References
- Anderson, M. S. 1993. The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450 - 1919. 1st ed. London, UK: Routledge.
- BBC. 2019. “The 2019 ‘Inaugural Year’ of Chinese Diplomats on Twitter, with a Writing Style Strikingly Similar to Trump’s.” BBC News Chinese, December 27. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-50734343.
- BBC. 2021. “Xi Jinping Calls for More ‘Loveable’ Image for China in Bid to Make Friends.” BBC News, June 2, sec. China. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57327177.
- Bjola, Corneliu. 2015. “Introduction: Making Sense of Digital Diplomacy.” In Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, edited by Corneliu Bjola and Marcus Holmes, 1–9. London, UK: Routledge.
- Bjola, Corneliu, Jennifer Cassidy, and Ilan Manor. 2019. “Public Diplomacy in the Digital Age.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 14: 83–101. doi:10.1163/1871191X-14011032
- Bjola, Corneliu, and Lu Jiang. 2015. “Social Media and Public Diplomacy: A Comparative Analysis of the Digital Diplomatic Strategies of the EU, US and Japan in China.” In Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, edited by Corneliu Bjola and Marcus Holmes, 71–88. Routledge.
- Brownell, Kathryn Cramer. 2022. “How Propaganda Became Entertaining.” The Atlantic, March 27. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/03/zelensky-speech-russia-propaganda-history/629381/.
- Brunnstrom, David, and Michael Martina. 2021. “NBA Stars Urged to End China Endorsements Over Forced Labor | Reuters.” Reuters, June 1. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/congressional-body-urges-nba-stars-end-endorsement-chinese-sportswear-2021-06-01/.
- Bucher, Taina, and Anne Helmond. 2018. “The Affordances of Social Media Platforms.” The SAGE Handbook of Social Media 1: 233–253. doi:10.4135/9781473984066.n14
- Bull, Hedley. 2012. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Oorder in World Politics. Fourth ed. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Chen, Xieling, and Haoran Xie. 2020. “A Structural Topic Modeling-Based Bibliometric Study of Sentiment Analysis Literature.” Cognitive Computation 12 (6): 1097–1129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-020-09745-1.
- Chung, Gerard, Maria Rodriguez, Paul Lanier, and Daniel Gibbs. 2022. “Text-Mining Open-Ended Survey Responses Using Structural Topic Modeling: A Practical Demonstration to Understand Parents’ Coping Methods During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Singapore.” Journal of Technology in Human Services 40 (4): 296–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2022.2036301.
- Dai, Yaoyao, and Luwei Rose Luqiu. 2022. “Wolf Warriors and Diplomacy in the New Era: An Empirical Analysis of China’s Diplomatic Language.” China Review 22 (2): 253–283.
- Deng, Wen, Jia-Huey Hsu, Karl Löfgren, and Wonhyuk Cho. 2021. “Who is Leading China’s Family Planning Policy Discourse in Weibo? A Social Media Text Mining Analysis.” Policy & Internet July: poi3.264. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.264.
- De Vries, Erik, Martijn Schoonvelde, and Gijs Schumacher. 2018. “No Longer Lost in Translation: Evidence That Google Translate Works for Comparative Bag-of-Words Text Applications.” Political Analysis 26 (4): 417–430. doi:10.1017/pan.2018.26
- Duncombe, Constance. 2017. “Twitter and Transformative Diplomacy: Social Media and Iran–US Relations.” International Affairs 93 (3): 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix048.
- Duncombe, Constance. 2019. “The Politics of Twitter: Emotions and the Power of Social Media.” International Political Sociology 13 (4): 409–429. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olz013.
- Du Zongxi. 2023. “Wolf Warrior or Diplomatic Gentleman? What Do Taiwanese Media and Officials Think of Wang Yi?” Deutsche Welle, July 28. https://www.dw.com/zh/%E6%88%B0%E7%8B%BC%E9%82%84%E6%98%AF%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E7%BE%8E%E7%94%B7%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%98%E5%93%A1%E6%80%8E%E9%BA%BC%E7%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B%E6%AF%85/a-66373741.
