Information structuring improves recall of emergency discharge information: a randomized clinical trial

References

• Ackermann, S., Heierle, A., Bingisser, M. B., Hertwig, R., Padiyath, R., Nickel, C. H., … Bingisser, R. (2015). Discharge communication in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain: Defining the ideal content. Health Commun, 31, 1–9. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.979115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akici, A., Kalaça, S., Uğurlu, M. U., Toklu, H. Z., Iskender, E., & Oktay, S. (2004). Patient knowledge about drugs prescribed at primary healthcare facilities. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 13, 871–876. doi:10.1002/pds.1020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, D. W., Wolf, M. S., Feinglass, J., Thompson, J. A., Gazmararian, J. A., & Huang, J. (2007). Health literacy and mortality among elderly persons. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167, 1503–1509. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.14.1503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bazarian, J., Hartman, M., & Delahunta, E. (2000). Minor head injury: Predicting follow-up after discharge from the Emergency Department. Brain Injury, 14, 285–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellezza, F. S., & Bower, G. H. (1981). The representational and processing characteristics of scripts. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 18, 1–4. doi:10.3758/BF03333553
   Google Scholar
• Bransford, J. D., & Johnson, M. K. (1972). Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 717–726. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80006-9
   Google Scholar
• Brod, G., Werkle-Bergner, M., & Shing, Y. L. (2013). The influence of prior knowledge on memory: A developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 1–13. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, K., & Cooper, W. O. (2004). Adherence of pediatric asthma patients with oral corticosteroid prescriptions following pediatric emergency department visit or hospitalization. Pediatric Emergency Care, 20, 730–735.10.1097/01.pec.0000144914.78124.6f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Z., & Cowan, N. (2005). Chunk limits and length limits in immediate recall: A reconciliation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31, 1235–1249. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.6.1235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, C., Friedman, S. M., Shi, K., Arenovich, T., Monzon, J., & Culligan, C. (2005). Emergency department discharge instructions comprehension and compliance study. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 7, 5–11.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Considine, J., & Brennan, D. (2007). Effect of an evidence-based education programme on ED discharge advice for febrile children. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 1687–1694. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01716.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268–294. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane, J. A. (1997). Patient comprehension of doctor–patient communication on discharge from the emergency department. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 15, 1–7. doi:S0736467996002612 [pii]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deffenbacher, K. A., Bornstein, B. H., Penrod, S. D., & McGorty, E. K. (2004). A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 687–706.10.1007/s10979-004-0565-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWalt, D. A., Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S., Lohr, K. N., & Pignone, M. P. (2004). Literacy and health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19, 1228–1239. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.40153.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel, K. G., Buckley, B. A., Forth, V. E., McCarthy, D. M., Ellison, E. P., Schmidt, M. J., & Adams, J. G. (2012). Patient understanding of emergency department discharge instructions: Where are knowledge deficits greatest? Academic Emergency Medicine, 19, E1035–E1044. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01425.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engel, K. G., Heisler, M., Smith, D. M., Robinson, C. H., Forman, J. H., & Ubel, P. A. (2009). Patient comprehension of emergency department care and instructions: Are patients aware of when they do not understand? Annals of Emergency Medicine, 53, 454–461. e415. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.05.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, W. (1967). Some conditions of the influence of syntactical structure on learning: Grammatical transformation, learning instructions, and ‘chunking’. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 415–419.10.1016/S0022-5371(67)80133-6
   Google Scholar
• Fink, A. S., Prochazka, A. V., Henderson, W. G., Bartenfeld, D., Nyirenda, C., Webb, A., & Parmelee, P. (2010). Enhancement of surgical informed consent by addition of repeat back: A multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial. Annals of Surgery, 252, 27–36. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181e3ec61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foran, A., Wuerth-Sarvis, B., & Milne, W. K. (2010). Bounce-back visits in a rural emergency department. The Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine, 15, 108–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gobet, F., Lane, P. C., Croker, S., Cheng, P. C., Jones, G., Oliver, I., & Pine, J. M. (2001). Chunking mechanisms in human learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 236–243. doi:S1364-6613(00)01662-4 [pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graumlich, J. F., Novotny, N. L., Nace, G. S., & Aldag, J. C. (2009). Patient and physician perceptions after software-assisted hospital discharge: Cluster randomized trial. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 4, 356–363. doi:10.1002/jhm.565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover, G., Berkowitz, C. D., & Lewis, R. J. (1994). Parental recall after a visit to the emergency department. Clinical Pediatrics, 33, 194–201.10.1177/000992289403300401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn-Goldberg, S., Okrainec, K., Damba, C., Huynh, T., Lau, D., Maxwell, J., … Abrams, H. B. (2016). Implementing patient-oriented discharge summaries (PODS): A multisite pilot across early adopter hospitals. Healthcare Quarterly, 19, 42–48.10.12927/hcq
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han, C. Y., Barnard, A., & Chapman, H. (2009). Discharge planning in the emergency department: A comprehensive approach. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 35, 525–527. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2009.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannafin, R. D. (2004). Achievement differences in structured versus unstructured instructional geometry programs. Educational Technology Research and Development, 52, 19–32.10.1007/BF02504770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings, S. N., Barrett, A., Weinberger, M., Oddone, E. Z., Ragsdale, L., Hocker, M., & Schmader, K. E. (2011). Older patients‘ understanding of emergency department discharge information and its relationship with adverse outcomes. Journal of Patient Safety, 7, 19–25. doi:10.1097/PTS.0b013e31820c7678 01209203-201103000-00004 [pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattie, J. A. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta analyses relating to achievement. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Houts, P. S., Bachrach, R., Witmer, J. T., Tringali, C. A., Bucher, J. A., & Localio, R. A. (1998). Using pictographs to enhance recall of spoken medical instructions. Patient Education and Counseling, 35, 83–88.10.1016/S0738-3991(98)00065-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacman, D. J., Purvis, K., Gyuro, J., Anderson, Y., & Smith, D. (1992). Standardized instructions: Do they improve communication of discharge information from the emergency department? Pediatrics, 89, 1204–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen, J., Butow, P. N., van Weert, J. C., van Dulmen, S., Devine, R. J., Heeren, T. J., … Tattersall, M. H. (2008). Does age really matter? Recall of information presented to newly referred patients with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 5450–5457. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.2322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, A., & Sandford, J. (2005). Written and verbal information versus verbal information only for patients being discharged from acute hospital settings to home: Systematic review. Health Education Research, 20, 423–429. doi:10.1093/her/cyg141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly, B. T., Scott, J. L., & Sanford, S. M. (1995). Simplification of emergency department discharge instructions improves patient comprehension. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 26, 443–446.10.1016/S0196-0644(95)70112-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopp, R., Rosenzweig, S., Bernstein, E., & Totten, V. (1996). Physician–patient communication in the emergency department, Part 1. Academic Emergency Medicine, 3, 1065–1069.10.1111/acem.1996.3.issue-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174.10.2307/2529310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langewitz, W. (2011). Patient-centered communication. In R. A. Adler, W. Herzog, P. Joraschky, K. Köhle, W. Langewitz, W. Söllner, & W. Wesiack (Eds.), Psychosomatische Medizin: Theoretische Modelle und klinische Praxis (pp. 338–347). München: Elsevier, Urban & Fischer.
   Google Scholar
• Lerman, B., & Kobernick, M. S. (1987). Return visits to the emergency department. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 5, 359–362.10.1016/0736-4679(87)90138-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley, P. (1979). Memory for medical information. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 245–255.10.1111/bjc.1979.18.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, G., Ning, N., Ramanathan, K., He, W., Pan, L., & Shi, L. (2013). Behind the magical numbers: Hierarchical chunking and the human working memory capacity. International Journal of Neural Systems, 23, 1350019. doi:10.1142/S0129065713500196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein, D. A., Arguelles, S., Bravo, M., Freeman, R. Q., Arguelles, T., Acevedo, A., & Eisdorfer, C. (2001). Caregivers' judgments of the functional abilities of the alzheimer's disease patient: A comparison of proxy reports and objective measures. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56, P78–84.10.1093/geronb/56.2.P78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, P. D., Schwab, R. A., Salomone, J. A., 3rd, & Watson, W. A. (1996). Patient understanding of emergency department discharge instructions. Southern Medical Journal, 89, 770–774.10.1097/00007611-199608000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number 7, plus or minus 2 – Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97.10.1037/h0043158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, D. G., Leirer, V. O., Carver, L. M., Tanke, E. D., & McNally, A. D. (1999). Effects of aging, message repetition, and note-taking on memory for health information. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54, P369–379.10.1093/geronb/54B.6.P369
   Google Scholar
• Nekolaichuk, C. L., Bruera, E., Spachynski, K., MacEachern, T., Hanson, J., & Maguire, T. O. (1999). A comparison of patient and proxy symptom assessments in advanced cancer patients. Palliative Medicine, 13, 311–323.10.1191/026921699675854885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong, L. M., de Haes, J. C., Hoos, A. M., & Lammes, F. B. (1995). Doctor–patient communication: A review of the literature. Social Science & Medicine, 40, 903–918.10.1016/0277-9536(94)00155-M
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paasche-Orlow, M. K., Parker, R. M., Gazmararian, J. A., Nielsen-Bohlman, L. T., & Rudd, R. R. (2005). The prevalence of limited health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20, 175–184. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.40245.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickard, A. S., & Knight, S. J. (2005). Proxy evaluation of health-related quality of life: A conceptual framework for understanding multiple proxy perspectives. Medical Care, 43, 493–499.10.1097/01.mlr.0000160419.27642.a8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racine, A. D., Alderman, E. M., & Avner, J. R. (2009). Effect of telephone calls from primary care practices on follow-up visits after pediatric emergency department visits: Evidence from the Pediatric Emergency Department Links to Primary Care (PEDLPC) randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163, 505–511. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers, A. M., Ramanath, V. S., Grzybowski, M., Riba, A. L., Jani, S. M., Mehta, R., … American College of Cardiology Foundation Bethesda, MD. (2007). The association between guideline-based treatment instructions at the point of discharge and lower 1-year mortality in medicare patients after acute myocardial infarction: The American College of Cardiology's Guidelines Applied in Practice (GAP) initiative in Michigan. American Heart Journal, 154, 461–469. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safeer, R. S., & Keenan, J. (2005). Health literacy: The gap between physicians and patients. American Family Physician, 72, 463–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels-Kalow, M. E., Stack, A. M., & Porter, S. C. (2012). Effective discharge communication in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 60, 152–159. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.10.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillinger, D., Piette, J., Grumbach, K., Wang, F., Wilson, C., Daher, C., … Bindman, A. B. (2003). Closing the loop: Physician communication with diabetic patients who have low health literacy. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 83–90.10.1001/archinte.163.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, D. E., Boggs, S. R., Melamed, B. G., & Graham-Pole, J. (1992). The effect of varied physician affect on recall, anxiety, and perceptions in women at risk for breast cancer: An analogue study. Health Psychology, 11, 61–66.10.1037/0278-6133.11.1.61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spandorfer, J. M., Karras, D. J., Hughes, L. A., & Caputo, C. (1995). Comprehension of discharge instructions by patients in an urban emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 25, 71–74. doi:S0196-0644(95)70358-6 [pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, E. O., Lai, C. S., Lee, K. K., Wong, R. S., Cheng, G., & Chan, T. Y. (2003). Relationship between patients’ warfarin knowledge and anticoagulation control. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 37, 34–39.10.1345/aph.1A198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traupmann, K. L. (1975). Effects of categorization and imagery on recognition and recall by process and reactive schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 307–314.10.1037/0021-843X.84.4.307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinson, D. R., & Patel, P. B. (2009). Facilitating follow-up after emergency care using an appointment assignment system. Journal For Healthcare Quality, 31, 18–24.10.1111/j.1945-1474.2009.00051.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson, P. W., & McKinstry, B. (2009). A systematic review of interventions to improve recall of medical advice in healthcare consultations. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 102, 235–243. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2009.090013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, C. S., Mason, A. C., Feehan, M., & Templeton, P. A. (1995). Informed consent for percutaneous lung biopsy: Comparison of two consent protocols based on patient recall after the procedure. American Journal of Roentgenology, 165, 1139–1142. doi:10.2214/ajr.165.5.7572491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, M. S., Davis, T. C., Curtis, L. M., Webb, J. A., Bailey, S. C., Shrank, W. H., … Wood, A. J. (2011). Effect of standardized, patient-centered label instructions to improve comprehension of prescription drug use. Medical Care, 49, 96–100. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181f38174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, M. S., Gazmararian, J. A., & Baker, D. W. (2005). Health literacy and functional health status among older adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165, 1946–1952. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.17.1946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng-Treitler, Q., Kim, H., & Hunter, M. (2008). Improving patient comprehension and recall of discharge instructions by supplementing free texts with pictographs. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 6, 849–853.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zorc, J. J., Chew, A., Allen, J. L., & Shaw, K. (2009). Beliefs and barriers to follow-up after an emergency department asthma visit: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 124, 1135–1142. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar