12,030
Views
143
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Functional Properties of Carotenoids in Human Health

&
Pages 201-230 | Received 02 Dec 2005, Accepted 18 Apr 2006, Published online: 27 Apr 2007

REFERENCES

  • Britton , G. 1995 . Structure and Properties of Carotenoids in Relation to Function . FASEB J. , 9 : 1551 – 1558 .
  • Gerster , H. 1993 . Anticarcinogenic Effect of Common Carotenoids . Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. , 63 : 93 – 121 .
  • Bowen , P.E. and Mobarhan , S. 1995 . Evidence from Cancer Intervention and Biomarker Studies and the Development of Biochemical Markers . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 62 : 1403S – 1409S .
  • Benedich , A. 1994 . Recent Advances in Clinical Research Involving Carotenoids . Pure Appl. Chem. , 66 : 1017 – 1024 .
  • Mayne , S.T. 1996 . Beta-Carotene, Carotenoids and Disease Prevention in Humans . FASEB J. , 10 : 690 – 701 .
  • Seddon , J.M. , Ajani , U.A. , Sperduto , R.D. , Hiller , R. , Blair , N. , Burton , T.C. , Farber , M.D. , Gragoudas , E.S. , Haller , J. and Miller , D.T. 1994 . Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration: Eye disease case-control study group . J. Am. Medical Assoc. , 272 ( 18 ) : 1413 – 20 . (Erratum in: JAMA 1995 Feb 22; 273 (8):622.)
  • Snodderly , D.M. 1995 . Evidence for Protection Against Age-Related Macular Degeration by Carotenoids and Antioxidant Vitamins . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 62 : 1448S – 1461S .
  • Chew , B.P. 1995 . Antioxidant Vitamins Affect Food Animal Immunity and Health . J Nutr. , 125 : 1804S – 1808S .
  • Meydani , S.N. , Wu , D. , Santos , M.S. and Hayek , M.G. 1995 . Antioxidants and Immune Response in Aged Persons: Overview of Present Evidence . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 62 : 1462S – 1476S .
  • Walfisch , Y. , Walfisch , S. , Agbaria , R. , Levy , J. and Sharoni , Y. 2003 . Lycopene in Serum, Skin and Adipose Tissues after Tomato-Oleoresin Supplementation in Patients Undergoing Haemorrhoidectomy or Peri-Anal Fistulotomy . Br. J. Nutr. , 90 ( 4 ) : 759 – 766 .
  • Stahl , W. , Schwarz , W. , Sundquist , A.R. and Sies , H. 1992 . Cis-Trans Isomers of Lycopene and Beta-Carotene in Human Serum and Tissues . Arch. Biochem. Biophys , 294 : 173 – 177 .
  • Boileau , T.W.M. , Boileau , A.C. and Erdman , J.W. Jr. 2002 . Bioavailability of All-Trans and Cis-Isomers of Lycopene . Experimental Biology and Medicine , 227 : 914 – 919 .
  • McEligot , A.J. , Rock , C.L. , Shanks , T.G. , Flatt , S.W. , Newman , V. , Faerber , S. and Pierce , J.P. 1999 . Comparison of Serum Carotenoid Responses between Women Consuming Vegetable Juice and Women Consuming Raw or Cooked Vegetables . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 8 : 227 – 231 .
  • van het Hof , K.H. , Brouwer , I.A. , West , C.E. , Haddeman , E. , Steegers-Theunissen , R.P.M. , van Dusseldorp , M. , Weststrate , J.A. , Eskes , T.K.A.B. and Hautvast , J.G.A.J. 1999 . Bioavailability of Lutein is Five Times Higher than that of β-Carotene . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 70 : 261 – 268 .
  • Alves-Rodrigues , A. and Shao , A. 2004 . The Science Behind Lutein . Toxicological Letters. , 50 : 57 – 83 .
  • Olson , J.A. 1999 . “ Carotenoids ” . In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease , Edited by: Shils , M.E. , Olson , J.A. , Shike , M. and Ross , A.C. 525 – 541 . Baltimore, MD : Williams and Wilkins .
  • Britton , G. 1993 . “ Structure and Nomenclature ” . In Carotenoids in Photosynthesis , Edited by: Young , A. and Britton . 1 – 15 . London : Chapman and Hall .
  • Weedon , B.C.L. and Moss , G.P. 1995 . “ Structure and Nomenclature ” . In Carotenoids Vol. 1A: Isolation and Analysis , Edited by: Britton , G. , Liaaen-Jensen , S. and Pfander , H. 27 – 70 . Basel, , Switzerland : Birkhäuser Verlag .
  • Davies , B.H. , Matthews , S. and Kirk , J.T.O. 1970 . The Nature and Biosynthesis of the Carotenoids of Different Colour Varieties of Capsicum Annuum . Phytochemistry , 9 : 797 – 805 .
  • Goodwin , T.W. 1976 . “ Distribution of Carotenoids ” . In Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments , Edited by: Goodwin , T.W. Vol. 1 , 225 – 261 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Farin , D. , Ikan , R. and Gross , J. 1983 . The Carotenoid Pigments in the Juice and Flavedo of Mandarin Hybrid (Citrus Reticulate) cv Michal during Ripening . Phytochemistry , 22 : 403 – 408 .
  • Hornero-Méndez , D. and Mínguez-Mosquera , M.I. 2000 . Xanthophyll Esterification Accompanying Carotenoid Overaccumulation in Chromoplast of Capsicum Annuum Ripening Fruits is a Constitutive Process and Useful for Ripening Index . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 48 : 1617 – 1622 .
  • Reboul , E. , Abou , L. , Mikail , C. , Ghiringhelli , O. , André , M. , Gleize , B. , Kaloustian , J. , Portugal , H. , Amiot , M-J. and Borel , P. 2003 . Lutein is Apparently Absorbed by a Carrier-Mediated Transport Process in Caco-2 cells . Clin. Nutr. , 22 : S103
  • Reboul , E. , Abou , L. , Mikail , C. , Ghiringhelli , O. , André , M. , Portugal , H. , Jourdheuil-Rahmani , D. , Amiot , M-J. , Lairon , D. and Borel , P. 2005 . Lutein Transport by Caco-2 TC-7 Cells occurs Partly by a Facilitated Process Involving the Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I (SR-BI) . Biochem. J. , 387 : 455 – 461 .
  • Konta , T. , Xu , Q. , Furusu , A. , Nakayama , K. and Kitamura , M. 2001 . Selectives Roles of Retinoic Acid Receptor and Retinoid X Receptor in the Suppression of Apoptosis by All-Trans-Retinoic Acid . J. Biol. Chem. , 276 : 12697 – 12701 .
  • Costet , P. , Lalanne , F. , Gerbod-Giannone , M.C. , Molina , J.R. , Fu , X. , Lund , E.G. , Gudas , L.J. and Tall , A.R. 2003 . Retinoic Acid Receptor-Mediated Induction of ABCA1 in Macrophages . Mol. Cell Biol. , 23 ( 21 ) : 7756 – 66 .
  • Li , E. and Tso , P. 2003 . Vitamin A Uptake from Foods . Current Opinion in Lipidology , 14 ( 3 ) : 241 – 247 .
  • Borel , P. , Drai , J. , Faure , H. , Fayol , V. , Galabert , C. , Laromiguière , M. and Le Moël , G. 2005 . Données Récentes Sur l'absorption et le Catabolisme des Caroténoïdes . Annales de Biologie Clinique , 63 ( 2 ) : 165 – 177 .
  • Wyss , A. , Wirtz , G.M. , Woggon , W-D. , Brugger , R. , Wyss , M. , Friedlein , A. , Riss , G. , Bachmann , H. and Hunziker , W. 2001 . Expression Pattern and Localization of Beta, Beta-Carotene 15,15′-Dioxygenase in Different Tissues . Biochem. J. , 354 : 521 – 529 .
  • Wyss , A. 2004 . Carotene Oxygenases: A New Family of Double Bond Cleavage Enzymes . J. Nutr. , 134 : 246S – 250S .
  • Khachik , F. , Beecher , G.R. , Goli , M.B. and Lusby , W.R. 1991 . Separation, Identification and Quantification of Carotenoids in Fruits, Vegetables and Human Plasma by HPLC . Pure Appl. Chem. , 63 : 71 – 80 .
  • Khachik , F. , Beecher , G.R. , Goli , M.B. and Lusby , W.R. 1992 . Separation and Quantification of Carotenoids in Foods . Methods Enzymol , 21 ( 3A ) : 347 – 359 .
  • Steghens , J.P. , Van Kappel , A.L. , Riboli , E. and Collombel , C. 1997 . Simultaneous Measurement of Seven Carotenoids, Retinol and Alpha-Tocopherol in Serum by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography . J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sc. Appl. , 694 : 71 – 81 .
  • Lyan , B. , Azais-Braesco , V. and Cardinault , N. 2001 . Simple Method for Clinical Determination of 13 Carotenoids in Human Plasma Using an Isocratic High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method . J. Chromatogr. B. , 25 : 297 – 303 .
  • Erdman , J.W. Jr. , Bierer , T.L. and Gugger , E.T. 1993 . Absorption and Transport of Carotenoids . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. , 691 : 76 – 85 .
  • Tyssandier , V. , Reboul , E. and Dumas , J.F. 2003 . Processing of Vegetable-Borne Carotenoids in the Human Stomach and Duodenum . Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. , 284 : G913 – G923 .
  • Rich , G.T. , Fillery-Travis , A. and Parker , M.L. 1998 . Low pH Enhances the Transfer of Carotene from Carrot Juice to Olive Oil . Lipids , 33 : 985 – 992 .
  • Carey , M.C. and Hernell , O. 1992 . Digestion and Absorption of Fat . Semin. Gastrointest. Dis. , 3 : 189 – 208 .
  • Tso , P. 1994 . “ Intestinal Lipid Absorption ” . In Physiology of the Gatrointestinal Tract , Edited by: Johnson , L.R. 1867 – 1907 . New York : Raven Press .
  • Borel , P. , Grolier , P. , Armand , M. , Partier , A. , Lafont , H. , Lairon , D. and Azais-Braesco , V. 1996 . Carotenoids in Biological Emulsions: Solubility, Surface-to-Core Distribution and Release from Lipid Droplets . J. Lipid Res. , 37 : 250 – 261 .
  • Leo , M.A. , Ahmed , S. , Aleynik , S. , Siegel , J.H. , Kasmin , F. and Lieber , C.S. 1995 . Carotenoids and Tocopherols in Various Hepatobiliary Conditions . J. Hepatol. , 23 : 550 – 556 .
  • El-Gorab , M. , Underwood , B.A. and Loerch , J.D. 1975 . The Roles of Bile Salts in the Uptake of Beta-Carotene and Retinol by Rat Everted Gut Sacs . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 401 : 265 – 277 .
  • Hollander , D. and Ruble , P.E. Jr. 1978 . Beta-Carotene Intestinal Absorption: Bile, Fatty Acid, pH and Flow Rate Effects on Transport . Am. J. Physiol. , 235 : E686 – E691 .
  • Canfield , L.M. , Fritz , T.A. and Tarara , T.E. 1990 . Incoporation of Beta-Carotene into Mixed Micelles . Methods Enzymol , 189 : 418 – 422 .
  • El-Gorab , M. and Underwood , B.A. 1973 . Solubilization of Beta-Carotene and Retinol into Aqueous Solutions of Mixed Micelles . Biochim. Biophys. Acta. , 306 : 58 – 66 .
  • Westergaard , H. and Dietschy , J.M. 1976 . The Mechanism Whereby Bile Acid Micelles Increase the Rate of Fatty Acid and Cholesterol Uptake into the Intestinal Mucosal Cells . J. Clin. Invest. , 58 : 97 – 108 .
  • During , A. , Nagao , A. and Junji Terao , J. 1998 . β-Carotene 15,15′-Dioxygenase Activity and Cellular Retinol-Binding Protein Type II Level Are Enhanced by Dietary Unsaturated Triacylglycerols in Rat Intestines . The Journal of Nutr. , 128 ( 10 ) : 1614 – 1619 .
  • Gugger , E.T. , Bierer , T.L. , Henze , T.M. , White , W.S. and Erdman , J.W. Jr. 1992 . β-Carotene Uptake and Tissue Distribution in the Ferret (mustela putorius furo) . J. Nutr. , 122 : 115 – 119 .
  • Poor , C.L. , Bierer , T.L. , Merchen , N.R. , Fahey , G.C. Jr. , Murphy , M.R. and Erdman , J.W. Jr. 1992 . Evaluation of the Preruminant Calf as a Model for Study of Human Carotenoid Metabolism . J. Nutr. , 122 : 262 – 268 .
  • Furr , H.C. and Clark , R.M. 1997 . Intestinal Absorption and Tissue Distribution of Carotenoids . Nutritional Biochem. , 8 : 364 – 377 .
  • Yeum , K.J. and Russell , R.M. 2002 . Carotenoid Bioavailability and Bioconversion . Annu. Rev. Nutr. , 22 : 483 – 504 .
  • Krinsky , N.I. , Cornwell , D.G. and Oncley , J.I. 1958 . The Transport of Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Human Plasma . Arch. Biochem. Biophys , 73 : 233 – 246 .
  • Johnson , E.J. and Russell , R.M. 1992 . Distribution of Orally Administered Beta-Carotene among Lipoproteins in Healthy Men . Am. J. Clinical Nutr. , 56 : 128 – 135 .
  • Kostic , D. , White , W.S. and Olson , J.A. 1995 . Intestinal Absorption, Serum Clearance and Interactions Between Lutein and Beta-Carotene When Administered to Human Adults in Separate or Combined Oral Doses . Am. J. Clinical Nutr. , 62 : 604 – 610 .
  • Gartner , C. , Stahl , W. and Sies , H. 1996 . Preferential Increase in Chylomicron Levels of the Xanthophylls Lutein and Zeaxanthin Compared to Beta-Carotene in the Human . Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. , 66 : 119 – 125 .
  • Parker , R.S. 1996 . Absorption, Metabolism and Transport of Carotenoids . FASED J. , 10 : 542 – 551 .
  • Yao , L. , Burri , B.J. and Furr , H.C. 1995 . Carotenoid Distribution Among Human Plasma Lipoproteins During Dietary Depletion . FASEB J. , 9 A458 (Abstract)
  • Romanchik , J.E. , Morel , D.W. and Harrison , E.H. 1995 . Distributions of Carotenoids and Alpha-Tocopherol among Lipoproteins do not change when Human Plasma is Incubated In-Vitro . J. Nutrition , 125 ( 10 ) : 2610 – 2617 .
  • Willstaedt , H. and Lindqvist , T. 1936 . Uber die Carotenoide des Serums und der Leber beim Menschen I. (About the Carotenoids of Serum and Liver in Humans) . Hoppe Seylers. Z.Physiol. Chem. , 240 : 10 – 18 .
  • Daudu , P.A. , Kelley , D.S. , Taylor , P.C. , Burri , B.J. and Wu , M.M. 1994 . Effect of a Low Beta-Carotene Diet on the Immune Functions of Adult Women . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 60 : 969 – 972 .
  • Barua , A.B. , Kostic , D. and Olson , J.A. 1993 . New Simplified Procedures for the Extraction and Simultaneous High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Retinol, Tocopherols and Carotenoids in Human Serum . J. Chromatography B. , 617 ( 2 ) : 257 – 264 .
  • Olson , J.A. 1994 . Absorption, Transport, and Metabolism of Carotenoids in Humans . Pure & Appl. Chem. , 66 ( 5 ) : 1011 – 1016 .
  • Hata , T.R. , Scholz , T.A. , Ermakov , I.V. , McClane , R.W. , Khachik , F. , Gellermann , W. and Pershing , L.K. 2000 . Non-Invasive Raman Spectroscopic Detection of Carotenoids in Human Skin . J. Invest Dermatol , 115 ( 3 ) : 441 – 448 .
  • Maharshak , N. , Shapiro , J. and Trau , H. 2003 . Carotenoderma—A Review of the Current Literature . Int. J. Dermatol , 42 ( 3 ) : 178 – 81 .
  • Kaplan , L.A. , Miller , J.A. , Stein , E.A. and Stampfer , M.J. 1990 . Simultaneous, High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Retinol, Tocopherols, Lycopene, and Alpha- and Beta-Carotene in Serum and Plasma . Methods Enzymol , 189 : 155 – 167 .
  • Schmitz , H.H. , Poor , C.L. , Wellman , R.B. and Erdman , J.W. Jr. 1991 . Concentrations of Selected Carotenoids and Vitamin A in Human Liver, Kidney and Lung Tissue . J. Nutr. , 121 ( 10 ) : 1613 – 1621 .
  • Clinton , S.K. , Emenhiser , C. , Schwartz , S.J. , Bostwick , D.G. , Williams , A.W. , Moore , B.J. and Erdman , J.W. 1996 . Cis-Trans Lycopene Isomers, Carotenoids, and Retinal in the Human Prostate . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 5 : 823 – 833 .
  • Shi , H.L. , Furr , H.C. and Olson , J.A. 1991 . Retinoids and Carotenoids in Bovine Pineal Gland . Brain Res. Bull. , 26 ( 2 ) : 235 – 239 .
  • Sauberlich , H.E. , Hodges , R.E. , Wallace , D.L. , Kolder , H. , Canham , J.E. , Hood , J. , Raica , N. Jr. and Lowry , L.K. 1974 . Vitamin A Metabolism and Requirements in the Human Studied with the Use of Labeled Retinol . Vitam. Horm. , 32 : 251 – 275 .
  • de Pee , S. and West , C.E. 1996 . Dietary Carotenoids and their Role in Combating Vitamin A Deficiency: A Review of the Literature . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 50 (Supplement) 3 ) : S38 – S53 .
  • FAO/WHO . Requirements of Vitamin A, Thiamin, Riboflavine and Niacin . FAO Nutr Rep Ser no. 41, WHO Tech Rep Ser no. 360 . 1967 . WHO Press: Geneva, 1–87
  • Parker , R.S. , Swanson , J.E. , Cha , S.Y. , Edwards , A.J. and Huang , T. 1999 . Bioavailability of Carotenoids in Human Subjects . Proceed. Nutrition Society , 58 : 155 – 162 .
  • During , A. and Harrison , E.H. 2004 . Intestinal Absorption And Metabolism Of Carotenoids: Insights From Cell Culture . Archives Of Biochemistry And Biophysics , 430 : 77 – 88 .
  • Johnson , E.J. , Hammond , B.R. , Yeum , K.J. , Qin , J. and Wang , X.D. 2000 . Relation among Serum and Tissue Concentrations of Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Mascular Pigment Density . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 71 : 1555 – 1562 .
  • Lacker , T. , Strohschein , S. and Albert , K. 1999 . Separation and Identification of Various Carotenoids by C30 Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to UV and Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Detection . Journal of Chromatography A , 854 ( 1–2 ) : 37 – 44 .
  • Coral-Hinostroza , G.N. , Ytrest⊘yl , T. , Ruyter , B. and Bjerkeng , B. 2004 . Plasma Appearance of Unesterified Astaxanthin Geometrical E/Z and Optical R/S Isomers in Men Given Single Doses of a Mixture of Optical 3 and 3′R/S Isomers of Astaxanthin Fatty Acyl Diesters . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology , 139 ( 1–3 ) : 99 – 110 .
  • You , C.S. , Parker , R.S. and Goodman , K.J. 1996 . Evidence of Cis-Trans Isomerization of 9-Cis-Beta-Carotene during Absorption in Humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 64 : 177 – 183 .
  • Breithaupt , D.E. , Weller , P. , Wolters , M. and Hahn , A. 2003 . Plasma Response to a Single Dose of Dietary β-cryptoxanthin Esters from Papaya (Carica papaya L.) or Non-Esterified β-cryptoxanthin in Adult Human Subjects: A Comparative Study . British J. Nutrn. , 90 ( 4 ) : 795 – 801 .
  • Bone , R.A. , Landrum , J.T. , Guerra , L.H. and Ruiz , C.A. 2003 . Lutein and Zeaxanthin Dietary Supplements Raise Macular Pigment Density and Serum Concentrations of these Carotenoids in Humans . J. Nutr. , 133 : 992 – 998 .
  • Roodenburg , A.J.C. , Leenen , R. , van het Hof , K.H. , Weststrate , J.A. and Tijburg , L.B.M. 2000 . Amount of Fat in the Diet Affects Bioavailability of Lutein Esters but not of α-carotene, β-carotene, and Vitamin E in Humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 71 : 1187 – 1193 .
  • Bowen , P.E. , Herbst-Espinosa , S.M. , Hussain , E.A. and Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis , M. 2002 . Esterification Does not Impair Lutein Bioavailability in Humans . J. Nutr. , 132 ( 12 ) : 3668 – 3673 .
  • Higdon, J. Vitamin A. Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. 2003. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitaminA/ (Accessed: 19 May 2005 ).
  • Castenmiller , J.J. , West , C.E. , van het Hoff , K.H. and Voragen , A.G. 1999 . The Food Matrix of Spinach is a Limiting Factor in Determining the Bioavailability of Beta-Carotene and to a Lesser Extent of Lutein in Humans . J. Nutr. , 129 ( 2 ) : 349 – 355 .
  • Riedl , J. , Linseisen , J. , Hoffmann , J. and Wolfram , G. 1999 . Some Dietary Fibers Reduce the Absorption of Carotenoids in Women . J. Nutr. , 129 ( 12 ) : 2170 – 2176 .
  • van het Hof , K.H. , Tijburg , L.B. , Pietrzik , K. and Weststrate , J.A. 1999 . Influence of Feeding Different Vegetables on Plasma Levels of Carotenoids, Folate and Vitamin C. Effect of Disruption of the Vegetable Matrix . Br. J. Nutr. , 82 : 203 – 212 .
  • Rock , C.L. , Lovalvo , J.L. , Emenhiser , C. , Ruffin , M.T. , Flatt , SW. and Schwartz , S.J. 1998 . Bioavailability of β-Carotene Is Lower in Raw than in Processed Carrots and Spinach in Women . The Journal of Nutrition , 128 ( 5 ) : 913 – 916 .
  • Dietz , J.M. , Sri Kantha , S. and Erdman , J.W. Jr. 1988 . Reversed Phase HPLC Analysis of Alpha- and Beta-Carotene from Selected Raw and Cooked Vegetables . Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. , 38 : 333 – 341 .
  • Castenmillern , J.J.M. and West , C.E. 1997 . Bioavailability of Carotenoids . J. Pure & Applied. Chem. , 69 ( 10 ) : 2145 – 2150 .
  • Moise , A.R. , von Lintig , J. and Palczewski , K. 2005 . Related Enzymes Solve Evolutionarily Recurrent Problems in the Metabolism of Carotenoids . Trends in Plant Sci. , 10 ( 4 ) : 178 – 186 .
  • Moore , T. 1930 . Vitamin A and Carotene . Biochem. J. , 24 : 692 – 702 .
  • Camara , B. and Bouvier , F. 2004 . Oxidative Remodeling of Plastid Carotenoids . Archives of Biochem. and Biophys , 430 ( 1 ) : 16 – 21 .
  • Barua , T. and Olson , J.A. 2000 . Beta-Carotene is Converted Primarily to Retinoids in Rats in Vivo . J. Nutr. , 130 ( 8 ) : 1996 – 2001 .
  • Khachik , F. , Englert , G. , Beecher , G.R. and Smith , J.C. Jr. 1995 . Isolation, Structural Elucidation and Partial Synthesis of Lutein Dehydration Products in Extracts from Human Plasma . J. Chromatogr. Biomed. Appl. , 670 : 219 – 233 .
  • Khachik , F. , Spangler , C.J. , Smith , J.C. Jr. , Canfield , L.M. , Steck , A. and Pfander , H. 1997 . Identification, Quantification and Relative Concentrations of Carotenoids and Their Metabolites in Human Milk and Serum . Anal. Chem. , 69 : 1873 – 1881 .
  • Khachik , F. , Bernstein , P.S. and Garland , G.L. 1997 . Identification of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Oxidation Products in Human and Monkey Retinas . Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science , 38 : 1802 – 1811 .
  • Sivakumar , B. and Parvin , S.G. 1997 . In Abstracts, 16thInt. Congr. Nutr . July 27–Aug 1 1997 , Montreal. pp. 127
  • Stahl , W. and Sies , H. 1996 . Lycopene: A Biologically Important Carotenoid for Humans? . Arch Biochem. Biophys , 336 ( 1 ) : 1 – 9 .
  • White , W.S. , Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis , M. , Erdman , J.W. and Bowen , P.E. 1994 . Pharmacokinetics of β-Carotene and Canthaxanthin after Ingestion of Individual and Combined Doses by Human Subjects . J. Am. Coll. Nutr. , 13 : 665 – 671 .
  • Tyczkowski , J.K. , Yagen , B. and Hamilton , P.B. 1988 . Metabolism of Canthaxanthin, a Red Diketocarotenoid, by Chickens . Poult. Sci. , 67 ( 5 ) : 787 – 793 .
  • Oshima , S. , Sakamoto , H. , Ishiguro , Y. and Teraro , J. 1997 . Accumulation and Clearance of Capzanthin in Blood Plasma after the Ingestion of Paprika Juice in Men . J. Nutr. , 127 ( 8 ) : 1475 – 1479 .
  • Perez-Galvez , A. , Martin , H.D. , Sies , H. and Stahl , W. 2003 . Incorporation of Carotenoids from Paprika Oleoresin into Human Chylomicrons . Br. J. Nutr. , 89 ( 6 ) : 787 – 793 .
  • Levy , L.W. , Regalado , E. , Navarrete , S. and Watkins , R.H. 1997 . Bixin and Norbixin in Human Plasma: Determination and Study of the Absorption of a Single Dose of Annatto Food Color . Analyst , 122 ( 9 ) : 977 – 980 .
  • Czeczuga-Semeniuk , E. , Wolczynski , S. and Markiewicz , W. 2003 . Preliminary Identification of Carotenoids in Malignant and Benign Neoplasms of the Breast and Surrounding Fatty Tissue . Neoplasma , 50 ( 4 ) : 280 – 286 .
  • Bonzongo , J-C. J. and Donkor , A.K. 2003 . Increasing UV-B Radiation at the Earth's Surface and Potential Effects on Aqueous Mercury Cycling and Toxicity . Chemosphere , 52 ( 8 ) : 1263 – 1273 .
  • Young , T.A. , Cunningham , C.C. and Bailey , S.M. 2002 . Reactive Oxygen Species Production by the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes and Liver Mitochondria: Studies using Myxothiazol . Arch Biochem. Biophys , 405 : 65 – 72 .
  • Afanas'ev , I.B. 2005 . On Mechanism of Superoxide Signaling under Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions . Medical Hypotheses , 64 ( 1 ) : 127 – 129 .
  • Ames , B.N. , Shigenaga , M.K. and Hagen , T.M. 1993 . Oxidants, Antioxidants and the Degenerative Diseases of Aging . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 90 : 7915 – 7922 .
  • Halliwell , B. and Gutteridge , J.M.C. 1999 . “ Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection: Some Special Cases ” . In Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine , 3rd , Edited by: Halliwell , B. and Gutteridge , J.M.C. 530 – 533 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Stahl , W. and Sies , H. 2005 . Bioactivity and Protective Effects of Natural Carotenoids . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) — Molecular Basis of Disease , 1740 ( 2 ) : 101 – 107 .
  • Stahl , W. and Sies , H. 2003 . Antioxidant Activity of Carotenoids . Molecular Aspects of Medicine , 24 ( 6 ) : 345 – 351 .
  • Piette , J. 1991 . Biological Consequences Associated with DNA Oxidation Mediated by Singlet Oxygen . J. Photochem. Photobiol. , 11 : 241 – 260 .
  • Epe , B. 1991 . Genotoxicity of Singlet Oxygen . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 80 : 239 – 260 .
  • Ouedraogo , G.D. and Redmond , R.W. 2003 . Secondary Reactive Oxygen Species Extend the Range of Photosensitization Effects in Cells: DNA Damage Produced via Initial Membrane Photosensitization . Photochem. Photobiol. , 77 ( 2 ) : 192 – 203 .
  • Honda , S. , Hjelmeland , L.M. and Handa , J.T. 2001 . Oxidative Stress–Induced Single-Strand Breaks in Chromosomal Telomeres of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Vitro . Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science , 42 : 2139 – 2144 .
  • Kathe , S.D. , Shen , G.P. and Wallace , S.S. 2004 . Single-Stranded Breaks in DNA but Not Oxidative DNA Base Damages Block Transcriptional Elongation by RNA Polymerase II in HeLa Cell Nuclear Extracts . J. Biol. Chem. , 279 ( 18 ) : 18,511 – 18,520 .
  • Cui , J. and Liu , P.K. 2001 . Neuronal NOS Inhibitor that Reduces Oxidative DNA Lesions and Neuronal Sensitivity Increases the Expression of Intact c-fos Transcripts after Brain Injury . Journal of Biomedical Sci. , 8 : 336 – 341 .
  • Black , H.S. 1998 . Radical Interception by Carotenoids and Effects on UV Carcinogenesis . Nutr. Cancer , 31 : 212 – 217 .
  • Edge , R. , McGarvey , D.J. and Truscott , T.G. 1997 . The Carotenoids as Antioxidants: A Review . J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. Biology , 41 : 189 – 200 .
  • Cantrell , A. , McGarvey , D.J. , Truscott , T.G. , Rancan , F. and Böhm , F. 2003 . Singlet Oxygen Quenching by Dietary Carotenoids in a Model Membrane Environment . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 412 ( 1 ) : 47 – 54 .
  • Palace , V.P. , Khaper , N. , Qin , Q. and Singal , P.K. 1999 . Antioxidant Potentials of Vitamin A and Carotenoids and Their Relevance to Heart Disease . Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 26 ( 5–6 ) : 746 – 761 .
  • Frei, B. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Vitamins. Linus Pauling Institute, Fall Winter Newsletter. 1997. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/f-w97/reactive.html (Accessed: 20 May 2005 ).
  • Maoka , T. , Mochida , K. , Kozuka , M. , Ito , Y. , Fujiwara , Y. , Hashimoto , K. , Enjo , F. , Ogata , M. , Nobukuni , Y. , Tokuda , H. and Nishino , H. 2001 . Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Carotenoids in the Fruits of Red Paprika Capsicum Annuum L . Cancer Lett. , 172 ( 2 ) : 103 – 109 .
  • Rühl , R. , Sczech , R. , Landes , N. , Pfluger , P. , Kluth , D. and Schweigert , F.J. 2004 . Carotenoids and Their Metabolites are Naturally Occurring Activators of Gene Expression via the Pregnane X Receptor . European Journal of Nutr. , 43 ( 6 ) : 336 – 343 .
  • Mecocci , P. , Polidori , M.C. , Churibini , A. , Ingegni , T. , Mattioli , P. , Catani , M. , Rinaldi , P. , Cecchetti , R. , Stahl , W. , Senin , U. and Beal , M.F. 2002 . Lymphocyte Oxidative DNA Damage and Plasma Antioxidants in Alzheimer Disease . Arch. Neurol. , 59 ( 5 ) : 794 – 798 .
  • Kim , M.K. , Ahn , S.H. and Lee-Kim , Y.C. 2001 . Relationship of Serum α-Tocopherol, Carotenoids and Retinol with the Risk of Breast Cancer . Nutrition Research , 21 ( 6 ) : 797 – 809 .
  • De Flora , S. , Bagnasco , M. and Vainio , H. 1999 . Modulation of Genotoxic and Related Effects by Carotenoids and Vitamin A in Experimental Models: Mechanistic Issues . Mutagenesis , 14 ( 2 ) : 153 – 172 .
  • Singh , V.N. and Gaby , S.K. 1991 . Premalignant Lesions: Role of Antioxidant Vitamins and Beta-Carotene in Risk Reduction and Prevention of Malignant Transformation . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 386S – 390S .
  • Nara , E. , Hayashi , H. , Kotake , M. , Miyashita , K. and Nagao , A. 2001 . Acyclic Carotenoids and Their Oxidation Mixtures Inhibit the Growth of HL-60 Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells . Nutr. Cancer , 39 : 273 – 283 .
  • Livny , O. , Kaplan , I. , Reifen , R. , Polak-Charcon , S. , Madar , Z. and Schwartz , B. 2002 . Lycopene Inhibits Proliferation and Enhances Gap-Junction Communication of KB-1 Human Oral Tumor Cells . J. Nutr. , 132 ( 12 ) : 3754 – 3759 .
  • Zhang , L.X. , Cooney , R.V. and Bertram , J.S. 1992 . Carotenoids Up-Regulate Connexin-43 Gene Expression Independent of Their Provitamin-A or Antioxidant Properties . Cancer Res. , 52 ( 20 ) : 5707 – 5712 .
  • Levy , J. and Sharoni , Y. 2004 . The Functions of Tomato Lycopene and its Role in Human Health . HerbalGram , 62 : 49 – 56 .
  • Krinsky , N. I. 2001 . Carotenoids as Antioxidants . Nutrition , 17 : 815 – 817 .
  • Hennekens , C.H. , Buring , J.E. , Manson , J.E. , Stampfer , M. , Rosner , B. , Cook , N.R. , Belanger , C. , LaMotte , F. , Gaziano , J.M. and Ridker , P.M. 1996 . Lack of Effect of Long-Term Supplementation with β-Carotene on the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms and Carduiovascular Disease . New Engl. J. Med. , 334 : 1145 – 1149 .
  • Heinonen , O.P. , Huttunen , J.K. , Albanes , D. , Haapakoski , J. , Palmgren , J. , Pietinen , P. , Pikkarainen , J. , Rautalahti , M. , Virtamo , J. and Edwards , B.K. 1994 . Effect of Vitamin E and β-Carotene on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Other Cancers in Male Smokers . New Engl. J. Med. , 330 : 1029 – 1035 .
  • Russell , R.M. 2004 . The Enigma of ß-Carotene in Carcinogenesis: What Can Be Learned from Animal Studies . J. Nutr. , 134 : 262S – 268S .
  • Amir , H. , Karas , M. , Giat , J. , Danilenko , M. , Levy , R. , Yermiahu , T. , Levy , J. and Sharoni , Y. 1999 . Lycopene and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 Cooperate in the Inhibition of Celly Cycle Progression and Induction of Differentiation in HL-60 Leukemic Cells . Nutr. Cancer , 33 : 105 – 112 .
  • Sharoni , Y. , Danilenko , M. , Dubi , N. , Ben-Dor , A. and Levy , J. 2004 . Carotenoids and Transcription . Arch. Biochem. Biophys , 430 ( 1 ) : 89 – 96 .
  • Puduvalli , V.K. , Li , J.T. , Chen , L. and McCutcheon , I.E. 2005 . Induction of Apoptosis in Primary Meningioma Cultures by Fenretinide . Cancer Res. , 4 : 1547 – 53 .
  • Ramos-Gomez , M. , Kwak , M.K. , Dolan , P.M. , Itoh , K. , Yamamoto , M. , Talalay , P. and Kensler , T.W. 2001 . Sensitivity to Carcinogenesis is Increased and Chemopreventive Efficacy of Enzyme Inducers is Lost in NrF2 Transcription Factor-Deficient Mice . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 98 : 3410 – 3415 .
  • Sharoni , Y. , Danilenko , M. , Walfisch , S. , Amir , H. , Nahum , A. , Ben-Dor , A. , Hirsch. , K. , Khanin , M. , Steiner , M. , Agemy , L. , Zango , G. and Levy , J. 2002 . Role of Gene Regulation in the Anticanceractivity of Carotenoids . Pure Appl. Chem. , 74 ( 8 ) : 1469 – 1477 .
  • Palozza , P. 2004 . Carotenoids and Modulation of Cancer: Molecular Targets . Currtent Pharmacogenomics , 2 ( 1 ) : 35 – 45 .
  • Palozza , P. , Serini , S. , Torsello , A. , Di Nicuolo , F. , Maggiano , N. , Ranelletti , F.O. , Wolf , F.I. and Calviello , G. 2003 . Mechanism of Activation of Caspase Cascade During β-Carotene-Induced Apoptosis in Human Tumor Cells . Nutrition and Cancer , 47 ( 1 ) : 76 – 87 .
  • Marchetti , P. , Zamzami , N. , Joseph , B. , Schraen-Maschke , S. , Mereau-Richard , C. , Costantini , P. , Metivier , D.; A. , Susin , S. , Kroemer , G. and Formstecher , P. 1999 . The Novel Retinoid 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphtalene Carboxylic Acid Can Trigger Apoptosis through a Mitochondrial Pathway Independent of the Nucleus . Cancer Res. , 59 : 6257 – 6266 .
  • Hail , N. Jr. , Youssef , E.M. and Lotan , R. 2001 . Evidence Supporting a Role for Mitochondrial Respiration in Apoptosis Induction by the Synthetic Retinoid CD437/AHPN . Cancer Res. , 61 : 6698 – 6702 .
  • Toba , T. , Shidoji , Y. , Fujii , J. , Moriwaki , H. , Muto , Y. and Suzuki , T. 1997 . Growth Suppression and Induction of Heat-Shock Protein-70 by 9-cis-ß-Carotene in Cervical Dysplasia-Derived Cells . Life Sci. , 61 : 839 – 845 .
  • Eberhart , C.E. , Coffey , R.J. , Radhika , A. , Giardiello , F.M. , Ferrenbach , S. and Dubois , R.N. 1994 . Upregulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Expression in Human Colorectal Adenomas and Adenocarcinomas . Gastroenterology , 107 ( 4 ) : 1183 – 1188 .
  • Collins , A.R. 2001 . Carotenoids and Genomic Stability . Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanics of Mutagenesis , 475 ( 1–2 ) : 21 – 28 .
  • Zhang , L.X. , Cooney , R.V. and Bertram , J.S. 1991 . Carotenoids Enhance Gap Junctional Communication and Inhibit Lipid Peroxidation in C3H/10T1/2 Cells: Relationship to Their Cancer Chemopreventive Action . Carcinogenesis , 12 : 2109 – 2114 .
  • Astorg , P. 1997 . Food Carotenoids and Cancer Prevention: An Overview of Current Research . Trends Fd. Sci. Technol. , 8 ( 12 ) : 406 – 413 .
  • Lee , I.M. , Cook , N.R. , Manson , J.E , Buring , J.E. and Hennekens , C.H. 1999 . Beta-Carotene Supplementation and Incidence of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: the Women's Health Study . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 91 ( 24 ) : 2102 – 2106 .
  • Pryor , W.A. , Stahl , W. and Rock , C.L. 2000 . Beta Carotene: from Biochemistry to Clinical Trials . Nutr. Rev. , 58 : 39 – 53 .
  • Omenn , G.S. 2004 . Human Lung Cancer Chemoprevention Strategies . Chest. , 125 : 123S – 127S .
  • Wright , M.E. , Mayne , S.T. , Swanson , C.A. , Sinha , R. and Alavcanja , M.C. 2003 . Dietary Carotenoids, Vegetables, and Lung Cancer Risk in Women: the Missouri Women's Healty Study (United States) . Cancer Causes Control , 14 ( 1 ) : 85 – 96 .
  • Clavel-Chapelton , F. , Niravong , M. and Joseph , R.R. 1977 . Diet and Breast Cancer: Review of the Epidemiologic Literature . Cancer Detect. Prev. , 21 ( 5 ) : 426 – 440 .
  • Cooper , D.A. , Eldridge , A.L. and Peters , J.C. 1999 . Dietary Carotenoids and Certain Cancers, Heart Disease, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Recent Research . Nutr. Rev. , 57 : 201 – 214 .
  • Dorgan , J.F. , Sowell , A. , Swanson , C.A. , Potischman , N. , Miller , R. , Schussler , N. and Stephenson , H.E. Jr. 1998 . Relationships of Serum Carotenoids, Retinol, Alpha-Tocopherol, and Selenium with Breast Cancer Risk: Results from a Prospective Study in Columbia, Missouri (United States) . Cancer Causes Control , 9 ( 1 ) : 89 – 97 .
  • Nahum , A. , Hirsch , K. , Danilenko , M. , Watts , C.K.W. , Prall , O.W.J. , Levy , J. and Sharoni , Y. 2001 . Lycopene Inhibition of Cell Cycle Progression in Breast and Endometrial Cancer Cells is Associated with Reduction in Cyclin D Levels and Retention of p27Kip1 in the Cyclin E-cdk2 Complexes . Oncogene , 20 : 3428 – 3436 .
  • Sesso , H.D. , Buring , J.E. , Zhang , S.M. , Norkus , E.P. and Gaziano , J.M. 2005 . Dietary and Plasma Lycopene and the Risk of Breast Cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 14 ( 5 ) : 1074 – 1081 .
  • Giovannucci , E. , Ascherio , A. , Rimm , E.B. , Stampfer , M.J. , Coldtiz , G.A. and Willett , W.C. 1995 . Intake of Carotenoids and Retinol in Relation to Risk of Prostate Cancer . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 87 : 1767 – 1776 .
  • Giovannucci , E. , Rimm , E. , Liu , Y. , Stampfer , M. and Willet , W. 2002 . A Prospective Study of Tomato Products, Lycopene and Prostate Cancer Risk . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 94 ( 5 ) : 391 – 398 .
  • Amsellem-Ouazana , D. and Conquy , S. 2004 . Diet and Prostate Cancer: From Prevention to Treatment . Prog. Urol. , 14 ( 4 ) : 573 – 576 .
  • Miller , E.C. , Giovannucci , E. , Erdman , J.W. , Bahnson , R. , Schwartz , S.J. and Clinton , S.K. 2002 . Tomato Products, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer Risk . Urol. Clin. N. Am. , 29 : 83 – 93 .
  • Chen , L. , Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis , M. , Duncan , C. , Sharifi , R. , Ghosh , L. , van Breemen , R. , Ashton , D. and Bowen , P.E. 2001 . Oxidative DNA Damage in Prostate Cancer Patients Consuming Tomato Sauce-Based Entrees as a Whole-Food Intervention . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 93 : 1872 – 1879 .
  • Potter , J.D. , Slattery , M.L. , Bostick , R.M. and Gapstur , S.M. 1993 . Colon Cancer: A Review of the Epidemiology . Epidemiol. Rev. , 15 : 499 – 545 .
  • Slattery , M.L. , Benson , J. , Curtin , K. , Ma , K-Ni. , Schaeffer , D. and Potter , J.D. 2000 . Carotenoids and Colon Cancer . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 71 : 575 – 582 .
  • Terry , P. , Jain , M. , Miller , A.B. , Howe , G.R. and Rohan , T.E. 2002 . Dietary Carotenoid Intake and Colorectal Cancer Risk . Nutr. Cancer , 42 ( 2 ) : 167 – 172 .
  • Heinrich , U. , Gartner , C. and Wiebusch , M. 2003 . Supplementation with Beta-Carotene or a Similar Amount of Mixed Carotenoids Protects Humans from UV-Induced Erythema . J. Nutr. , 133 ( 1 ) : 98 – 101 .
  • Stahl , W. , Heinrich , U. , Wiseman , S. , Eichler , O. , Sies , H. and Tronnier , H. 2001 . Dietary Tomato Paste Protects Against Ultraviolet Light-Induced Erythema in Humans . J. Nutr. , 131 ( 5 ) : 1449 – 1451 .
  • Ribaya-Mercado , J.D. , Garmyn , M. , Gilchrest , B.A. and Russell , R.M. 1995 . Skin Lycopene is Destroyed Preferentially over Beta-Carotene during Ultraviolet Irradiation in Humans . J. Nutr. , 125 ( 7 ) : 1854 – 1859 .
  • Ferris , F.L. III , Fine , S.L. and Hyman , L.A. 1984 . Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Blindness Due to Neovascular Maculopathy . Arch. Ophthalmol. , 102 : 1640 – 1642 .
  • Bressler , N.M. , Bressler , S.B. and Fine , S.L. 1988 . Age-Related Macular Degeneration . Surv. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. , 32 : 375
  • Fuhrman , B. , Ben-Yaish , L. , Attias , J. , Hayek , T. and Aviram , M. 1997 . Tomato Lycopene and Beta-Carotene Inhibit Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and this Effect Depends on Lipoprotein Vitamin E Content . Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. , 7 : 433 – 443 .
  • Kohlmeier , L. , Kark , J.D. and Gomez-Gracia , E. 1997 . Lycopene and Myocardial Infarction Risk in the EURAMIC Study . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 146 : 618 – 626 .
  • Klipstein-Grobusch , K. , Launer , L.J. , Geleijnse , J.M. , Boeing , H. , Hofman , A. and Witteman , J.C. 2000 . Serum Carotenoids and Atherosclerosis . The Rotterdam Study. Atherosclerosis. , 148 ( 1 ) : 49 – 56 .
  • Sesso , H.D. , Buring , J.E. , Norkus , E.P. and Gaziano , J.M. 2004 . Plasma Lycopene, Other Carotenoids, and Retinol and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 79 ( 1 ) : 47 – 53 .
  • Watzl , B. , Bub , A. , Briviba , K. and Rechkemmer , G. 2003 . Supplementation of a Low-Carotenoid Diet with Tomato or Carrot Juice Modulates Immune Functions in Healthy Men . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 47 ( 6 ) : 255 – 261 .
  • Chew , B.P. and Park , J.S. 2004 . Carotenoid Action on the Immune Response . J. Nutr. , 134 ( 1 ) : 257S – 261S .
  • Cser , M.A. , Majchrzak , D. , Rust , P. , Sziklai-Laszlo , I. , Kovacs , I. , Bocskai , E. and Elmadfa , I. 2004 . Serum Carotenoid and Retinol Levels during Childhood Infections . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 48 ( 3 ) : 156 – 162 .
  • van der Horst-Graat , J.M. , Kok , F.J. and Schouten , E.G. 2004 . Plasma Carotenoid Concentrations in Relation to Acute Respiratory Infections in Elderly People . Br. J. Nutr. , 92 ( 1 ) : 113 – 118 .
  • Ruhl , R. , Garcia , A. , Schweigert , F.J. and Worm , M. 2004 . Modulation of Cytokine Production by Low and High Retinoid Diets in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Mice . Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. , 74 ( 4 ) : 279 – 284 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.