cutting , L. E. and Scarborough , H. S. 2006 . Prediction of reading comprehension: Relative contributions of word recognition, language proficiency, and other cognitive skills can depend on how comprehension is measured . Scientific Studies of Reading , 10 : 277 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl , P. R. 1979 . “ An experimental program for teaching high speed word recognition and comprehension skills. ” . In Communication research in learning disabilities and mental retardation Edited by: Button , J. E. , Lovitt , T. C. and Rowlands , T. D. 33 – 65 . Baltimore : University Park Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , L. M. and Dunn , L. 1997 . Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) Circle Pines, MN : American Guidance Service. .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg , R. and Brewer , D. 1994 . Do school and teacher characteristics matter? Evidence from high school and beyond . Economics of Education Review , 14 : 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Elbaum , B. , Vaughn , S. , Hughes , M. and Moody , S. 2000 . How effective are one-to-one tutoring programs in reading for elementary students at risk for reading failure? A meta-analysis of the intervention research . Journal of Educational Psychology , 92 : 605 – 619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farr , R. , Pritchard , R. and Smitten , B. 1990 . A description of what happens when an examinee takes a multiple-choice reading comprehension test . Journal of Educational Measurement , 27 : 209 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner , H. J. and Levy , B. A. 1999 . How text difficulty and reader skill interact to produce differential reliance on word and context overlap in reading transfer . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 58 : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , R. and Ladd , H. 1996 . “ How and why money matters: An analysis of Alabama schools. ” . In Holding schools accountable Edited by: Ladd , H. 265 – 298 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution. .
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher , J. M. 2006 . Measuring reading comprehension . Scientific Studies of Reading , 10 : 323 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , D. J. , Fletcher , J. M. , Catts , H. W. and Tomblin , J. B. 2005 . “ Dimensions affecting the assessment of reading comprehension. ” . In Children's reading comprehension and assessment Edited by: Paris , S. G. and Stahl , S. A. 369 – 394 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs , L. S. , Fuchs , D. , Hamlett , C. L. and Karns , K. 1998 . High-achieving students' interactions and performance on complex mathematical tasks as a function of homogeneous and heterogeneous pairings . American Educational Research Journal , 35 : 227 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs , L. S. , Fuchs , D. and Maxwell , L. 1988 . The validity of informal measures of reading comprehension . Remedial and Special Education , 9 : 20 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber , S. B. , Finn , J. D. , Achilles , C. M. and Boyd-Zaharias , J. 2001 . Teacher aides and students' academic achievement . Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis , 23 : 123 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good , R. H. and Kaminski , R. A. 2002 . Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, , 6th ed Eugene, OR : Institute for the Development of Educational Achievement .
   Google Scholar
• Gough , P. B. , Hoover , W. and Peterson , C. L. 1996 . “ Some observations on the simple view of reading. ” . In Reading comprehension difficulties Edited by: Cornoldi , C. and Oakhill , J. 1 – 13 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Gough , P. B. and Tunmer , W. E. 1986 . Decoding, reading, and reading disability . Remedial and Special Education , 7 : 6 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald , R. , Hedges , L. and Lane , R. 1996 . The effect of school resources on student achievement . Review of Educational Research , 66 : 361 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grek , M. L. , Mathes , P. G. and Torgesen , J. K. 2003 . “ Similarities and differences between experienced teachers and trained paraprofessionals. ” . In Reading in the classroom: Systems for the observation of teaching and learning Edited by: Vaughn , S. and Briggs , K. L. 267 – 296 . Baltimore : Brookes. .
   Google Scholar
• Hasbrouck , J. E. , Ihnot , C. and Rogers , G. H. 1999 . “Read Naturally”: A strategy to increase oral reading fluency . Reading Research and Instruction , 39 : 27 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Hasbrouck , J. and Tindal , G. A. 2006 . ORF norms: A valuable assessment tool for reading teachers . The Reading Teacher , 59 : 636 – 644 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiebert , E. H. 2003 . Quick reads Parsippany, NJ : Pearson Learning. .
