Internet use and income gaps between rural and urban residents in China

References

• Alam, K, and S. A. K. Mamun. 2017. “Access to Broadband Internet and Labour Force Outcomes: A Case Study of the Western Downs Region, Queensland.” Telematics and Informatics 34 (4): 73–84. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2016.12.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atasoy, H. 2013. “The Effects of Broadband Internet Expansion on Labour Market Outcomes.” ILR Review 66 (2): 315–345. doi:10.1177/001979391306600202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S. 1957. The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S. 1964. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blinder, A. S. 1973. “Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimation.” The Journal of Human Resources 8 (4): 436–455. doi:10.2307/144855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, J, and T. Jiang. 2020. “The Impact of Internet Usage on Women’s Income: An Analysis Based on CFPS Data.” Journal of Tianjin University of Finance and Economics 371: 9–95. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, M, and J. Zhang. 2019. “Internet Popularization and Urban-Rural Income Gap: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis.” China's Rural Economy 2019 (2): 19–41. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, B., P. Zhang, and Y. Yang. 2010. “Government Investment in Education, Human Capital Investment and Urban-Rural Income Gap in China.” Management World 2010 (1): 36–43. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Demurger, S., M. Gurgand, S. Li, and X. Yue. 2009. “Migrants as Second-Class Workers in Urban China? A Decomposition Analysis.” Journal of Comparative Economics 37 (4): 610–628. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2009.04.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyyling, L. J. 2017. “Broadband in the Labour Market: The Impact of Residential High-Speed Internet on Married Women’s Labour Force Participation.” Industrial & Labor Relations 70 (2): 451–482.
   Google Scholar
• Dimaggio, P, and B. Bonikowski. 2008. “Make Money Surfing the Web? The Impact of Internet Use on the Earnings of U.S. Workers.” American Sociological Review 2: 227–250.
   Google Scholar
• Eastin, M. S., V. Cicchirillo, and A. Mabry. 2015. “Extending the Digital Divide Conversation: Examining the Knowledge Gap through Media Expectancies.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 59 (3): 416–437. doi:10.1080/08838151.2015.1054994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman, C., A. Goldfarb, and S. Greenstein. 2012. “The Internet and Local Wages: A Puzzle.” American Economic Review 102 (1): 556–575. doi:10.1257/aer.102.1.556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuholt, B, and S. Kristiansen. 2007. “A Rural-Urban Digital Divide? Regional Aspects of Internet Use in Tanzania.” The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries 31 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1002/j.1681-4835.2007.tb00215.x.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S. 2020. “Impact of Economic Growth Volatility on Income Inequality.” Quality & Quantity 54 (3): 807–850. doi:10.1007/s11135-019-00960-z.
   Google Scholar
• Green, W. H. 2012. Econometric Analysis, 219–256. Boston:Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Q, and J. Li. 2011. “Research on the Dynamic Evolution of China's Urban-Rural Income Gap under Dual Economy.” Financial Research 2011 (8): 15–30. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Han, C, and L. Zhang. 2017. “The Impact of Internet Popularization on the Income Distribution in Urban and Rural Areas: Analysis of System GMM Based on China's Inter-Provincial Panel Data.” Exploration of Economic Issues 2017 (8): 18–27. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• He, Y, and K. Xu. 2019. “Internet and Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents: Factual Examination from China.” Economic Survey 36 (2): 25–32. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Hindman, D. B. 2000. “The Rural-Urban Digital Divide.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77 (3): 549–560. doi:10.1177/107769900007700306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, X, and J. Lu. 2019. “The Influence of Internet Popularization on the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents in Gansu Province: Based on the Perspective of Information Asymmetry.” Productivity Research 2019 (8): 91–97. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, A. B. 1993. “How Computers Have Changed the Wage Structure: Evidence from Microdata, 1984–1989.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 (1): 33–60. doi:10.2307/2118494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S. T. Sicular, and B. Gustafsson. 2008. Income Distribution in China III. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W, and Y. Han. 2013. “Urbanization and the Urban-Rural Income Gap: Theoretical and Empirical Research Based on Chinese Data.” Journal of Shanxi University of Finance and Economics 2013 (5): 24–33. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., X. Yang, and B. Wang. 2013. “Financial Development and the Formation of the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas in China: Based on the Empirical Test of Provincial Panel Data.” Nankai Economic Research 2013 (5): 50–59. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Liu, X., X. Zhang, and W. Fang. 2015. “The Urban-Rural Income Distribution Effect of Infrastructure: Based on the Perspective of Labour Transfer”. World Economy 2015 (3): 145–170. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Ellis, H. 1999. “Endogenous Technological Change and Wage Inequality.” American Economic Review 89 (1): 47–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, M, and Z. Cheng. 2004. “Urbanization, Urban-Oriented Economic Policies, and Urban-Rural Income Gap.” Economic Research Journal 2004 (6): 50–58. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Lu, W, and F. Gao. 2013. “Urbanization, Civilization, and the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas: Comparison and Selection of Civilization Measures under a Dual Structure.” Finance and Trade Economy 2013 (12): 38–46. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Lu, J, and B. Wang. 2020. “Research on the Mechanism of Residents’ Internet Use on Their Self-Evaluation of Health.” Journal of Sun Yat-Sen University (Social Science Edition) 60 (285): 117–127. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Lvus, O, and M. Boland. 2015. “The Employment and Wage Impact of Broadband Deployment in Canada.” Canadian Journal of Economics 48 (5): 1803–1830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, X. 2018. “Labor Market Segmentation by Industry Sectors and Wage Gaps between Migrants and Local Urban Residents in Urban China.” China Economic Review 47: 96–115. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2017.11.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer-Fazio, M, and N. Dinh. 2004. “Differential Rewards to, and Contributions of Education in Urban China's Segmented Labour Markets.” Pacific Economic Review 9 (3): 173–189. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0106.2004.00243.x.
   Google Scholar
• Mehra, B., C. Merkel, and A. P. Bishop. 2004. “The Internet for Empowerment of Minority and Marginalized Users.” New Media & Society 6 (6): 781–802. doi:10.1177/146144804047513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, X, and J. Zhang. 2001. “Two-Tier Labour Market in Urban China: Occupational Segregation and Wage Differentials between Urban Residents and Rural Migrants in Shanghai.” Journal of Comparative Economics 29 (3): 485–504. doi:10.1006/jcec.2001.1730.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messinis, G. 2013. “Returns to Education and Urban-Migrant Wage Differentials in China: IV Quantile Treatment Effects.” China Economic Review 26: 39–55. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2013.03.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, P, and C. Mulvey. 1997. “Computer Skills and Wages.” Australian Economic Papers 36 (68): 106–113. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8454.1997.tb00824.x.
   Google Scholar
• Mincer, J. 1974. Schooling, Experience and Earning. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS). 2020. China Statistical Yearbook 2020. Beijing: China Statistics Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oaxaca, R. 1973. “Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labour Markets.” International Economic Review 14 (3): 693–709. doi:10.2307/2525981.
   Google Scholar
• Oaxaca, R. L. and M. R. Ransom.1994. “On Discrimination and the Decomposition of Wage Differentials,” Journal of Econometrics, 61 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(94)90074-4
   Google Scholar
• Ono, H, and M. Zavodny. 2007. “Digital Inequality: A Five Country Comparison Using Microdata.” Social Science Research 36 (3): 1135–1155. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD. 2018. Bridging the Digital Gender Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Pabilonia, S. W, and C. Zoghi. 2005. “Returning to the Returns to Computer Use.” American Economic Review 95 (2): 314–317. doi:10.1257/000282805774670509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip, Lorna., Caitlin. Cottrill, John. Farrington, Fiona. Williams, and Fiona. Ashmore. 2017. “The Digital Divide: Patterns, Policy and Scenarios for Connecting the 'Final Few' in Rural Communities across Great Britain.” Journal of Rural Studies 54: 386–398. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan, R. P., M. B. Arvin, N. R. Norman, and S. E. Bennett. 2016. “Financial Depth, Internet Penetration Rates and Economic Growth: Country-Panel Evidence.” Applied Economics 48 (4): 331–343. doi:10.1080/00036846.2015.1078450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan, R. P., S. Bele, and S. Pandey. 2013. “Internet-Growth Nexus: Evidence from Cross-Country Panel Data.” Applied Economics Letters 20 (16): 1511–1515. doi:10.1080/13504851.2013.829170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, L. J., S. B. Zhong, B. W. Sun, Y. Song, and X. H. Xiao. 2021. “Is Internet Penetration Narrowing the Rural-Urban Income Inequality? A cross-Regional Study of China.” Quality & Quantity 55 (5): 1795–1814. doi:10.1007/s11135-020-01081-8.
   Google Scholar
• Riggins, F. J, and S. Dewan. 2005. “The Digital Divide: Current and Future Research Directions.” Journal of the Association for Information Systems 6 (12): 298–337. doi:10.17705/1jais.00074.
   Google Scholar
• Scheerder, A., A. van Deursen, and J. van Dijk. 2017. “Determinants of Internet Skills, Uses and Outcomes. A Systematic Review of the Second- and Third-Level Digital Divide.” Telematics and Informatics 34 (8): 1607–1624. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.07.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan, D., Y. Zhang, and M. Ma. 2020. “Can Internet Use Improve Income Distribution? An Empirical Analysis Based on Chinese Household Tracking Survey Data.” Xinjiang Finance and Economics 2020 (6): 15–24. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Sicular, T. S. Li, X. Yue, and H. Sato. 2020. Changing Trends in China’s Inequality: Evidence, Analysis, and Prospects. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, Y, and Y. Xu. 2021. “The Impact of the Internet on the Income Distribution of Resident: Empirical Analysis Based on the CFPS Data.” Macroeconomics 272 (07): 161–175. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Weng, X., J. Ma, and X. Wang. 2021. “The Urban-Rural Differences in the Impact of Internet Use on Income.” World Agriculture 7: 97–107. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Whitacre, B., R. Gallardo, and S. Strover. 2014. “Broadband’s Contribution to Economic Growth in Rural Areas: Moving towards a Causal Relationship.” Telecommunications Policy 38 (11): 1011–1023. ． doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2014.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, J. M. 2016. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (Sixth Edition), 461–498. Boston: South-Western Publish.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, Y. 2013. “Urbanization, Real Estate Prices, and Urban-Rural Income Gap: Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Data of Provinces and Regions in China.” Finance and Economics Science 2013 (9): 100–107. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Y. 2014. “The Impact of Financial Development on the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas: An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Data from 2000 to 2011 in the Six Provinces of Central China.” Scientific Decision 2014 (3): 44–64. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y, and X. Li. 2020. “The Impact of Internet Use on Individual Health: Based on the Evidence Analysis of the Chinese Family Panel Studies.” Sociology 5: 139–144. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, R. 2016. “Wage Differentials between Urban Residents and Rural Migrants in Urban China during 2002-2007: A Distributional Analysis.” China Economic Review 37: 2–14. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2015.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuo, P., Q. Jiang, and J. Chen. 2020. “Internet Development, Urbanization and the Upgrading of China’s Industrial Structure.” Journal of Quantity Technology Economics 7: 71–91.
   Google Scholar