A review on health benefits, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean)

References

• Ibny, F. Y. I.; Jaiswal, S. K.; Mohammed, M.; Dakora, F. D. Symbiotic Effectiveness and Ecologically Adaptive Traits of Native Rhizobial Symbionts of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) in Africa and Their Relationship with Phylogeny. Scientific Reports. 2019, 9(1), 1–17. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48944-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Temegne, N.; Gouertoumbo, W. F.; Wakem, G. A.; Nkou, F. T. D.; Youmbi, E.; Ntsomboh-Ntsefong, G. Origin and Ecology of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc): A Review. J Ecol Nat Resour. 2018, 2, 1–10. DOI: 10.23880/JENR-16000140.
   Google Scholar
• Adeleke, O. R.; Adiamo, O. Q.; Fawale, O. S. Nutritional, Physicochemical, and Functional Properties of Protein Concentrate and Isolate of newly-developed Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterrenea L.) Cultivars. Food Sci. Nutr. 2018, 6, 229–242. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arise, A. K.; Amonsou, E. O.; Ijabadeniyi, O. A. Influence of Extraction Methods on Functional Properties of Protein Concentrates Prepared from South African Bambara Groundnut Landraces. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 50, 1095–1101. DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyeyinka, S. A.; Oyeyinka, A. T. A Review on Isolation, Composition, Physicochemical Properties and Modification of Bambara Groundnut Starch. Food Hydrocoll. 2018, 75, 62–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.09.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massawe, F. J.; Mwale, S. S.; Azam-Ali, S. N.; Roberts, J. A. Breeding in Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.): Strategic Considerations. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2005, 4, 463–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbosso, C.; Boulay, B.; Padulosi, S.; Meldrum, G.; Mohamadou, Y.; Niang, A. B.; Coulibaly, H.; Koreissi, Y. Sidibe. Fonio and Bambara Groundnut Value Chains in Mali: Issues, Needs, and Opportunities for Their Sustainable Promotion. Sustainability. 2020, 12, 4766. DOI: 10.3390/su12114766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, X. L.; Azam-Ali, S.; Goh, E. V.; Mustafa, M.; Chai, H. H.; Ho, W. K.; Mayes, S.; Mabhaudhi, T.; Azam-Ali, S.; Massawe, F. Bambara Groundnut: An Underutilized Leguminous Crop for Global Food Security and Nutrition. Front Nutr. 2020, 7, 601496. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.60149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jideani, V. A.; Diedericks, C. F. Nutritional, Therapeutic, and Prophylactic Properties of Vigna subterranea and Moringa Oleifera. In Antioxidant-Antidiabetic Agents and Human Health; Oguntibe, O., Ed.; Janeza Trdine: Rijeka, Croatia, 2014; Vol. 9. 187–201. DOI:10.5772/57169.
   Google Scholar
• Onyilagha, J. C.; Islam, S.; Ntamatungiro, S. Comparative Phytochemistry of Eleven Species of Vigna (Fabaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2009, 37, 16–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2008.11.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyau, V.; Prakash, S.; Rodrigues, J.; Farrant, J. Antioxidant Activities of Bambara Groundnuts as Assessed by FRAP and DPPH Assays. J. Food Nutr. Res. 2015, 3, 7–11. DOI: 10.12691/ajfn-3-1-2.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, T.; Jideani, V.; Le Roes-Hill, M. Flavonoids and Tannin Composition of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) of Mpumalanga, South Africa. Heliyon. 2018, 4, e00833. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okafor, J. N.; Rautenbauch, F.; Meyer, M.; Le Roes-Hill, M.; Harris, T.; Jideani, V. A. Phenolic Content, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and anti-proliferative Effects of Fractions of Vigna subterraenea (L.) Verdc from Mpumalanga, South Africa. Heliyon. 2021, 7, e08397. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyeyinka, A. T.; Pillay, K.; Tesfay, S.; Siweal, M. Physical, Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Zimbabwean Bambara Groundnut and Effects of Processing Methods on Their Chemical Properties. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 52, 2238–2247.
   Google Scholar
• Manessis, G.; Kalogianni, A. I.; Lazou, T.; Moschovas, M.; Bossis, I.; Gelasakis, A. I. Plant-Derived Natural Antioxidants in Meat and Meat Products. Antioxidants. 2020, 9, 1215. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyeyinka, S. A.; Abdulsalm, A. O.; El-Imam AM, A.; Oyeyinka, A. T.; Olagunju, O. F.; Arise, A. K.; Kolawole, F. L.; Adedeji, E. O.; Njobeh, P. B. Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial Potentials of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranean L.) Seed Extract. Br. Food J. 2021, 0637. DOI: 10.1108/BFJ-07-2020-0637.
   Google Scholar
• Hillocks, R.; Bennett, C.; Mponda, O. Bambara Nut: A Review of Utilisation, Market Potential and Crop Improvement. Afr CropSsci J. 2012, 20, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Bamshaiye, O. M.; Adegbola, J. A.; Bamshaiye, E. I. Bambara Groundnut: An Underutilized Nut in Africa. Adv Agric Biotechnol. 2011, 1, 60–72.
   Google Scholar
• Chai, H. H.; Massawe, F.; Mayes, S. Effects of Mild Drought Stress on the morpho-physiological Characteristics of a Bambara Groundnut Segregating Population. Euphytica. 2016, 208, 225–236. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-015-1581-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kone, M.; Patat-Ochatt, E. M.; Conreux, C.; Samgwan, R. S.; Ochatt, S. J. In Vitro Morphogenesis from Cotyledon and Epicotyl Explants and Flow Cytometry Distinctions between Landraces of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc] an under-utilized Grain Legume. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult. 2007, 88, 61–75. DOI: 10.1007/s11240-006-9179-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries. Production Guideline for Bambara Groundnuts: Pretoria, South Africa. Pp. 1–10. Published by Directorate Agricultural Information Services & Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries. (2011) URL www.nda.agri.za/docs/Brochures/ProguideBambara.pdf. (Accessed July 02, 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Maphosa, Y.; Jideani, V. A. The Role of Legumes in Human Nutrition. Func. food-improve Health Adequate Food. 2017, 1, 13. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.69127.
   Google Scholar
• Temba, M. C.; Njobeh, P. B.; Adebo, O. A.; Olugbile, A. O.; Kayitesi, E. The Role of Compositing Cereals with Legumes to Alleviate Protein Energy Malnutrition in Africa. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 51, 543–554. DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, T. Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranean) from Mpumalanga Province of South Africa: Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Seeds and Product Extracts. 2017. Doctoral dissertation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology), Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Okwunodulu, I. N.; Peter, G. C.; Okwunodulu, F. U. Proximate Quantification and Sensory Assessment of Moi-Moi Prepared from Bambara Nut and Cowpea Flour Blends. Asian Food Sci. J. 2019, 9, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Mubaiwa, J.; Fogliano, V.; Chidewe, C.; Bakker, E. J.; Linnemann, A. R. Utilization of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) for Sustainable Food and Nutrition Security in semi-arid Regions of Zimbabwe. PLoS One. 2018, 13, e0204817. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, D. Small Scale Farmer’s Utilization and Perceptions of Bambara Groundnut Production in South Africa: A Case Study in a semi-arid Region of Limpopo. 2017. Master of Philosophy Dissertation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Nti, C. A. Effects of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Variety and Processing on the Quality and Consumer Appeal for Its Products. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2009, 44, 2234–2242. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02064.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temegne, N. C.; Improvement in the performances of Voandzou (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) in response to phosphate deficiency through chemical and biological fertilization. 2018. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Yaounde I, Faculty of Science, Yaounde, Cameroon. Pp. 151.
   Google Scholar
• Olatunde, S. J.; Ogundele, O. M.; Oyedokun, J.; Chinma, C. E.; Shittu, T. A.; Onoja, V. Traditional Food Uses of Bambara Groundnut. In Samson .A. Oyeyinka and Beatrice I.O. Omowaye, eds. Food and Potential Industrial Applications of Bambara Groundnut; Springer: Cham, 2021; :153–68. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-73920-1_9.
   Google Scholar
• Azam-Ali, S. N.; Sesay, A.; Karikari, S. K.; Massawe, F. J.; Aguilar-Manjarrez, J.; Bannayan, M.; Hampson, K. J. Assessing the Potential of an Underutilized Crop – A Case Study Using Bambara Groundnut. Exp Agric. 2001, 37, 433–472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, J. M. Bambara Groundnut-Voandzeia subterranean, (L.) Thouars, University of Florida: Gainesville, 2012. Accessed June 11, 2022. Available online at: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv014
   Google Scholar
• Okafor, J. N. C.; Okafor, G. I.; Leelavathi, K.; Bhagya, S.; Elemo, G. N. Effect of Roasted Bambara Groundnut (Voandzeia subterranea) Fortification on Quality and Acceptability of Biscuits. Pak. J. Nutr. 2015, 14, 653.
   Google Scholar
• Murevanhema, Y. Y.; Jideani, V. A. Potential of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) Milk as a Probiotic beverage-A Review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2013, 53, 954–967. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.574803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adu-Dapaah, H.; Berchie, J. N.; Amoah, S.; Addo, S. K.; Boateng, M. Progress in Bambara Groundnut Research in Ghana: Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization. In: Onus, N., Currie, A. (eds) Acta Horticulture 1127, ISHS 2016, etc. with Acta Hortic. 2016, 1-8. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1127.1I:
   Google Scholar
• De Kock, C. Bambara Groundnut; Speciality Foods of Africa Pvt Ltd: Harare, Zimbabwe, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Esho, E. O.; George, O. O.; Olagoke, O. V. Isolation and Identification of Moulds from “Moi-Moi” a Locally Prepared Porridge from Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea). Microbiol. Res. J. Int. 2018, 24, 1–4. DOI: 10.9734/MRJI/2018/37294.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. M. H.; Rafii, M. Y.; Ramlee, S. I.; Jusoh, M.; Al-Mamun, M. Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc): A Crop for the New Millennium, Its Genetic Diversity, and Improvements to Mitigate Future Food and Nutritional Challenges. Sustainability. 2021, 13, 5530. DOI: 10.3390/su13105530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damfami, A.; Namo, O. A. T. Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verd.): A Review of Its Past, Present and Future Role in Human Nutrition. J Agric For Meteorol Res. 2020, 3, 274–281.
   Google Scholar
• Brink, M.; Ramolemana, G. M.; Sibuga, K. P. Vigna subterranea. In Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 1. Cereals and Pulses; Verdc, L, Brink, M., Belay, G., Eds.; PROTA Foundation: Wageningen, Netherlands, 2006; pp :213–18.
   Google Scholar
• Yao, D. N.; Kouassi, K. N.; Erba, D.; Scazzina, F.; Pellegrini, N. Nutritive Evaluation of the Bambara Groundnut Ci12 Landrace [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)] Produced in Côte d’Ivoire. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 21428–21441. DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptso, K. G.; Njintang, Y. N.; Nguemtchouin, M. M. G.; Scher, J.; Hounhouigan, J.; Mbofung, C. M. Physicochemical and micro-structural Properties of Flours, Starch and Proteins from Two Varieties of Legumes: Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea). J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 52, 4915–4924. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1580-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hlanga, N. C.; Modi, A. T.; Mathew, I. Evaluating Nutritional Content among Bambara Groundnut Lines. J. Food Compost. Anal. 2021, 102, 104053. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, Z. Functional and Nutritional Characteristics of Bambara Groundnut Milk Powder as an Ingredient in Yoghurt. (Master’s thesis). Cape Peninsula University of Technology (2016), Bellville, Cape Town. South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Shanono, I. M.; Muhammad, Y. Y. Effect of Cooking on Proximate and anti-nutritional Content of Bambara Groundnut. Adv. J. Food. Sci. Technol. 2015, 2, 176–180.
   Google Scholar
• Halimi, A. R.; Mayes, S.; Barkla, B.; King, G. The Potential of the Underutilized Pulse Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) for Nutritional Food Security. J. Food Compost. Anal. 2019, 77, 47–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.12.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baptista, A.; Pinho, O.; Pinto, E.; Casal, S.; Mota, C.; Ferreira, I. M. P. L. V. O. Characterization of Protein and Fat Composition of Seeds from Common Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.), Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp) and Bambara Groundnuts (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) from Mozambique. J. Food Meas. Charact. 2016, 11, 442–450. DOI: 10.1007/s11694-016-9412-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaleke, A. M.; Olorunfemi, O.; Emmanuel, A. A Comparative Study on the Chemical and Amino Acid Composition of Some Nigerian under-utilized Legume Flours. Pak. J. Nutr. 2006, 5, 34–38. DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2006.34.38.
   Google Scholar
• Adeleke, O. R.; Adiamo, O. Q.; Fawale, O. S.; Olamiti, G. Effect of Processing Methods on Antinutrients and Oligosaccharides Contents and Protein Digestibility of the Flours of Two Newly Developed Bambara Groundnut Cultivars. Int. Food Res. J. 2017, 24, 1948–1955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyeleke, G. O.; Afolabi, O.; Isola, A. D. Some Quality and Carbohydrate Fractions of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L).) Seed Flour. IOSR J. Appl. Chem. 2012, 2, 16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Okpuzor, J.; Ogbunugafor, H. A.; Okafor, U.; Sofidiya, M. O. Identification of Protein Types in Bambara Nut Seeds: Perspectives for Dietary Protein Supply in Developing Countries. EXCLI J. 2010, 9, 17–28. DOI: 10.17877/DE290R-12748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, W. C.; Tan, C. H.; Nyam, K. L.; Tan, C. P.; Julkifle, A. Nutritive Bambara Groundnut Powdered Drink Mix: Characterization and in-vivo Assessment of the cholesterol-lowering Effect. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2021, 58, 2992–3000. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04802-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster-Gajzago, I. Nutritional as Pects of Legumes. In Cultivated Plants, Primarily as Food Sources. Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources. Encyclopedia of Life Support System (EOLSS). Developed under the Auspices of the UNESEO; Eolss Publishers: Oxford, United Kingdom, 2004; Vol. 1, pp 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Iwe, M. O.; Onyeukwu, U.; Agiriga, A. N. Proximate, Functional & Pasting Properties of FARO 44 Rice, African Yam Bean & Brown Cowpea Seeds Composite Flour. Cogent Food Agric. 2016, 2, 1142409. DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2016.1142409.
   Google Scholar
• Atoyebi, J. O.; Osilesi, O.; Adebawo, O.; Abberton, M. T. Evaluation of Nutrient Parameters of Selected African Accessions of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc). Am. J. Food Nutr. 2017, 5, 83–89. DOI: 10.12691/ajfn-5-3-1.
   Google Scholar
• Hussin, H.; Gregory, P. J.; Julkifle, A. L.; Sethuraman, G.; Tan, X. L.; Razi, F.; Azam-Ali, S. N. Enhancing the Nutritional Profile of Noodles with Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) and Moringa (Moringa Oleifera): A Food System Approach. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 2020, 4, 59. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00059.
   Google Scholar
• Musah, M.; Azeh, Y.; Mathew, J. T.; Nwakife, C. N.; Mohammed, A. I.; Saidu, F. Nutritional Evaluation of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) from Lapai, Nigeria. Afr J Agric Food Sci. 2021, 4, 32–39. DOI: 10.52589/AJAFS_SQI5U7CN.
   Google Scholar
• Fasoyiro, S.; Widodo, Y.; Kehinde, T. Processing and Utilization of Legumes in the Tropics. In Trends in Vital Food and Control Engineering. InTechOpen (2012); Eissa, A. A. (), Ed.; 2012. Rijeka, Croatia. accessed June 06, 2022. Available online at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/trends-in-vital-food-andcontrolengineering/processing-and-utilization-of-legumes-in-the-tropics
   Google Scholar
• Ndamitso, M. M.; Mustapha, S.; Etsuyankpa, M. B.; Ajai, A. I.; Mathew, J. T. Evaluation of Chemical Composition of Acacia Nilotica Seeds. FUW Trends Sci Technol J. 2017, 2, 927–931.
   Google Scholar
• Amarteifio, J. O.; Tibe, O.; Njogu, R. M. The Mineral Composition of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc) Grown in Southern Africa. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2006, 5, 23.
   Google Scholar
• Alake, C. O.; Alake, O. O. Genetic Diversity for agro-nutritional Traits in African Landraces of Vigna subterranean Germplasm. J Crop Improv. 2016, 30, 378–398. DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2016.1171817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamei, Y.; Hatazawa, Y.; Uchitomi, R.; Yoshimura, R.; Miura, S. Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Function by Amino Acids. Nutrients. 2020, 12, 261. DOI: 10.3390/nu12010261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebiyi, J. A.; Obadina, O. A.; Adebo, E. Kayitesi Comparison of Nutritional Quality and Sensory Acceptability of Biscuits Obtained from Native, Fermented, and Malted Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum) Flour. Food Chem. 2017, 232, 210–217. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebiyi, J. A.; Njobeh, P. B.; Kayitesi, E. Assessment of Nutritional and Phytochemical Quality of Dawadawa (An African Fermented Condiment) Produced from Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea). Microchem. J. 2019, 149, 104034. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeyeye, E.; Olaleye, A. Amino Acid Composition of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Seeds: Dietary Implication. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 2012, 5, 152–156.
   Google Scholar
• Bujang, A.; Taib, N. A. Changes on Amino Acids Content in Soybean, Garbanzo Bean and Groundnut during pre-treatments and Tempe Making. Sains Malays. 2014, 43, 551–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arise, A. K.; Alashi, A. M.; Nwachukwu, I. D.; Malomo, S. A.; Aluko, R. E.; Amonsou, E. O. Inhibitory Properties of Bambara Groundnut Protein Hydrolysate and Peptide Fractions against Angiotensin Converting Enzymes, Renin and Free Radicals. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2016, 97, 2834–2841. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arise, A. K.; Dauda, A. O.; Awolola, G. V.; Akinlolu-ojo, T. V. Physicochemical, Functional and Pasting Properties of Composite Flour Made from Wheat, Plantain and Bambara for Biscuit Production. Ann Food Sci Technol. 2017, 18, 616–624.
   Google Scholar
• Ninomiya, K. Food Science of Dashi and Umami Taste. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2016, 136, 1327–1334. DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00057-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebiyi, J. A.; Kayitesi, E.; Adebo, O. A. C.; Njobeh, PB, R. Food Fermentation and Mycotoxin Detoxification: An African Perspective. Food Control. 2019, 106, 106731. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106731.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pina-Pérez, M. C.; Rivas, A.; Martínez, A.; Rodrigo, D. Antimicrobial Potential of Macro and Microalgae against Pathogenic and Spoilage Microorganisms in Food. Food Chem. 2017, 15, 34–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.033.
   Google Scholar
• Klompong, V.; Benjakul, S. Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Activities of the Extracts from the Seed Coat of Bambara Groundnut (Voandzeia subterranea). RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 9973–9985. DOI: 10.1039/C4RA10955D.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebiyi, J. A.; Kayitesi, E.; Adebo, O. A. C.; Njobeh, PB, R. Food Fermentation and Mycotoxin Detoxification: An African Perspective. Food Control. 2019, 106, 106731. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106731.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanyama, A. W.; Orwa, J. A.; Njenga, P. K.; Irungu, B. N. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial Activities and Minerals Composition of Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Bambara Groundnut) Extracts. Afr J Health Sci. 2017, 30, 88–104.
   Google Scholar
• Wanyama, A. W.; Evaluation of Phytoconstituents, Antioxidants Potential, Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial Activities and Mineral Composition of Vigna subterranea (L) Verdic. Extracts (Doctoral dissertation, JKUAT–COHES). (2018)
   Google Scholar
• Udeh, E. L.; Nyila, M. A.; Kanu, S. A. Nutraceutical and Antimicrobial Potentials of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranean): A Review. Heliyon. 2020, 6, e05205. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsamo, A. T.; Ndibewu, P. P.; Dakora, F. D. Phytochemical Profile of Seeds from 21 Bambara Groundnut Landraces via UPLC-qTOF-MS. Food Res. Int. 2018, 112, 160–168. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alakali, J. S.; Irtwange, S. V.; Mzer, M. T. Quality Evaluation of Beef Patties Formulated with Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranean L.) Seed Flour. Meat Sci. 2010, 85, 215–223. DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.12.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chon, S. U. Total Polyphenols and Bioactivity of Seeds and Sprouts in Several Legumes. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2013, 19, 6112–6124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen, M. Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Effect of Berry Phenolics — A Finnish Perspective. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2007, 51, 684–691. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daglia, M. Polyphenols as Antimicrobial Agents. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2012, 23, 174–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.08.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajiboye, A.; Oyejobi, G. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Vigna subterranean. Int J Antimicrob. 2017, 3, 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Arulpandi, I.; Sangeetha, R. Antibacterial Activity of Fistulin: A Protease Inhibitor Purified from the Leaves of Cassia Fistula. Pharmaceutics. 2012, 1–4. DOI: 10.5402/2012/584073.
   Google Scholar
• Lopes, N. A.; Brandelli, A. Nanostructures for Delivery of Natural Antimicrobials in Food. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2018, 10, 11. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1308915.
   Google Scholar
• Sitohy, M.; Mahgoub, S.; Osman, A.; El-Masry, R.; Al-Gaby, A. Extent and Mode of Action of Cationic Legume Proteins against Listeria Monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins. 2013, 5, 195–205. DOI: 10.1007/s12602-013-9134-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanatt, S. R.; Arjun, K.; Sharma, A. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Legume Hulls. Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 3182–3187. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.08.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glodde, F.; Günal, M.; Kinsel, M. E.; Abughazeleh, A. Effects of Natural Antioxidants on the Stability of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Dog Food. J. Vet. Res. 2018, 62, 103–108. DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aminzare, M.; Hashemi, M.; Ansarian, E.; Bimkar, M.; Azar, H. H.; Mehrasbi, M. R.; Daneshamooz, S.; Raeisi, M.; Jannat, B.; Afshari, A. Using Natural Antioxidants in Meat and Meat Products as Preservatives: A Review. Adv Anim Vet Sci. 2019, 7, 417–426. DOI: 10.17582/journal.aavs/2019/7.5.417.426.
   Google Scholar
• de Florio Almeida, J.; Dos Reis, A. S.; Heldt, L. F. S.; Pereira, D.; Bianchin, M.; de, M.; Plata-Oviedo, M. V.; Haminiuk, C. W. I.; Ribeiro, I. S.; da Luz, C. F. P. Lyophilized Bee Pollen Extract: A Natural Antioxidant Source to Prevent Lipid Oxidation in Refrigerated Sausages. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 76, 299–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.06.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyeyinka, A. T.; Pillay, K.; Tesfay, S.; Siweal, M. Physical, Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Zimbabwean Bambara Groundnut and Effects of Processing Methods on Their Chemical Properties. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 52, 2238–2247.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, A. Y.; Chen, Y. C. A Review of the Dietary Flavonoid, Kaempferol on Human Health and Cancer Chemoprevention. Food Chemistry. 2013, 138(4), 2099–2107. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salawu, S. O. Comparative Study of the Antioxidant Activities of Methanolic Extract and Simulated Gastrointestinal Enzyme Digest of Bambara Nut (Vigna subterranean) FUTA. J Res Sci. 2016, 1, 107–120.
   Google Scholar
• Alam, W.; Khan, H.; Shah, M. A.; Cauli, O.; Saso, L. Kaempferol as a Dietary anti-inflammatory Agent: Current Therapeutic Standing. Molecules. 2020, 25(18), 4073. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva Dos Santos, J.; Goncalves Cirino, J. P.; de Oliveira Carvalho, P.; Ortega, M. M. The Pharmacological Action of Kaempferol in Central Nervous System Diseases: A Review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021, 11, 565700. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.565700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, A. C.; Nunes, A. R.; Falcão, A.; Alves, G.; Silva, L. R. Dietary Effects of Anthocyanins in Human Health: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals. 2021, 14(7), 690. DOI: 10.3390/ph14070690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adedayo, B. C.; Anyasi, T. A.; Taylor, M. J. C.; Rautenbauch, F.; Le Roes-Hill, M.; Jideani, V. A. Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Methanolic Extracts of Whole and Dehulled Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Seeds. Scientific Reports. 2021, 11(1), 14116. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93525-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, H.-J.; Yoon, J. A.; Shin, K.-O. Chemical Properties of Lignans, Their Effects on Human Health, and the Enhancement of Milk Function of Lignans. Journal of Milk Science and Biotechnology. 2018, 36(2), 81–94. DOI: 10.22424/jmsb.2018.36.2.81.
   Google Scholar
• Semwal, D. K.; Semwal, R. B.; Combrinck, S.; Viljoen, A. Myricetin: A Dietary Molecule with Diverse Biological Activities. Nutrients. 2016, 8, 90. DOI: 10.3390/nu8020090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imran, M.; Saeed, F.; Hussain, G.; Imran, A.; Mehmood, Z.; Gondal, T. A.; El-Ghorab, A.; Ahmad, I.; Pezzani, R.; Arshad, M. U., et al. Myricetin: A Comprehensive Review on Its Biological Potentials. Food Sci. Nutr. 2021, 9, 5854–5868. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isemura, M. Catechin in Human Health and Disease. Molecules. 2019, 24, 528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. M.; Heo, H. J. The Roles of Catechins in Regulation of Systemic Inflammation. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2022, 31, 957–970. DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01069-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, A. A.; Feng, B.; Chakrabarti, S. ANRIL: A Regulator of VEGF in Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 2017, 58, 470–480. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghi, S. M.; Mizokami, S. S.; Pinho-Ribeiro, F. A.; Fattori, V.; Crespigio, J.; Clemente-Napimoga, J. T.; Verri, J. W. A. The Flavonoid Quercetin Inhibits Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)-induced Chronic Arthritis in Mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2018, 53, 81–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.10.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehi, B.; Machin, L.; Monzote, L.; Sharifi-Rad, J.; Ezzat, S. M.; Salem, M. A.; Merghany, R. M.; El Mahdy, N. M.; Kılıç, C. S.; Sytar, O., et al. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin: New Insights and Perspectives for Human Health. ACS Omega. 2020, 5, 11849–11872. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aina, T. A.; Joseph, O. A.; Inyang, K. O.; Temitope, O. O. The Importance and Efficacy of Epigallocatechin and Epicatechin. Eur Pharm Rev. 2017, 22, 42–44.
   Google Scholar
• Tajik, N.; Tajik, M.; Mack, I.; Enck, P. The Potential Effects of Chlorogenic Acid, the Main Phenolic Components in Coffee, on Health: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Eur. J. Nutr. 2017, 56, 2215–2244. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1379-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, Y.; Zhou, X.; Guo, K.; Zhou, F.; Yang, H. Use of Chlorogenic Acid against Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. J Immunol. Res. 2020, 2020. DOI: 10.1155/2020/9680508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnani, C.; Isaac, V. L. B.; Correa, M. A.; Salgado, H. R. N. Caffeic Acid: A Review of Its Potential Use in Medications and Cosmetics. Anal. Methods. 2014, 6, 3203–3210. DOI: 10.1039/C3AY41807C.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cizmarova, B.; Hubkova, B.; Bolerazska, B.; Marekova, M.; Birkova, A. Caffeic Acid: A Brief Overview of Its Presence, Metabolism, and Bioactivity. Bioact Compd Health Dis. 2020, 3, 74–81. DOI: 10.31989/bchd.v3i4.692.
   Google Scholar
• Samad, N.; Javed, A. Therapeutic Effects of Gallic Acid: Current Scenario. J Phytochem Biochem. 2018, 2, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Kahkeshani, N.; Farzaei, F.; Fotouhi, M.; Alavi, S. S.; Bahramsoltani, R.; Naseri, R.; Momtaz, S.; Abbasabadi, Z.; Rahimi, R.; Farzaei, M. H., et al. Pharmacological Effects of Gallic Acid in Health and Diseases: A Mechanistic Review. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2019, 22, 225–237. DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.32806.7897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia, A.; Bharti, S. K.; Tripathi, T.; Mishra, A.; Sidhu, O. P.; Roy, R.; Nautiyal, C. S. Metabolic Profiling of Commiphora Wightii (Guggul) Reveals a Potential Source for Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals. Phytochemistry. 2015, 110, 29–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanello, P. R.; Koishi, A. C.; Júnior Cdeo, R.; Olivera, L. A.; Pereira, A. A.; de Almeida, M. V. Quinic Acid Derivatives Inhibit Dengue Virus Replication in Vitro. Virol. J. 2015, 12, 223. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0443-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, B.; Chang, S. K. Effect of Soaking, Boiling, and Steaming on Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Cool Season Food Legumes. Food Chem. 2008, 110, 1–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laura, A.; Moreno-Escamilla, J. O.; Rodrigo-García, J.; Alvarez-Parrilla, E. Phenolic Compounds. In Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables. Woodhead Publishing. 2019, 253–271. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813278-4.00012-9.
   Google Scholar
• Oyedeji, A. B.; Oladunjoye, A. O.; Ijabadeniyi, O. A.; Kayitesi, E. Phytochemicals in Bambara Groundnut. In Samson .A. Oyeyinka and Beatrice I.O. Ade-Omowaye, eds. Food and Potential Industrial Applications of Bambara Groundnut; Springer: Cham, 2021; pp 137–152.
   Google Scholar
• Okafor, J. N.; Jideani, V. A.; Meyer, M.; Le Roes-Hill, M. Bioactive Components in Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterraenea (L.) Verdc) as a Potential Source of Nutraceutical Ingredients. Heliyon. 2022, 2022, e09024. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09024.
   Google Scholar
• Thakur, A.; Sharma, V.; Thakur, A. An Overview of anti-nutritional Factors in Food. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 2019, 7, 2472–2479.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmmed, T.; Rahman, A.; Salma, U.; Akter, Z.; Ansary, M. M. U.; Khalil, M. I.; Bari, L. N. Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Some Popular Pulse Varieties of Bangladesh. J. Agric. Chem. Environ. 2020, 9, 343–368. DOI: 10.4236/jacen.2020.94025.
   Google Scholar
• Moyo, S. M.; Mavumengwana, V.; Kayitesi, E. Effects of Cooking and Drying on Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of African Green Leafy Vegetables. Food Rev Intl. 2018, 34, 248–264. DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2017.1289384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karak, P. Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2019, 10, 1567–1574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatun, S. Phenolic Compound, Antioxidant Activity and Nutritional Components of Five Legume Seed. American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research. 2021, 12(4), 328–334. DOI: 10.34297/AJBSR.2021.12.001767.
   Google Scholar
• Oluwatoyin, A. Physicochemical Characterization, and Antioxidant Properties of the Seeds and Oils of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and Garlic (Allium Sativum). Sci J Chem. 2014, 2, 44–50. DOI: 10.11648/j.sjc.20140206.11.
   Google Scholar
• Masek, A.; Latos, M.; Piotrowska, M.; Zaborski, M. The Potential of Quercetin as an Effective Natural Antioxidant and Indicator for Packaging Materials. Food Packag. Shelf Life. 2018, 16, 51–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayaraghavan, K.; Rajkumar, J.; Seyed, M. A. Phytochemical Screening, Free Radical Scavenging and Antimicrobial Potential of Chromolaena Odorata Leaf Extracts against Pathogenic Bacterium in Wound infections–a Multispectrum Perspective. Biocatal Agric. Biotechnol. 2018, 15, 103–112. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.05.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, D.; Khan, M.; Saeed, R. Comparative Analysis of Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic, Hexanic and Aqueous Extracts from Adiantum Caudatum Leaves. Antioxidants. 2015, 4, 394–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinnapun, D.; Sakorn, N. Structural Characterization and Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory Activities of New Chemical Constituent from the Seeds of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.). CyTA J. Food. 2022, 93–101. DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2022.2087741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusnawan, E.; Sutrisno, S.; Kristiono, A. Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Mung Bean Seed Cultivars from Optimized Extraction Treatment. Bul Palawija. 2019, 17, 1–9. DOI: 10.21082/BULPA.V17N1.2019.P1-9.
   Google Scholar
• Parikh, B.; Patel, V. H. Total Phenolic Content and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Common Indian Pulses and Split Pulses. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 55, 1499–1507. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3066-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, P.; Kapoor, S. Antioxidant Potential of Diverse Indian Cultivars of Lentils (Lens Culinaris L.). Res Artic Biol Sci. 2015, 5, 123–129.
   Google Scholar
• Mubaiwa, J.; Fogliano, V.; Cathrine, C.; Linnemann, A. R. Hard-to-cook Phenomenon in Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Processing: Options to Improve Its Role in Providing Food Security. Food Rev. Int. 2017, 33, 167–194. DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1149864.
   Google Scholar
• Chigwedere, C. M.; Njoroge, D. M.; Van Loey, A. M.; Hendrickx, M. E. Understanding the Relations among the Storage, Soaking, and Cooking Behaviour of Pulses: A Scientific Basis for Innovations in Sustainable Foods for the Future. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2019, 18, 1135–1165. DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilera, J. M.; Rivera, R. Hard-to-cook Defect in Black Beans: Hardening Rates, Water Imbibition and Multiple Mechanism Hypothesis. Food Res. Inter. 1992, 101–108. DOI: 10.1016/0963-9969(92)90150-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwala, S.; Wainana, I.; Pallares, A.; Kyomugasho, C.; Hendrickx, M.; Grauwet, T. Texture and Interlinked post-process Microstructures Determine the in Vitro Starch Digestibility of Bambara Groundnuts with Distinct hard-to-cook Levels. Food Res. Int. 2019, 120, 1–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.02.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia, E.; Filisetti, T. M.; Udaeta, J. E.; Lajolo, F. M. Hard-to-cook Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris): Involvement of Phenolic Compounds and Pectates. J Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46, 2110–2116. DOI: 10.1021/jf970848f.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chazovachii, B. L.; Chitongo, L.; Ndava, J. Reducing Urban Poverty through Fuel Wood Business in Masvingo City, Zimbabwe: A Myth or Reality. Bangladesh E-J Sociol. 2013, 10, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Temudo, M. P.; Cabral, A. I.; Talhinhas, P. Urban and Rural Household Energy Consumption and Deforestation Patterns in Zaire Province, Northern Angola: A Landscape Approach. Appl. Geogr. 2020, 119, 102207. DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhammad, I.; Rafii, M. Y.; Ramlee, S. I.; Nazli, M. H.; Harun, A. R.; Oladosu, Y.; Musa, I.; Arolu, F.; Chukwu, S. C.; Sani Haliru, B., et al. Exploration of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.), an Underutilized Crop, to Aid Global Food Security: Varietal Improvement, Genetic Diversity and Processing. Agronomy. 2020, 10, 766. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10060766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAOSTAT—Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Statistical Databases. Int. J. Human. Soc. Sci., 2013, 3, 234-245. FAOSTAT : Rome, Italy, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, F.; Azman, R.; Chai, H. H.; Mayes, S.; Lu, C. Genomic and Transcriptomic Approaches Towards the Genetic Improvement of Underutilised Crops: The Case of Bambara Groundnut. Afr Crop Sci J. 2016, 24, 429–458. DOI: 10.4314/acsj.v24i4.9.
   Google Scholar
• Berchie, J. N.; Adu-Dapaah, H. A.; Dankyi, A. A.; Asare, E.; Plahar, W. A.; Nelson-Quartey, F.; Haleegoah, J.; Asafu-Agyei, J. N.; Addo, J. K. Practices and Constraints in Bambara Groundnut Production, Marketing, and Consumption in the Brong Ahafo and the Upper East Regions of Ghana. J Agron. 2010, 9, 111–118.
   Google Scholar
• Majola, N. G.; Gerrano, A. S.; Shimelis, H. Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) Production, Utilization and Genetic Improvement in sub-Saharan Africa. Agronomy. 2021, 11, 1345. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy11071345.
   Google Scholar
• Annan, N. T.; Plahar, W. A.; Nti, C. A. (2003). Dissemination of Improved Bambara Groundnut Processing Technologies through a New Coalition Arrangement to Enhance Rural Livelihoods in Northern Ghana, in Training of Trainees workshop: Tamale Ghana.
   Google Scholar
• Nah, S. L.; Chau, C. F. Issues and Challenges in Defeating World Hunger. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2010, 21, 544–557. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2010.07.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jideani, V. A.; Jideani, A. I. Current and Future Bambara Groundnut Research Directions. InBambara Groundnut: Utilization and Future Prospects; Springer: Cham, 2021; pp 217–229.
   Google Scholar
• Matsa, W.; Mukoni, M. Traditional Science of Seed and Crop Yield Preservation: Exploring the Contributions of Women to Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Zimbabwe, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Gbaguidi, A. A.; Dansi, A.; Dossou‐Aminon, I.; Dsjc, G.; Orobiyi, A.; Sanoussi, F. Y. Agromorphological Diversity of Local Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Collected in Benin. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2018, 65, 1159–1171. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-017-0603-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar