Exploring the livelihood pattern of the floating population using the SL framework: a case study of metropolitan Dhaka, Bangladesh

References

• Ahasan, N. 2018. “Why Bangladesh’s Inequality Is Likely to Rise.” The Daily Star, May 12. https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/economics/why-bangladeshs-inequality-likely-rise-1575079.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, S. 2015. “Housing Demand and Housing Policy in Urban Bangladesh.” Urban Studies 52 (4): 738–755. doi:10.1177/0042098014528547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S. M., S. Hossain, A. M. Khan, Q. S. Islam, and M. Kamruzzaman. 2011. “Lives and Livelihoods on the Streets of Dhaka City: Findings from a Population-Based Exploratory Survey.” BRAC Working Paper No. 19. Dhaka, Bangladesh: BRAC.
   Google Scholar
• Alamgir, M. S., M. A. Jabbar, and M. S. Islam. 2009. “Assessing the Livelihood of Slum Dwellers in Dhaka City.” Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 7 (2): 373–380. doi:10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4749.
   Google Scholar
• Amzad, K. 2019. “Climate Change Impacts on Urban Poor: A Study on Slum People in Dhaka City.” IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 24 (9): 40–75.
   Google Scholar
• Ashley, C., and D. Carney. 1999. Sustainable Livelihoods: Lessons from Early Experience. London: UK Department for International Development.
   Google Scholar
• Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). 1999. Census of Slum Areas and Floating Population 1997. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division. Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
   Google Scholar
• Battaglia, M. P. 2008. “Nonprobability Sampling.” In Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods, edited by P. J. Lavrakas. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter, K., C. Courage, and K. Caine. 2015. “Choosing a User Experience Research Activity.” In Understanding Your Users: A Practical Guide to User Research Methods, A volume in Interactive Technologies, 2nd ed., 96–112. Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800232-2.00005-5.
   Google Scholar
• BBS. 2015. Census of Slum Areas and Floating Population 2014. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division. Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
   Google Scholar
• BBS. 2019a. Report on Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics 2018. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division. Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
   Google Scholar
• BBS. 2019b. Final Report on Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division. Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
   Google Scholar
• Biswas, T. K. 2013. “Pathways into Homelessness and Problems of Homeless People in Dhaka City.” MPhil thesis., National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
   Google Scholar
• Busch-Geertsema, V., D. Culhane, and S. Fitzpatrick. 2016. “Developing a Global Framework for Conceptualising and Measuring Homelessness.” Habitat International 55: 124–132. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byron, R. K., and S. Parvez. 2019. “Inequality at All-Time High.” The Daily Star, May 19. https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/inequality-all-time-high-1745569.
   Google Scholar
• Carney, D. 1998. “Implementing the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Approach.” Paper Presented at the DFID Natural Resource Advisers’ Conference. London: UK Department for International Development.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, E. R. 2013. “Livelihoods as Intimate Government: Reframing the Logic of Livelihoods for Development.” Third World Quarterly 34 (1): 77–108. doi:10.1080/01436597.2012.755012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD). 2018. State of Bangladesh Economy in FY2017–18. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Independent Review of Bangladesh’s Development (IRBD), Centre for Policy Dialogue.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers, R., and G. R. Conway. 1992. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century.” IDS Discussion Paper No. 296. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, S. 1996. “The Floating Population: An Informal Process of Urbanisation in China.” International Journal of Population Geography 2 (3): 197–214. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1220(199609)2:3 < 197::AID-IJPG37 > 3.0.CO;2-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaudhuri, S. 2015. “Urban Poor, Economic Opportunities and Sustainable Development through Traditional Knowledge and Practices.” Global Bioethics 26 (2): 86–93. doi:10.1080/11287462.2015.1037141.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J., F. Guo, and Y. Wu. 2011. “One Decade of Urban Housing Reform in China: Urban Housing Price Dynamics and the Role of Migration and Urbanization, 1995–2005.” Habitat International 35 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, C., U. Goswami, R. Jenkis, and B. Sahakian. 2008. Mental Capital and Well-Being: Making the Most of Ourselves in the 21st Century. London: Government Office for Science.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. 1999. “Mixed-Method Research: Introduction and Application.” In Handbook of Educational Policy, edited by G. J. Cizek. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. 2009. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. 2013. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., and V. L. Plano Clark. 2007. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., V. L. Plano Clark, M. L. Gutmann, and W. E. Hanson. 2003. Advanced Mixed Methods Research Designs. New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, C., and J. R. Seager. 2010. “Towards Identifying the Causes of South Africa’s Street Homelessness: Some Policy Recommendations.” Development Southern Africa 27 (1): 143–158. doi:10.1080/03768350903519416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross, Catherine, John Seager, Johan Erasmus, Cathy Ward, and Michael O’Donovan. 2010. “Skeletons at the Feast: A Review of Street Homelessness in South Africa and Other World Regions.” Development Southern Africa 27 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1080/03768350903519291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DFID. 1999. Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. London: UK Department for International Development.