- Eglash, Ruth. 2019. “With No Formal Ties, Israel is Using Digital Diplomacy to Reach Out to the Arab World.” Washington Post, December 21. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/with-no-formal-ties-israel-is-using-digital-diplomacy-to-reach-out-to-the-arab-world/2019/12/20/4c8bfeee-20f1-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html.
- Emmott, Robin, and David Brunnstrom. 2021. “West Sanctions China Over Xinjiang Abuses, Beijing Hits Back at EU.” Reuters, March 22, sec. UK. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-china-eu-sanctions-idUSKBN2BE2LF.
- Fang, Kecheng, and Maria Repnikova. 2018. “Demystifying ‘Little Pink’: The Creation and Evolution of a Gendered Label for Nationalistic Activists in China.” New Media & Society 20 (6): 2162–2185. doi:10.1177/1461444817731923
- Fearon, James D. 1998. “Domestic Politics, Foreign Policy, and Theories of International Relations.” Annual Review of Political Science 1 (1): 289–313. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.289.
- Fresneda, Jorge E., Thomas A. Burnham, and Chelsey H. Hill. 2021. “Structural Topic Modelling Segmentation: A Segmentation Method Combining Latent Content and Customer Context.” Journal of Marketing Management 37 (7-8): 792–812. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2021.1880464.
- Global Times. 2021. “‘Mr Liar’ Pompeo Stages Final Madness on Origin of Coronavirus: Chinese FM.” Global Times, January 18. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202101/1213158.shtml.
- Gries, Peter Hays. 2005. China’s New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
- Hawkins, Amy, and Helen Davidson. 2023. “Return of the Wolf Warriors? China’s Fiery Foreign Minister Qin Gang.” The Guardian, March 7, sec. World news. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/07/china-foreign-minister-qin-gang.
- Hedling, Elsa, and Niklas Bremberg. 2021. “Practice Approaches to the Digital Transformations of Diplomacy: Toward a New Research Agenda.” International Studies Review 23 (4): 1595–1618. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viab027.
- Hocking, Brian, and Jan Melissen. 2015. Diplomacy in the Digital Age. Hague, the Netherlands: Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael.
- Huang, Zhao Alexandre. 2022. “‘Wolf Warrior’ and China’s Digital Public Diplomacy during the COVID-19 Crisis.” Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 18 (1): 37–40. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-021-00241-3.
- Huang, Zhao Alexandre, and Rui Wang. 2021. “Exploring China’s Digitalization of Public Diplomacy on Weibo and Twitter: A Case Study of the US–China Trade War.” International Journal of Communication 15: 28.
- Hurst, Daniel. 2021. “China Accuses Morrison and Ardern of ‘Gross Interference’ on Xinjiang and South China Sea.” The Guardian, June 1, sec. World news. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/01/china-accuses-morrison-and-ardern-of-gross-interference-on-xinjiang-and-south-china-sea.
- Hutcheson, Graeme D. 2011. “Ordinary Least-Squares Regression.” In The SAGE Dictionary of Quantitative Management Research, edited by Luiz Moutinho and Graeme Hutcheson, 224–228. London, UK: SAGE.
- Ji, Qin, Jianping Yang, Qingshan He, Hongju Chen, Xiran Wang, Fan Tang, Qiuling Ge, Yanxia Wang, and Feng Ding. 2021. “Understanding Public Attention towards the Beautiful Village Initiative in China and Exploring the Influencing Factors: An Empirical Analysis Based on the Baidu Index.” Land 10 (11): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10111169.
- Lai, Hongyi Harry. 2001. “Behind China’s World Trade Organization Agreement with the USA.” Third World Quarterly 22 (2): 237–255. doi:10.1080/01436590120037054
- Lemke, Tobias, and Michael Habegger. 2021. “Diplomat or Troll? The Case Against Digital Diplomacy.” In Digital Diplomacy and International Organisations: Autonomy, Legitimacy and Contestation, edited by Corneliu Bjola and Ruben Zaiotti, 229–266. London, UK: Routledge.
- Li, Muyang, and Zhifan Luo. 2020. “The ‘Bad Women Drivers’ Myth: The Overrepresentation of Female Drivers and Gender Bias in China’s Media.” Information, Communication & Society 23 (5): 776–793. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1713843
- Lucas, Christopher, Richard A. Nielsen, Margaret E. Roberts, Brandon M. Stewart, Alex Storer, and Dustin Tingley. 2015. “Computer-Assisted Text Analysis for Comparative Politics.” Political Analysis 23 (2): 254–277. doi:10.1093/pan/mpu019
- Mai, Jun. 2021. “Don’t Expect an Easy Life and Be Ready to Struggle, Xi Warns Officials.” South China Morning Post, September 2, sec. News. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3147337/dont-expect-easy-life-and-be-ready-struggle-chinese-president.
- Mattingly, Daniel C., and James Sundquist. 2022. ““When Does Public Diplomacy Work? Evidence from China’s ‘Wolf Warrior’ Diplomats.” Political Science Research and Methods 11: 921–929. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2022.41.
- Mayer, Emma. 2022. “Ukraine’s Zelenskyy Quashes Rumors He’s Fled Kyiv in Video, ‘We Are Here.’” Newsweek. February 25. https://www.newsweek.com/ukraines-zelenskyy-squashes-rumors-hes-fled-kyiv-video-we-are-here-1682830.
- Nye Jr, Joseph S. 2008. “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (1): 94–109. doi:10.1177/0002716207311699
- Palmer, Alex W. 2021. “The Man behind China’s Aggressive New Voice.” The New York Times, July 7, sec. Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/07/magazine/china-diplomacy-twitter-zhao-lijian.html.
- Rahimi, Babak. 2011. “The Agonistic Social Media: Cyberspace in the Formation of Dissent and Consolidation of State Power in Postelection Iran.” The Communication Review 14 (3): 158–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2011.597240.
- Ramzy, Austin. 2018. “Social Media Shudders after Trump Mocks North Korea’s ‘Button.’” The New York Times, January 3, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/world/asia/trump-tweet-button-north-korea.html.
- Ramzy, Austin, and Chris Buckley. 2019. “‘Absolutely No Mercy’: Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims.” The New York Times, November 16, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html.
- Rosamond, Annika Bergman, and Elsa Hedling. 2022. “The Digital Storytelling of Feminist Foreign Policy: Sweden’s State Feminism in Digital Diplomacy.” European Journal of Politics and Gender 5 (3): 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1332/251510821X16523466058289.
- Sullivan, Jonathan, and Weixiang Wang. 2023. “China’s ‘Wolf Warrior Diplomacy’: The Interaction of Formal Diplomacy and Cyber-Nationalism.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 52 (1): 68–88.
- Sun, Jing. 2017. “Growing Diplomacy, Retreating Diplomats – How the Chinese Foreign Ministry Has Been Marginalized in Foreign Policymaking.” Journal of Contemporary China 26 (105): 419–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1245895.
- Surowiec, Paweł, and Christopher Miles. 2021. “The Populist Style and Public Diplomacy: Kayfabe as Performative Agonism in Trump’s Twitter Posts.” Public Relations Inquiry 10 (1): 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X20979294.
- Tussie, Diana. 2013. “Trade Diplomacy.” In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, edited by Andrew Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur, 0. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199588862.013.0035.
- Wang, Junxiao, Chunfeng Lu, Jing Tang, Liang Ge, Zhaolin Huang, and Shenglu Zhou. 2019. “Time Series and Spatial Characteristics of Public Attention towards Huangyan Island Based on Baidu Index.” Journal of Coastal Research 91 (SI): 281–285. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI91-057.1.
- Wichowski, Alexis. 2015. “‘Secrecy is for Losers’: Why Diplomats Should Embrace Openness to Protect National Security.” In Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, edited by Corneliu Bjola and Marcus Holmes, 52–70. Routledge.
- Xu, Xiangli. 2017. “Sun Weijia: Think Tanks Facilitate Public Diplomacy and Guide the Domestic Opinion on Foreign Affairs.” People.Cn. January 10. https://web.archive.org/web/20170813183613/http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0110/c1002-29012716.html.
- Yang, Yi, Jia-Huey Hsu, Karl Löfgren, and Wonhyuk Cho. 2021. “Cross-Platform Comparison of Framed Topics in Twitter and Weibo: Machine Learning Approaches to Social Media Text Mining.” Social Network Analysis and Mining 11 (1): 75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-021-00772-w.