Nutritional and therapeutic properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): a review

References

• Thorat, R. M.; Gaikwad, D. D. Pharmacognostical and Phytophysicochemical Investigations of Trigonella Foenum-graecum Linn. J. Drug Deliv. And Ther. 2019, 9 (3-s), 138-145.
   Google Scholar
• Olaiya, C. O.; Soetan, K. O. 2014. A Review of the Health Benefits of Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-graecum L.): Nutritional, Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Perspectives. Am. J. Soc. Issues Humanit. AJSIH | 3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Aasim, M.; Baloch, F. S.; Nadeem, M. A.; Bakhsh, A.; Sameeullah, M.; Day, S. Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-graecum L.): An Underutilized Edible Plant of Modern World. In Global Perspectives on Underutilized Crops; Ozturk, M., Hakeem, K., Ashraf, M., Ahmad, M., Eds.; Springer: Cham, 2018, 381–408.
   Google Scholar
• Zandi, P.; Basu, S. K.; Cetzal‐Ix, W.; Kordrostami, M.; Chalaras, S. K.; Khatibai, L. B. Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum‐graecum L.): An Important Medicinal and Aromatic Crop. In Active Ingredients from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Edited By Hany A El-Shemy. London UK: IntechOpen. 2017; pp 207–224.
   Google Scholar
• Park, H. J.; Lee, K. S.; Lee, E. K.; Park, N. C. Efficacy and Safety of A Mixed Extract of Trigonella Foenum-graecum Seed and Lespedeza Cuneate in the Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. J. Urol. 2019, 201. DOI: 10.1097/01.JU.0000555756.74398.32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava, A.; Singh, Z.; Verma, V.; Choedon, T. 2020. Potential Health Benefits of Fenugreek with Multiple Pharmacological Properties. In Ethnopharmacological Investigation of Indian Spices, Mishra, N., Ed., 137–153. IGI Global, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. doi:http://doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2524-1.ch011.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, R. L. R.; Gowda, A. N. S.; Srinivasan, K. Antilithogenic and Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Dietary Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella Foenum-graecum) in Experimental Mice. Medicinal Plants. Int. J. Phytomed. Related Ind. 2019, 11, 145–154.
   Google Scholar
• Wani, S. A.; Kumar, P. Fenugreek: A Review on Its Nutraceutical Properties and Utilization in Various Food Products. J. Saudi Society Agri. Sci. 2018, 17, 97–106.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Jasass, F. M.; Al-Jasser, M. S. Chemical Composition and Fatty Acid Content of Some Spices and Herbs under Saudi Arabia Conditions. Sci. World J. 2012, 2012, 1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feyzi, S.; Varidi, M.; Zare, F.; Varidi, M. J. Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum Graecum) Seed Protein Isolate: Extraction Optimization, Amino Acid Composition, Thermo and Functional Properties. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2015, 95, 3165–3176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagulapalli, V. K. C.; Swaroop, A.; Bagchi, D.; Bishayee, A. A Small Plant with Big Benefits: Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum‐graecum Linn.) For Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Mol. Nutri. Food Res. 2017, 61, 1600950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petropoulos, G. A.;. Fenugreek: The Genus Trigonella;  Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Rayyan, S.; Fossen, T.; Andersen, Ø. M. Flavone C-glycosides from Seeds of Fenugreek, Trigonella Foenum-graecum L. J. Agri. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 7211–7217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandhare, A. D.; Bodhankar, S. L.; Mohan, V.; Thakurdesai, P. A. Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Excretion Study of a Furostanol Glycoside-based Standardized Fenugreek Seed Extract in Rats. Renal Failure. 2015, 37, 1208–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandhare, A. D.; Bodhankar, S. L.; Mohan, V.; Thakurdesai, P. A. Development and Validation of HPLC Method for Vicenin-1 Isolated from Fenugreek Seeds in Rat Plasma: Application to Pharmacokinetic, Tissue Distribution and Excretion Studies. Pharm. Boil. 2016, 54, 2575–2583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buqui, G. A.; Sy, S. K.; Merino-Sanjuán, M.; Gouvea, D. R.; Nixdorf, S. L.; Kimura, E.; Derendorf, H.; Lopes, N. P.; Diniz, A. Characterization of Intestinal Absorption of C-glycoside Flavonoid Vicenin-2 from Lychnophora Ericoides Leafs in Rats by Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2015, 25, 212–218.
   Google Scholar
• Sindhu, G.; Shyni, G. L.; Pushpan, C. K.; Nambisan, B.; Helen, A. Evaluation of Anti-arthritic Potential of Trigonella Foenum Graecum L. (Fenugreek) Mucilage against Rheumatoid Arthritis. Prostaglandins Other Llipid Mediat. 2018, 138, 48–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khound, R.; Shen, J.; Song, Y.; Santra, D.; Su, Q. Phytoceuticals in Fenugreek Ameliorate VLDL Overproduction and Insulin Resistance via the Insig Signaling Pathway. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2018, 62, 1700541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadinejad, R.; Shavandi, A.; Raie, D. S.; Sangeetha, J.; Soleimani, M.; Hajibehzad, S. S.; Thangadurai, D.; Hospet, R.; Popoola, J. O.; Arzani, A.; et al. Plant Molecular Farming: Production of Metallic Nanoparticles and Therapeutic Proteins Using Green Factories. Green Chem. 2019. DOI: 10.1039/C9GC00335E.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohidi, B.; Rahimmalek, M.; Arzani, A. Essential Oil Composition, Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Thymus Species Collected from Different Regions of Iran. Food Chem. 2017, 220, 153–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, U. C.; Baquer, N. Z. Pharmacological Effects of Trigonella Foenum-graecum L. In Health and Disease. Pharm. Biol. 2014, 52, 243–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibasami, H.; Moteki, H.; Ishikawa, K.; Katsuzaki, H.; Imai, K.; Yoshioka, K.; Ishii, Y.; Komiya, T. Protodioscin Isolated from Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenumgraecum L.) Induces Cell Death and Morphological Change Indicative of Apoptosis in Leukemic Cell Line H-60, but Not in Gastric Cancer Cell Line KATO III. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2003, 11, 23–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, S. K.; Singh, S. K.; Mathur, A. In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Calotropis Procera and Trigonella Foenum-graecum against Human Cancer Cell Lines. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 2010, 2, 165–861.
   Google Scholar
• Sebastian, K. S.; Thampan, R. V. Differential Effects of Soybean and Fenugreek Extracts on the Growth of MCF-7 Cells. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2007, 170, 135–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shabbeer, S.; Sobolewski, M.; Anchoori, R. K.; Kachhap, S.; Hidalgo, M.; Jimeno, A.; Davidson, N. E.; Carducci, M.; Khan, S. R. Fenugreek: A Naturally Occurring Edible Spice as an Anticancer Agent. Cancer Boil.Ther. 2009, 8, 272–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sur, P.; Das, M.; Gomes, A.; Vedasiromoni, J. R.; Sahu, N. P.; Banerjee, S.; Sharma, R. M.; Ganguly, D. K. Trigonella Foenum Graecum (Fenugreek) Seed Extract as an Antineoplastic Agent. Phytother. Res. 2001, 15, 257–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devasena, T.; Menon, P. V. Fenugreek Seeds Modulate 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced Hepatic Oxidative Stress during Colon Carcinogenesis. Ital. J. Biochem. 2007, 56, 28–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pandian, R. S.; Anuradha, C. V.; Viswanathan, P. Gastroprotective Effect of Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella Foenum Graecum) on Experimental Gastric Ulcer in Rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 81, 393–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, R. L. R.; Srinivasan, K. Fenugreek Seeds Reduce Atherogenic Diet-induced Cholesterol Gallstone Formation in Experimental Mice. Can. J. Physiol. Pharm. 2009, 87, 933–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, R. R.; Srinivasan, K. Dietary Fenugreek and Onion Attenuate Cholesterol Gallstone Formation in Lithogenic Diet–fed Mice. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 2011, 92, 308–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, R. R.; Srinivasan, K. Effect of Dietary Fenugreek Seeds on Biliary Proteins that Influence Nucleation of Cholesterol Crystals in Bile. Steroids. 2011, 76, 455–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soleimani, M.; Sheikholeslami, M. A.; Ghafghazi, S.; Pouriran, R.; Parvardeh, S. Analgesic Effect of α-terpineol on Neuropathic Pain Induced by Chronic Constriction Injury in Rat Sciatic Nerve: Involvement of Spinal Microglial Cells and Inflammatory Cytokines. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2019, 22(12), 1445–1451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H. J.; Lee, H. G.; Kim, Y. S.; Lee, J. Y.; Jeon, J. P.; Park, C.; Moon, D. E. Ginkgo Biloba Extract Attenuates Hyperalgesia in a Rat Model of Vincristine-induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Anesth. Analg. 2012, 115, 1228–1233. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e318262e170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zameer, S.; Najmi, A. K.; Vohora, D.; Akhtar, M. A Review on Therapeutic Potentials of Trigonella Foenum Graecum (Fenugreek) and Its Chemical Constituents in Neurological Disorders: Complementary Roles to Its Hypolipidemic, Hypoglycemic, and Antioxidant Potential. Nutri. Neurosci. 2018, 21, 539–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil, W. K. B.; Roshdy, H. M.; Kassem, S. M. The Potential Therapeutic Role of Fenugreek Saponin against Alzheimer’s Disease: Evaluation of Apoptotic and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities. J. App. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 6(9), 166–173.
   Google Scholar
• Bin-Hafeez, B.; Haque, R.; Parvez, S.; Pandey, S.; Sayeed, I.; Raisuddin, S. Immunomodulatory Effects of Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-graecum L.) Extract in Mice. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2003, 3, 257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Miralles, M.; Ooi, J.; Bardile, C. F.; Tan, L. J.; George, M.; Drum, C. L.; Lin, R. Y.; Hayden, M. R.; Pouladi, M. A. Treatment with the MAO-A Inhibitor Clorgyline Elevates Monoamine Neurotransmitter Levels and Improves Affective Phenotypes in a Mouse Model of Huntington Disease. Exper. Neurol. 2016, 278, 4–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foltynie, T.; Kahan, J. Parkinson’s Disease: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment. J. Neurol. 2013, 260(5), 1433–1440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J.; Cheng, C.; Xin, C.; Wang, Z. The Antidepressant-like Effect of Flavonoids from Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Seeds in Chronic Restraint Stress Mice via Modulation of Monoamine Regulatory Pathways. Molecules. 2019, 24, 1105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haouala, R.; Hawala, S.; El-Ayeb, A.; Khanfir, R.; Boughanmi, N. Aqueous and Organic Extracts of Trigonella Foenum-graecum L. Inhibit the Mycelia Growth of Fungi. J. Environ. Sci. 2008, 20, 1453–1457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudan, P.; Goswami, M.; Singh, J. Antifungal Potential of Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella Foenum-graecum) Crude Extracts against Microsporum Gypseum. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 11(1), 646–649.
   Google Scholar
• Randhir, R.; Lin, Y. T.; Shetty, K.; Lin, Y. T. Phenolics, Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity in Dark Germinated Fenugreek Sprouts in Response to Peptide and Phytochemical Elicitors. Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 13, 294–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randhir, R.; Shetty, K. Improved α-amylase and Helicobacter Pylori Inhibition by Fenugreek Extracts Derived via Solid-state Bioconversion Using Rhizopus Oligosporus. Asia Pacific J.Clin. Nutr. 2007, 16, 382–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercan, N.; Guvensen, A.; Celik, A.; Katircioglu, H. Antimicrobial Activity and Pollen Composition of Honey Samples Collected from Different Provinces in Turkey. Nat. Prod. Res. 2007, 21, 187–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olli, S.; Kirti, P. B. Cloning, Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Defensin Tfgd1 from Trigonella Foenum-graecum L. BMB Rep. 2006, 39, 278–283.
   Google Scholar
• Zia, T.; Hasnain, S. N.; Hasan, S. K. Evaluation of the Oral Hypoglycaemic Effect of Trigonella Foenum-graecum L. (Methi) in Normal Mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001, 75, 191–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yacoubi, L.; Rabaoui, L.; Hamdaoui, M. H.; Fattouch, S.; Serairi, R. B.; Kourda, N.; Khamsa, S. B. Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Trigonella Foenum-graecum Linnaeus, 1753 (Fenugreek) Seed Extract in Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011, 5, 2325–4315.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, F.; Du, W.; Zafar, M. I.; Shafqat, R. A.; Jian, L.; Cai, Q.; Lu, F. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine Ameliorates an Insulin Resistant-like State in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Regulating TACE/TIMP3 Expression. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 2015, 9, 5727–5728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raju, J.; Bird, R. P. Alleviation of Hepatic Steatosis Accompanied by Modulation of Plasma and Liver TNF-α Levels by Trigonella Foenum Graecum (Fenugreek) Seeds in Zucker Obese (Fa/fa) Rats. Int. J. Obes. 2006, 30, 1298–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathern, J. R.; Raatz, S. K.; Thomas, W.; Slavin, J. L. Effect of Fenugreek Fiber on Satiety, Blood Glucose and Insulin Response and Energy Intake in Obese Subjects. Phytother. Res. 2009, 23, 1543–1548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, P.; Bhandari, U.; Jamadagni, S. Fenugreek Seed Extract Inhibit Fat Accumulation and Ameliorates Dyslipidemia in High Fat Diet-induced Obese Rats. BioMed Res. Int. 2014, 2014, 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, P.; Bhandari, U. Fenugreek Seed Extract Prevents Fat Deposition in Monosodium Glutamate (Msg)-obese Rats. Drug Res. 2016, 66, 174–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hua, Y.; Ren, S. Y.; Guo, R.; Rogers, O.; Nair, R. P.; Bagchi, D.; Swaroop, A.; Nair, S. Furostanolic Saponins from Trigonella Foenum‐graecum Alleviate Diet‐induced Glucose Intolerance and Hepatic Fat Accumulation. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2015, 59, 2094–2100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razi, M.;. Al-Havi (The Large Comprehensive); Dare Ehia Attorath Al Arabi: Beirut, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeter, H.; Boyd, C.; Spencer, J. P.; Williams, R. J.; Cadenas, E.; Rice-Evans, C. MAPK Signaling in Neurodegeneration: Influences of Flavonoids and of Nitric Oxide. Neurobiol. Aging. 2002, 23, 861–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naidu, M. M.; Shyamala, B. N.; Naik, J. P.; Sulochanamma, G.; Srinivas, P. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Husk and Endosperm of Fenugreek Seeds. LWT-Food Sci. Tech. 2011, 44, 451–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahabady, M. K.; Gholami, M. R.; Varzi, H. N.; Zendedel, A.; Doostizadeh, M. 2016. Protective Effect of Quercetin on Skeletal and Neural Tube Teratogenicity Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Rat Fetuses. Veterinary Research Forum, 7(2), 133-138
   Google Scholar
• Boots, A. W.; Haenen, G. R.; Bast, A. Health Effects of Quercetin: From Antioxidant to Nutraceutical. Eur. J. Pharm. 2008, 585, 325–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H. S.; Kim, S. Y.; Kim, S. R.; Lee, Y. C. Targeting Abnormal Airway Vascularity as a Therapeutical Strategy in Asthma. Respirology. 2010, 15, 459–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharififar, F.; Khazaeli, P.; Alli, N. In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Topical Preparations from Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-graecum L.) Seeds in a Cream Base. Iran. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009, 5, 157–162.
   Google Scholar
• Emtiazy, M.; Oveidzadeh, L.; Habibi, M.; Molaeipour, L.; Talei, D.; Parvin, M.; Kamalinejad, M. Investigating the Effectiveness of the Trigonella Foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek) Seeds in Mild Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 2018, 14, 19–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayakumar, M. V.; Bhat, M. K. Hypoglycemic Effect of a Novel Dialysed Fenugreek Seeds Extract Is Sustainable and Is Mediated, in Part, by the Activation of Hepatic Enzymes. Phytother. Res. 2008, 22, 500–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse, W. W.; Rosenwasser, L. J. Mechanisms of Asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003, 111, 799–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M.;. Therapeutic Applications of Fenugreek. Altern. Med. Rev. 2003, 8, 20–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdel-Barry, J. A.;. Hypoglycaemic Effect of Aqueous Extract of the Leaves of Trigonella Foenum-graecum in Healthy Volunteers. East. Mediterr. Health. J. 2000, 6, 83–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar