269
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety, and PTSD among Moroccan medical doctors in the COVID-19 pandemic: a national study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , , , , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, & show all
Pages 211-224 | Received 12 Jan 2021, Accepted 13 Apr 2022, Published online: 27 Apr 2022

References

  • Austria-Corrales, F., Cruz-Valdés, B., Herrera-Kiengelher, L., Vázquez-García, J. C., & Salas-Hernández, J. (2011). Síndrome de burnout en médicos mexicanos en entrenamiento durante una contingencia sanitaria por virus de influenza A H1N1 [Burnout syndrome among medical residents during the influenza A H1N1 sanitary contigency in Mexico]. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 147(2), 97–103 .
  • Bai, Y., Lin, C. C., Lin, C. Y., Chen, J. Y., Chue, C. M., & Chou, P. (2004). Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 55(9), 1055–1057. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.9.1055
  • Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
  • Bovin, M. J., Marx, B. P., Weathers, F. W., Gallagher, M. W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P. P., & Keane, T. M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1379–1391. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000254
  • Chan, A. O., & Huak, C. Y. (2004). Psychological impact of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on health care workers in a medium size regional general hospital in Singapore. Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England), 54(3), 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqh027
  • Chan, S. S., Leung, G. M., Tiwari, A. F., Salili, F., Leung, S. S., Wong, D. C., Wong, A. S., Lai, A. S., & Lam, T. H. (2005). The impact of work-related risk on nurses during the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong. Family & Community Health, 28(3), 274–287. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003727-200507000-00008
  • Chen, C. S., Wu, H. Y., Yang, P., & Yen, C. F. (2005). Psychological distress of nurses in Taiwan who worked during the outbreak of SARS. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 56(1), 76–79. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.56.1.76
  • d’Ettorre, G., Ceccarelli, G., Santinelli, L., Vassalini, P., Innocenti, G. P., Alessandri, F., Koukopoulos, A. E., Russo, A., d’Ettorre, G., & Tarsitani, L. (2021). Post-traumatic stress symptoms in healthcare workers dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020601
  • Della Monica, A., Ferrara, P., Dal Mas, F., Cobianchi, L., Scannapieco, F., & Ruta, F. (2022). The impact of Covid-19 healthcare emergency on the psychological well-being of health professionals: A review of literature. Annali di igiene: medicina preventiva e di comunita, 34(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2021.2445
  • Du, J., Dong, L., Wang, T., Yuan, C., Fu, R., Zhang, L., Liu, B., Zhang, M., Yin, Y., Qin, J., Bouey, J., Zhao, M., & Li, X. (2020). Psychological symptoms among frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan. General Hospital Psychiatry, 67, 144–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.03.011
  • Elbay, R. Y., Kurtulmuş, A., Arpacıoğlu, S., & Karadere, E. (2020). Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113130
  • Galbraith, N., Boyda, D., McFeeters, D., & Hassan, T. (2021). The mental health of doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic. BJPsych Bulletin, 45 (2) , 93–97. . https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2020.44
  • Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(6), 817–818. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562
  • García-Iglesias, J. J., Gómez-Salgado, J., Martín-Pereira, J., Fagundo-Rivera, J., Ayuso-Murillo, D., Martínez-Riera, J. R., & Ruiz-Frutos, C. (2020). Impacto del SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) en la salud mental de los profesionales sanitarios: Una revisión sistemática [Impact of SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) on the mental health of healthcare professionals: A systematic review.]. Revista espanola de salud publica, 94, e202007088.
  • GBD. 2015 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators. (2017). Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet (London, England), 390(10091), 231–266.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30818-8 .
  • Goulia, P., Mantas, C., Dimitroula, D., Mantis, D., & Hyphantis, T. (2010). General hospital staff worries, perceived sufficiency of information and associated psychological distress during the A/H1N1 influenza pandemic. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10(1), 322. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-322
  • Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S., & Wessely, S. (2020). Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 368, m1211. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1211
  • Ho, S. M., Kwong-Lo, R. S., Mak, C. W., & Wong, J. S. (2005). Fear of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) among health care workers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 344–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.2.344
  • Huang, J. Z., Han, M. F., Luo, T. D., Ren, A. K., & Zhou, X. P. (2020b). Zhonghua Lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi =. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 38(3), 192–195. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063
  • Ji, D., Ji, Y. J., Duan, X. Z., Li, W. G., Sun, Z. Q., Song, X. A., Meng, Y. H., Tang, H. M., Chu, F., Niu, X. X., Chen, G. F., Li, J., & Duan, H. J. (2017). Prevalence of psychological symptoms among Ebola survivors and healthcare workers during the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone: A cross-sectional study. Oncotarget, 8(8), 12784–12791. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.14498
  • Johnson, S. U., Ulvenes, P. G., Øktedalen, T., & Hoffart, A. (2019). Psychometric properties of the general anxiety disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01713
  • Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, B. X., Wang, Y., Hu, J., Lai, J., Ma, X., Chen, J., Guan, L., Wang, G., Ma, H., & Liu, Z. (2020a). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(3), e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X
  • Kim, J. S., & Choi, J. S. (2016). Factors influencing emergency nurses’ burnout during an outbreak of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Korea. Asian Nursing Research, 10(4), 295–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2016.10.002
  • Kisely, S., Warren, N., McMahon, L., Dalais, C., Henry, I., & Siskind, D. (2020). Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: Rapid review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 369, m1642. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1642
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
  • Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., Wu, J., Du, H., Chen, T., Li, R., Tan, H., Kang, L., Yao, L., Huang, M., Wang, H., Wang, G., Liu, Z., & Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open, 3(3), e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
  • Lancee, W. J., Maunder, R. G., & Goldbloom, D. S., & Coauthors for the Impact of SARS Study. (2008). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Toronto hospital workers one to two years after the SARS outbreak. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 59(1), 91–95.https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.1.91
  • Lee, S. M., Kang, W. S., Cho, A. R., Kim, T., & Park, J. K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003
  • Levis, B., Benedetti, A., & Thombs, B. D., & DEPRESsion Screening Data (DEPRESSD) Collaboration. (2019). Accuracy of patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: Individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 365, l1476. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1476
  • Li, Z., Ge, J., Yang, M., Feng, J., Qiao, M., Jiang, R., Bi, J., Zhan, G., Xu, X., Wang, L., Zhou, Q., Zhou, C., Pan, Y., Liu, S., Zhang, H., Yang, J., Zhu, B., Hu, Y., Hashimoto, K., Yang, C. (2020). Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 916–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
  • Li, L., Wan, C., Ding, R., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Wu, Z., Liang, C., He, Z., & Li, C. (2015). Mental distress among Liberian medical staff working at the China Ebola Treatment Unit: A cross sectional study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-015-0341-2
  • Lin, C. Y., Peng, Y. C., Wu, Y. H., Chang, J., Chan, C. H., & Yang, D. Y. (2007). The psychological effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome on emergency department staff. Emergency Medicine Journal: EMJ, 24(1), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2006.035089
  • Liu, X., Kakade, M., Fuller, C. J., Fan, B., Fang, Y., Kong, J., Guan, Z., & Wu, P. (2012). Depression after exposure to stressful events: Lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003
  • Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008). Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Medical Care, 46(3), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093
  • Luo, M., Guo, L., Yu, M., Jiang, W., & Wang, H. (2020). The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190
  • Manea, L., Gilbody, S., & McMillan, D. (2015). A diagnostic meta-analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression. General Hospital Psychiatry, 37(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.009
  • Matsuishi, K., Kawazoe, A., Imai, H., Ito, A., Mouri, K., Kitamura, N., Miyake, K., Mino, K., Isobe, M., Takamiya, S., Hitokoto, H., & Mita, T. (2012). Psychological impact of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 on general hospital workers in Kobe. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 66(4), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02336.x
  • Maunder, R. G., Lancee, W. J., Balderson, K. E., Bennett, J. P., Borgundvaag, B., Evans, S., Fernandes, C. M., Goldbloom, D. S., Gupta, M., Hunter, J. J., McGillis Hall, L., Nagle, L. M., Pain, C., Peczeniuk, S. S., Raymond, G., Read, N., Rourke, S. B., Steinberg, R. J., Stewart, T. E., … Wasylenki, D. A. (2006). Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(12), 1924–1932. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1212.060584
  • McAlonan, G. M., Lee, A. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Tsang, K. W., Sham, P. C., Chua, S. E., & Wong, J. G. (2007). Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 52(4), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200406
  • Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 901–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
  • Plummer, F., Manea, L., Trepel, D., & McMillan, D. (2016). Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: A systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 39, 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005
  • Serrano-Ripoll, M. J., Meneses-Echavez, J. F., Ricci-Cabello, I., Fraile-Navarro, D., Fiol-deroque, M. A., Pastor-Moreno, G., Castro, A., Ruiz-Pérez, I., Zamanillo Campos, R., & Gonçalves-Bradley, D. C. (2020). Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.034
  • Sim, K., Chong, P. N., Chan, Y. H., & Soon, W. S. (2004). Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related psychiatric and posttraumatic morbidities and coping responses in medical staff within a primary health care setting in Singapore. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(8), 1120–1127. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v65n0815
  • Styra, R., Hawryluck, L., Robinson, S., Kasapinovic, S., Fones, C., & Gold, W. L. (2008). Impact on health care workers employed in high-risk areas during the Toronto SARS outbreak. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(2), 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.07.015
  • Su, T. P., Lien, T. C., Yang, C. Y., Su, Y. L., Wang, J. H., Tsai, S. L., & Yin, J. C. (2007). Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and psychological adaptation of the nurses in a structured SARS caring unit during outbreak: A prospective and periodic assessment study in Taiwan. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(1–2), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.12.006
  • Tang, L., Pan, L., Yuan, L., & Zha, L. (2016). Prevalence and related factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among medical staff members exposed to H7N9 patients. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 4(1), 63–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2016.12.002
  • Tham, K., Tan, Y., Loh, O., Tan, W., Ong, M., & Tang, H. (2005). Psychological morbidity among emergency department doctors and nurses after the SARS outbreak. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12(4), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/102490790501200404
  • Verma, S., Mythily, S., Chan, Y. H., Deslypere, J. P., Teo, E. K., & Chong, S. A. (2004). Post-SARS psychological morbidity and stigma among general practitioners and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners in Singapore. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 33(6), 743–748.
  • Wortmann, J. H., Jordan, A. H., Weathers, F. W., Resick, P. A., Dondanville, K. A., Hall-Clark, B., Foa, E. B., Young-mccaughan, S., Yarvis, J. S., Hembree, E. A., Mintz, J., Peterson, A. L., & Litz, B. T. (2016). Psychometric analysis of the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5) among treatment-seeking military service members. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1392–1403. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000260
  • Wu, P., Liu, X., Fang, Y., Fan, B., Fuller, C. J., Guan, Z., Yao, Z., Kong, J., Lu, J., & Litvak, I. J. (2008). Alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms among hospital employees exposed to a SARS outbreak. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 43(6), 706–712. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agn073
  • Xiao, X., Zhu, X., Fu, S., Hu, Y., Li, X., & Xiao, J. (2020a). Psychological impact of healthcare workers in China during COVID-19 pneumonia epidemic: A multi-center cross-sectional survey investigation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 405–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.081
  • Zhang, W. R., Wang, K., Yin, L., Zhao, W. F., Xue, Q., Peng, M., Min, B. Q., Tian, Q., Leng, H. X., Du, J. L., Chang, H., Yang, Y., Li, W., Shangguan, F. F., Yan, T. Y., Dong, H. Q., Han, Y., Wang, Y. P., Cosci, F., & Wang, H. X. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 89(4), 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507639
  • Zhu, Z., Xu, S., Wang, H., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Li, G., Miao, J., Zhang, C., Yang, Y., Sun, W., Zhu, S., Fan, Y., Chen, Y., Hu, J., Liu, J., & Wang, W. (2020). COVID-19 in Wuhan: Sociodemographic characteristics and hospital support measures associated with the immediate psychological impact on healthcare workers. EClinicalMedicine, 24, 100443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100443

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.