   Google Scholar
• Hiebert , E. H. 2005 . The effects of text difficulty on second graders' fluency development . Reading Psychology , 26 : 183 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Hiebert , E. H. 2008 . “ The (mis)match between texts and students who depend on schools to become literate. ” . In Finding the right texts: What works for beginning and struggling readers Edited by: Hiebert , E. H. and Sailors , M. 1 – 20 . New York : Guilford. .
   Google Scholar
• Hoover , W. A. and Gough , P. B. 1990 . The simple view of reading . Reading and Writing , 2 : 127 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , J. R. , Fuchs , L. S. , van den Broek , P. , Espin , C. and Deno , S. L. 2003 . Sources of individual differences in reading comprehension and reading fluency . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 719 – 729 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , J. R. , Zumeta , R. , Dupree , O. and Johnson , K. 2005 . Measuring gains in reading ability with passage reading fluency . Learning Disabilities Research & Practice , 20 : 245 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Joshi , R. and Aaron , P. G. 2000 . The component model of reading: Simple view of reading made a little more complex . Reading Psychology , 21 : 85 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Kain , J. and Singleton , K. 1996 . Equality of education revisited . New England Economic Review , : 87 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Kame'enui , E. J. , Simmons , D. C. , Good , R. H. and Harn , B. A. 2001 . “ The use of fluency-based measures of early identification and evaluation of intervention efficacy in schools. ” . In Dyslexia, fluency, and the brain Edited by: Wolf , M. 307 – 332 . Timonium, MD : York Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , S. , Lautenschlager , G. , Blackburn , A. B. and Harris , F. 1990 . Answering reading comprehension items without passages on the SAT . Psychological Science , 1 : 122 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan , J. M. and Betjemann , R. S. 2006 . Comprehending the Gray Oral Reading Test without reading it: Why comprehension tests should not include passage-independent items . Scientific Studies of Reading , 10 : 363 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan , J. M. , Betjemann , R. S. and Olson , R. K. 2008 . Reading comprehension tests vary in the skills they assess: Differential dependence on decoding and oral comprehension . Scientific Studies of Reading , 12 : 281 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn , M. R. and Stahl , S. A. 2003 . Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 3 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou , Y. , Abrami , P. C. and Spence , J. C. 2000 . Effects of within-class grouping on student achievement: An exploratory model . The Journal of Educational Research , 94 : 101 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou , Y. , Abrami , P. C. , Spence , J. C. , Poulsen , C. , Chambers , B. and d'Apollonia , S. 1996 . Within-class grouping: A meta-analysis . Review of Educational Research , 66 : 423 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon , S. and Hiebert , E. H. 1999 . Literature anthologies: The task for first grade readers (Report No. CIERA-R-1-009) Ann Arbor, MI : Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement . (ERIC Documentation Service No. ED436754)
   Google Scholar
• Nation , K. and Snowling , M. 1997 . Assessing reading difficulties: The validity and utility of current measure of reading skill . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 67 : 359 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , S. R. 1999 . Designing state and local policies for the professional development of instructional paraeducators Portland, OR : Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory. .
   Google Scholar
• Perfetti , C. 1977 . “ Language comprehension and fast decoding: Some psycholinguistic prerequisites for skilled reading comprehension. ” . In Cognition, curriculum, and comprehension Edited by: Guthrie , J. T. 20 – 41 . Newark, DE : International Reading Association. .
   Google Scholar
• Perfetti , C. A. 1985 . Reading ability New York : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Phelps , E. and Damon , W. 1989 . Problem solving with equals: Peer collaboration in a context for learning mathematics and spatial concepts . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 : 639 – 646 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce , M. E. , Katzir , T. , Wolf , M. and Noam , G. 2007 . Clusters of second and third grade dysfluent urban readers . Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal , 20 : 885 – 907 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pikulski , J. 1994 . Preventing reading failure: A review of five effective programs . The Reading Teacher , 48 : 30 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryczak , F. 1972 . Objective evaluation of the quality of multiple-choice items designed to measure comprehension of reading passages . Reading Research Quarterly , 8 : 62 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashotte , C. A. , MacPhee , K. and Torgesen , J. K. 2001 . The effectiveness of a group reading instruction programs with poor readers in multiple grades . Learning Disability Quarterly , 24 : 119 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush , S. W. and Bryk , A. S. 2002 . Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods, , 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush , S. W. , Bryk , A. S. , Cheong , Y. F. and Congdon , R. T. 2004 . HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling Lincolnwood, IL : Scientific Software International. .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. and Rosnow , R. L. 1984 . Essentials of behavioral research: Methods and data analysis New York : McGraw-Hill. .
   Google Scholar
• Rowan , B. 2002 . What large-scale survey research tells us about teacher effects on student achievement: Insights from the Prospects Study of Elementary Schools . Teachers College Record , 104 : 1525 – 1567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupley , W. H. , Willson , V. L. and Nichols , W. D. 1998 . Exploration of the developmental components contributing to elementary school children's reading comprehension . Scientific Studies of Reading , 2 : 143 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Samuels , S. J. 1979 . The method of repeated readings . The Reading Teacher , 32 : 403 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage , R. 2001 . The ‘simple view’ of reading: Some evidence and possible implications . Educational Psychology in Practice , 17 : 17 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Schwanenflugel , P. J. , Meisinger , E. B. , Wisenbaker , J. M. , Kuhn , M. R. , Strauss , G. P. and Morris , R. D. 2006 . Becoming a fluent and automatic reader in the early elementary years . Reading Research Quarterly , 41 : 496 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seigneuric , A. and Ehrlich , M. 2005 . Contribution of working memory capacity to children's reading comprehension: A longitudinal investigation . Reading and Writing , 18 : 617 – 656 .
   Google Scholar
• Spear-Swerling , L. 2004 . Fourth graders' performance on a state-mandated assessment involving two different measures of reading comprehension . Reading Psychology , 25 : 121 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. 1980 . Toward an interactive-compensatory model of individual differences in the development of reading fluency . Reading Research Quarterly , 16 : 32 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. 1986 . Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy . Reading Research Quarterly , 21 : 360 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torgesen , J. K. , Rashotte , C. A. and Alexander , A. W. 2001 . “ Principles of fluency instruction in reading: Relationships with established empirical outcomes. ” . In Dyslexia, fluency, and the brain Edited by: Wolf , M. 333 – 356 . Timonium, MD : York Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Vadasy , P. F. and Sanders , E. A. 2008a . Benefits of repeated reading intervention for low-achieving fourth- and fifth-grade students . Remedial and Special Education , 29 ( 4 ) : 235 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadasy , P. F. and Sanders , E. A. 2008b . Repeated reading intervention: Outcomes and interactions with readers' skills and classroom instruction . Journal of Educational Psychology , 100 ( 2 ) : 272 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasik , B. A. and Slavin , R. E. 1993 . Preventing early reading failure with one-to-one tutoring: A review of five programs . Reading Research Quarterly , 28 : 178 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiederholt , J. L. and Bryant , B. R. 2001 . Gray Oral Reading Tests-4 Austin, TX : Pro-Ed. .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , M. 2007 . Proust and the squid: The story and science of the reading brain New York : HarperCollins. .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , M. and Denckla , M. B. 2005 . RAN/RAS: Rapid automatized naming and rapid alternating stimulus tests Austin, TX : Pro-Ed. .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , M. and Katzir-Cohen , T. 2001 . Reading fluency and its intervention . Scientific Studies of Reading , 5 : 211 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , M. , Miller , L. and Donnelly , K. 2000 . Retrieval, automaticity, vocabulary elaboration, orthography (RAVE-O): A comprehensive, fluency-based reading intervention program . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 33 : 375 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodcock , R. 1998 . Woodcock Reading Mastery Test-Revised/Normative Update Circle Pines, MN : American Guidance Service . (Original work published 1987)
   Google Scholar
• Zeno , S. M. , Ivens , S. H. , Millard , R. T. and Duvvuri , R. 1995 . The Educator's Word Frequency Guide Touchtone Applied Science Associates. .
   Google Scholar