   Google Scholar
• Dimanin, P. 2012. Exploring Livelihoods of the Urban Poor in Kampala, Uganda: An Institutional, Community and Household Contextual Analysis. France: Action Contre la Faim (ACF) International Network.
   Google Scholar
• Dube, D. K. 2014. “The Status, Challenges, and Expectations of Homeless People in Ethiopia: A Case Study of Bahir Dar.” European Academic Research 2 (2): 3027–3044.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenmann, A., and F. Origanti. 2019. “Homeless Rights: A Call for Change.” Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless: 1–7. doi:10.1080/10530789.2019.1705519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, F. 1998. “Household Strategies and Rural Livelihood Diversification.” Journal of Development Studies 35 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1080/00220389808422553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farah, S., M. Karim, and S. Afrin. 2019. “Situation of Working Slum Children in Dhaka City.” Delta Medical College Journal 7 (1): 26–30. doi:10.3329/dmcj.v7i1.40617.
   Google Scholar
• Farrington, J. 2001. “Sustainable Livelihoods, Rights and the New Architecture of Aid.” Natural Resource Perspectives No. 69. London: Overseas Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Fatima, S., M. Rahman, N. J. Proma, S. J. Naim, T. Afrin, K. M. N. Jaman, and A. Hosen. 2014. A Study on the Life and Livelihood of Women Pavement Dwellers of Dhaka City. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Democracywatch.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2003. “Trade Reforms and Food Security: Conceptualizing the Linkages.” http://www.fao.org/3/y4671e/y4671e00.htm#Contents. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Frankenberger, T. R. 2000. “A Brief Overview of Sustainable Livelihood Approaches.” Proceeding from the Forum on Operationalizing Sustainable Livelihood Approaches, Pontignano (Siena), 7–11 March. http://www.fao.org/3/X9371e/x9371e00.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Ghafur, S. 2004. “Home for Human Development: Policy Implications for Homelessness in Bangladesh.” International Development Planning Review 26 (3): 261–286. doi:10.3828/idpr.26.3.2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghafur, S. 2006. “Situating Practice within Diversity: Homelessness and Human Development in Bangladesh.” The Journal of Social Studies 112: 44–46.
   Google Scholar
• Goodkind, D., and L. A. West. 2002. “China’s Floating Population: Definitions, Data and Recent Findings.” Urban Studies 39 (12): 2237–2250. doi:10.1080/0042098022000033845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, P., and X. Ma. 2013. “Investigation and Analysis of a Floating Population’s Settlement Intention and Environmental Concerns: A Case Study in the Shawan River Basin in Shenzhen, China.” Habitat International 39: 170–178. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.12.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao, P., and S. Tang. 2018. “What Keeps China’s Floating Population from Moving?” Chinese Journal of Sociology 4 (1): 30–55. doi:10.1177/2057150X17748296.
   Google Scholar
• Hossain, M. A., M. Moniruzzaman, and M. A. Islam. 2013. “Urban Environmental Health in Bangladesh Slum: A Comparative Study of Two Metropolitan Cities.” Journal of Science Foundation 8 (1-2): 67–76. doi:10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14628.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, X., G. T. Wang, and Y. Zou. 2002. “Political Economy of the Floating Chinese Population.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 32 (4): 536–552. doi:10.1080/00472330280000351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, N., M. M. Islam, M. A. Rahman, and K. A. M. Morshed. 2019. “Universal Health Coverage of Street Dwellers/Floating Population in Bangladesh: Exploring Health Care Seeking Behaviour.” Country Report, Leave No One behind, Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: BRAC.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, L. 2006. “Living Conditions of the Floating Population in Urban China.” Housing Studies 21 (5): 719–744. doi:10.1080/02673030600807431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. A. U., T. J. Kubra, Z. Sharmin, and M. A. Hossen. 2015. “Displacement and Deplorable Living Conditions of Slum Dwellers: With Special Reference to Sylhet City.” International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 46: 51–64. doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.46.51.
   Google Scholar
• Kok, P., C. Cross, and N. Roux. 2010. “Towards a Demographic Profile of the Street Homeless in South Africa.” Development Southern Africa 27 (1): 21–37. doi:10.1080/03768350903519309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollmair, M., and S. Gamper. 2002. “The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach.” Input Paper by Development Study Group No. 6. Switzerland: University of Zürich.
   Google Scholar
• Krantz, L. 2001. The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction: An Introduction. Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, R. A., and M. A. Casey. 2015. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Li, W., C. Shuai, Y. Shuai, X. Cheng, Y. Liu, and F. Huang. 2020. “How Livelihood Assets Contribute to Sustainable Development of Smallholder Farmers.” Journal of International Development 32 (3): 408–429. doi:10.1002/jid.3461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majale, M. 2002. “Towards pro-poor regulatory guidelines for urban upgrading.” A Review of Papers Presented at the International Workshop on Regulatory Guidelines for Urban Upgrading, Bourton-On-Dunsmore, 17–18 May.
   Google Scholar
• Mander, H. 2008. “Introduction to Living Rough.” In Living Rough - Surviving City Streets: A Study of Homeless Populations in Delhi, Chennai, Patna and Madurai, edited by H. Mander. New Delhi: Planning Commission of India.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, M. N. 1996. “The Key Informant Technique.” Family Practice 13 (1): 92–97. doi:10.1093/fampra/13.1.92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meikle, S., T. Ramasut, and J. Walker. 2001. “Sustainable Urban Livelihoods: Concepts and Implications for Policy.” Working Paper No. 112.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Finance (MoF). 2019. Budget Speech 2019–20. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Ministry of Finance, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Planning (MoP). 2018. Sustainable Development Goals: Bangladesh First Progress Report 2018. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
   Google Scholar
• Mobrand, E. 2006. “Politics of City Ward Migration: An Overview of China in Comparative Perspective.” Habitat International 30 (2): 261–274. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse, S., and N. McNamara. 2013. Sustainable Livelihood Approach: A Critique of Theory and Practice. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Moser, C. O. N. 1998. “The Asset Vulnerability Framework: Reassessing Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies.” World Development 26 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(97)10015-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, C. 2001. “Livelihoods Research: Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues.” Background Paper No. 5. UK: Chronic Poverty Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Nawaz, R. 2004. “Right to Shelter: Bangladesh.” Paper Presented at International Conference on Adequate & Affordable Housing for All, Toronto, 24–27 June.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, I., R. Smyth, and M. Zhang. 2006. “Unemployment within China’s Floating Population: Empirical Evidence from Jiangsu Survey Data.” The Chinese Economy 39 (4): 41–56. doi:10.2753/CES1097-1475390403.
   Google Scholar
• Owusu, F. 2020. “Livelihoods.” In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, edited by A. Kobayashi, 2nd ed., 193–198. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10278-1.
   Google Scholar
• Rakodi, C., and T. Llyod-Jones. 2002. Eds. Urban Livelihoods: A People-Centred Approach to Reducing Poverty. London: Earthscan Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Scoones, I. 2009. “Livelihood Perspectives and Rural Development.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 36 (1): 171–196. doi:10.1080/03066150902820503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrat, O. 2017. “The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach.” In Knowledge Solutions. Singapore: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0983-9_5.
   Google Scholar
• Shams, S., M. Mahruf, C. Shohel, and A. Ahsan. 2014. “Housing Problems for Middle and Low Income People in Bangladesh: Challenges of Dhaka Megacity.” Environment and Urbanization ASIA 5 (1): 175–184. doi:10.1177/0975425314521538.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, J. 2002. “A Study of the Temporary Population in Chinese Cities.” Habitat International 26 (3): 363–377. doi:10.1016/S0197-3975(02)00013-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, J., and Y. Huang. 2003. “The Working and Living Space of the “Floating Population” in China.” Asia Pacific Viewpoint 44 (1): 51–62. doi:10.1111/1467-8373.t01-1-00183.
   Google Scholar
• Shoma, A. N. 2010. “Living on pavement: ‘Home’ in ‘A Homeless Situation’.” MA thesis., Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Somerville, P. 2013. “Understanding Homelessness.” Housing, Theory and Society 30 (4): 384–415. doi:10.1080/14036096.2012.756096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri, P. 1994. Urban Poor: Their Housing Needs & Government Response. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Tipple, G., and S. Speak. 2005. “Definitions of Homelessness in Developing Countries.” Habitat International 29 (2): 337–352. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2003.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WB. 2019. Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Facing Old and New Frontiers in Poverty Reduction. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• WB. 2020. Poverty & Equity Brief: South Asia–Bangladesh. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Wisdom, J., and J. W. Creswell. 2013. “Mixed Methods: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis While Studying Patient-Centered Medical Home Models.” Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. AHRQ Publication No. 13–0028-EF.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank (WB). 2017. “Bangladesh Continues to Reduce Poverty but at Slower Pace.” World Bank. October 24. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2017/10/24/bangladesh-continues-to-reduce-poverty-but-at-slower-pace.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y. 2003. “The Floating Population’s Household Strategies and the Role of Migration in China’s Regional Development and Integration.” International Journal of Population Geography 9 (6): 485–502. doi:10.1002/ijpg.308.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y. 2007. “China’s Floating Population and Their Settlement Intention in the Cities: Beyond the Hukou Reform.” Habitat International 31 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2006.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., and W. Chen. 2009. “The Settlement Intention of China’s Floating Population in the Cities: Recent Changes and Multifaceted Individual-Level Determinants.” Population, Space and Place 16 (4): 253–267. doi:10.1002/psp.544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar