Cultural congruence or difference: A paired country investigation of leadership effectiveness in public relations

REFERENCES

• Aldoory, L. (1998) ‘The language of leadership for female public relations professionals’, Journal of Public Relations Research, 10, pp.73–101. 10.1207/s1532754xjprr1002_01
   Google Scholar
• Aldoory, L., & Toth, E. (2004) ‘Leadership and gender in public relations: Perceived effectiveness of transformational and transactional leadership styles’, Journal of Public Relations Research, 16, pp.157–183. 10.1207/s1532754xjprr1602_2
   Google Scholar
• Ardichvili, A., & Gasparishvili, A. (2001) ‘Socio-cultural values, internal work culture and leadership styles in four post-communist countries Russia, Georgia, Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic’, International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 1, pp.227–242. 10.1177/147059580112006
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B.M. (1990) Bass and Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications, 3rd ed. New York, NY: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benn, S., Todd, L., & Pendleton, J. (2010) ‘Public relations leadership in corporate social responsibility’, Journal of Business Ethics, 96(3), pp.403–423. 10.1007/s10551-010-0474-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, B.K., & Meng, J. (2010) ‘Public relations practitioners and the leadership challenge’, in R.L. Heath (ed) The SAGE handbook of public relations, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp.421–434.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, B.K., Reber, B.H., & Heyman, W.C. (2007) ‘You can't homogenize success in communication management: PR leaders take diverse paths to top’, International Journal of Strategic Communication, 1, pp.53–71. 10.1080/15531180701285301
   Google Scholar
• Booth, S. (2008) ‘Inspirational variation? Culture and leadership in England’, in F.C. Chokar, F.C. Brodbeck, & R.J. House (eds) Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York, NY, pp.335–359.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, S.A. (2008) ‘What public relations practitioners tell us regarding dominant coalition access and gaining membership’, Paper presented at the 11th International Public Relations Research Conference, Miami, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Broom, G.M., & Dozier, D.M. (1986), ‘Advancement for public relations role models’, Public Relations Review, 12(1), pp.37–56. 10.1016/S0363-8111(86)80039-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryman, A. (2004) ‘Qualitative research on leadership: A critical but appreciate review’, Leadership Quarterly, 15, pp.729–769. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chay-Nemeth, C. (2009) ‘Becoming professionals: A portrait of public relations in Singapore’, in K. Sriramesh, & D. Vercic (eds) The global public relations handbook, Expanded and Revised Edition, Routledge, New York, NY, pp.155–174.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, P., & Partington, D. (2004), ‘An interpretive comparison of Chinese and Western conceptions of relationships in construction project management work’, International Journal of Project Management, 22, pp.397–406. 10.1016/j.ijproman.2003.09.005
   Google Scholar
• Choi, J., & Choi, Y. (2009) ‘Behavioral dimensions of public relations leadership in organizations’, Journal of Communication Management, 13, pp.292–309. 10.1108/13632540911004588
   Google Scholar
• CIPR. (2012) About CIPR. http://www.cipr.co.uk/content/about-us/about-the-cipr, accessed 15 June 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Conger, J.A. (1998) ‘Qualitative research as the cornerstone methodology for understanding leadership’, Leadership Quarterly, 9, pp.107–121. 10.1016/S1048-9843(98)90044-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conger, J.A. (1999) ‘Charismatic and transformational leadership in organizations: An insider's perspective on these developing streams of research’, Leadership Quarterly, 10, pp.145–179. 10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00012-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, C., & Hingley, P. (1985) The change makers, London: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Crabtree, B.F., & Miller, W.L. (1992) ‘A template approach to text analysis’, in F. Crabtree, & L.W. Miller (eds) Doing qualitative research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp.93–109.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, D.D., & Bryant, J.L. (2003), ‘Influence at a distance: Leadership in global virtual teams’, in W.H. Mobley, & P.W. Dorfman (eds) Advances in global leadership, Vol. 3, JAI, Oxford, pp.303–340.
   Google Scholar
• Den Hartog, D.N., House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S.A., & Dorfman, P.W. (1999) ‘Cultural specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories: Are attributes of charismatic/transformational leadership universally endorsed?’, Leadership Quarterly, 10, pp.219–256. 10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson, M.W., Den Hartog, D.N., & Mitchelson, J.K. (2003), ‘Research on leadership in a cross-cultural context: making progress, and raising new questions’, Leadership Quarterly, 14, pp.729–768. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorfman, P.W. (2004) ‘International and cross-cultural leadership research’, in B.J. Punnett & O. Shenkar (eds) Handbook of international management research, 2nd ed., University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI, pp.267–349.
   Google Scholar
• Dorfman, P.W., & House, R.J. (2004) ‘Cultural influences on organizational leadership: Literature review, theoretical rationale, and GLOBE project goals’, in R.J. House, R.J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. Dorfman, & V. Gupta (eds) GLOBE, cultures, leadership, and organizations: GLOBE study of 62 societies, Sage, Thousand Oak, CA, pp.51–73.
   Google Scholar
• Dozier, D.M., & Broom, G.M. (1995) ‘Evolution of the manager role in public relations practice’, Journal of Public Relations Research, 7, pp.3–26. 10.1207/s1532754xjprr0701_02
   Google Scholar
• Earley, P.C. (2006) ‘Leading cultural research in the future: A matter of paradigms and taste’, Journal of International Business Studies, 37, pp.922–931. 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erzikova, E., & Berger, B.K. (2011) ‘Creativity vs. ethics: Russian and U.S. public relations students’ perceptions of professional leadership and leaders’, Public Relations Journal, 5(3). Available online at: http://www.prsa.org/Intelligence/PRJournal/Documents/2011ErzikovaBerger.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Fang, T. (2003) ‘A critique of Hofstede's fifth national culture dimension’, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 3, pp.347–368. 10.1177/1470595803003003006
   Google Scholar
• Gerstner, C.R., & Day, D.V. (1994) ‘Cross-cultural comparison of leadership prototypes’, Leadership Quarterly, 5, pp.121–134. 10.1016/1048-9843(94)90024-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind, London: Mcgraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, 2nd ed., Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
   Google Scholar
• House, R.J., Hanges, R.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., & Gupta, V. (2004) GLOBE, cultures, leadership, and organizations: GLOBE study of 62 societies, Sage, Thousand Oak, CA.
   Google Scholar
• House, R.J., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., & Dorfman, P. (2002) ‘Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: An introduction to project GLOBE’, Journal of World Business, 37, pp.3–10. 10.1016/S1090-9516(01)00069-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House, R.J., Wright, N.S., & Aditya, R.N. (1997) ‘Cross-cultural research on organizational leadership: A critical analysis and a proposed theory’, in P.C. Earley, & M. Erez (eds) New perspectives on international industrial/organizational psychology, New Lexington Press, San Francisco, pp.535–625.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang, S., & Cameron, G.T. (2008), ‘Public's expectation about an organization's stance in crisis communication based on perceived leadership and perceived severity of threats’, Public Relations Review, 34, pp.70–73. 10.1016/j.pubrev.2007.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javidan, M., House, R.J., Dorfman, P., Hanges, P., & De Luque, S.M. (2006) ‘Conceptualizing cultures and their consequences: A comparative review of GLOBE's and Hofstede's approaches’, Journal of International Business Studies, 37, pp.897–914. 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, Y. (2010) ‘Emotional leadership as a key dimension of public relations leadership: A national survey of public relations leaders’, Journal of Public Relations Research, 22, pp.159–181. 10.1080/10627261003601622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, D.I., & Avolio, B.J. (1999) ‘Effects of leadership style and followers’ cultural orientation on performance in group and individual task conditions’, Academy of Management Journal, 42, pp.208–218. 10.2307/257093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, N. (1998) ‘Template analysis’, in G. Symon, & C. Cassell (eds) Qualitative methods and analysis in organizational research, Sage, London, pp.118–134.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkman, B.L., Lowe, K.B., & Gibson, C.B. (2006), ‘A quarter century of Culture's Consequences: A review of the empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural value framework’, Journal of International Business Studies, 37, pp.285–320. 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkman, B.L., & Shapiro, D.L. (2001), ‘The impact of team members’ cultural values on productivity, cooperation, and empowerment in self-managing work teams’, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, pp.597–617. 10.1177/0022022101032005005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L'Etang, J. (2004). Public relations in Britain: A history of professional practice in the 20th century, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S.T., & Cheng, I.-H. (2010) ‘Characteristics and dimensions of ethical leadership in public relations’, Journal of Public Relations Research, 23, pp.46–74. 10.1080/1062726X.2010.504790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Ngin, P.M., & Teo, A.C.Y. (2008) ‘Culture and leadership in Singapore: Combination of the East and the West’, in J.S. Chhokar, F.C. Brodbeck, & R.J. House (eds) Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York, pp.947–968.
   Google Scholar
• Lord, R., & Maher, K.J. (1991) Leadership and information processing: Linking perceptions and performance, Boston: Unwin-Everyman.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, J., & Berger, B.K. (2013) ‘An integrated model of excellent leadership in public relations: Dimensions, measurement, and validation’, Journal of Public Relations Research, 25, pp.141–167. 10.1080/1062726X.2013.758583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, J., Berger, B.K., & Heyman, W.C. (2011) ‘Measuring public relations leadership in the trait approach: A second-order factor model in the dimension of self-dynamics’, Public Relations Journal, 5(1). Available online at: http://www.prsa.org/SearchResults/download/6D-050105/0/Measuring_Public_Relations_Leadership_in_the_Trait.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, J., Berger, B.K., Gower, K.K., & Heyman, W.C. (2012) ‘A test of excellent leadership in public relations: Key qualities, valuable sources, and distinctive leadership perceptions’, Journal of Public Relations Research, 24, pp.18–36. 10.1080/1062726X.2012.626132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, K., & Boyacigiller, N. (1984) ‘Crossnational organizational research: The grasp of the blind man’, Research in Organizational Behavior, 6, pp.423–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scandura, T.A., & Dorfman, P. (2004) ‘Leadership research in an international and cross-cultural context’, Leadership Quarterly, 15, pp.277–307. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, J.-H., Heath, R.L., & Lee, J. (2011) ‘A contingency explanation of public relations practitioner leadership style: Situation and culture’, Journal of Public Relations Research, 23, pp.167–190. 10.1080/1062726X.2010.505121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivakumar, K., & Nakata, C. (2001) ‘The stampede toward Hofstede's framework: Avoiding the sample design pit in cross-cultural research’, Journal of International Business Studies, 32, pp.555–573. 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, P.B. (1997) ‘Cross-cultural leadership: A path to the goal?’, in P.C. Earley & M. Erez (eds) New perspectives on international industrial/organizational psychology, New Lexington Press, San Francisco, pp.626–639.
   Google Scholar
• Swerling, J., & Sen, C. (2009) ‘The institutionalization of the strategic communication function in the United States’, International Journal of Strategic Communication, 3, pp.131–146. 10.1080/15531180902816566
   Google Scholar
• Tan, R. (2001) The state of public relations in Singapore. Singapore: Singapore Polytechnic.
   Google Scholar
• Tsui, A.S., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Xin, K.R., & Wu, J.B. (2006) ‘Unpacking the relationship between CEO leadership behavior and organizational culture’, The Leadership Quarterly, 17, pp.113–137. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Useem, M. (2010) ‘Decision making as leadership foundation’, in N. Nohria & R. Khurana (eds) Handbook of leadership theory and practice, Harvard Business Press, Boston, MA, pp.507–526.
   Google Scholar
• Werder, K.P., & Holtzhausen, D. (2009) ‘An analysis of the influence of public relations department leadership style on public relations strategy use and effectiveness’, Journal of Public Relations Research, 21, pp.404–427. 10.1080/10627260902966391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, J., L'Etang, J., & Moss, D. (2009) ‘The United Kingdom: Advances in practice in a restless kingdom’, in K. Srirmesh & D. Vercic (eds) The global public relations handbook, Expanded and Revised Edition, Routledge, New York, pp.381–406.
   Google Scholar
• Yeap, S.B. (1994) ‘The state of public relations in Singapore’, Public Relations Review, 20, pp.373–394. 10.1016/0363-8111(94)90097-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yukl, G. (1989) ‘Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research’, Journal of Management, 15, pp.251–289. 10.1177/014920638901500207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerfass, A., & Huck, S. (2007) ‘Innovation, communication, and leadership: New developments in strategic communication’, International Journal of Strategic Communication, 1, pp.107–122. 10.1080/15531180701298908
   Google Scholar