355
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Risk of cardiovascular outcomes in users of estradiol/dydrogesterone or other HRT preparations

, &
Pages 445-453 | Received 05 Dec 2008, Accepted 21 Jan 2009, Published online: 19 Sep 2009

References

  • Sourander L, Rajala T, Raiha I, Makinen J, Erkkola R, Helenius H. Cardiovascular and cancer morbidity and mortality and sudden cardiac death in postmenopausal women on oestrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Lancet 1998; 352: 1965–1969
  • Daly E, Vessey M P, Hawkins M M, Carson J L, Gough P, Marsh S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 1996; 348: 977–980
  • Cushman M, Kuller L H, Prentice R, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 2004; 292: 1573–1580
  • Jick H, Derby L E, Myers M W, Vasilakis C, Newton K M. Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal oestrogens. Lancet 1996; 348: 981–983
  • Smith N L, Heckbert S R, Lemaitre R N, et al. Esterified estrogens and conjugated equine estrogens and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 2004; 292: 1581–1587
  • Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Lowe G D, Scarabin P Y. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2008; 336: 1227–1231
  • Schindler A E, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, et al. Classification and pharmacology of progestins. Maturitas 2003; 46(Suppl 1)S7–S16
  • Sitruk-Ware R. Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas 2004; 47: 277–283
  • Seeger H, Mueck A O. Effects of dydrogesterone on the vascular system. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007; 23(Suppl 1)2–8
  • Oishi A, Ohmichi M, Takahashi K, et al. Medroxyprogesterone acetate attenuates estrogen-induced nitric oxide production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324: 193–198
  • Simoncini T, Caruso A, Giretti M S, et al. Effects of dydrogesterone and of its stable metabolite, 20-alpha-dihydrodydrogesterone, on nitric oxide synthesis in human endothelial cells. Fertil Steril 2006; 86(Suppl 4)1235–1242
  • Simoncini T, Fu X D, Caruso A, et al. Drospirenone increases endothelial nitric oxide synthesis via a combined action on progesterone and mineralocorticoid receptors. Hum Reprod 2007; 22: 2325–2334
  • Lawson D H, Sherman V, Hollowell J. The General Practice Research Database. Scientific and Ethical Advisory Group. Q J Med 1998; 91: 445–452
  • Garcia Rodriguez L A, Perez Gutthann S. Use of the UK General Practice Research Database for pharmacoepidemiology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 45: 419–425
  • Jick H. A database worth saving. Lancet 1997; 350: 1045–1046
  • Wood L, Martinez C. The general practice research database: role in pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf 2004; 27: 871–881
  • Jick H, Jick S S, Derby L E. Validation of information recorded on general practitioner based computerised data resource in the United Kingdom. BMJ 1991; 302: 766–768
  • Jick S S, Kaye J A, Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, et al. Validity of the General Practice Research Database. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23: 686–689
  • Mijatovic V, Kenemans P, Netelenbos C, et al. Postmenopausal oral 17beta-estradiol continuously combined with dydrogesterone reduces fasting serum homocysteine levels. Fertil Steril 1998; 69: 876–882
  • Smolders R G, de Meer K, Kenemans P, Teerlink T, Jakobs C, van der Mooren M J. Hormone replacement influences homocysteine levels in the methionine-loading test: a randomized placebo controlled trial in postmenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 117: 55–59
  • Chiantera V, Sarti C D, Fornaro F, et al. Long-term effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on plasma homocysteine levels. Menopause 2003; 10: 286–291
  • Kwok S, Charlton-Menys V, Pemberton P, McElduff P, Durrington P N. Effects of dydrogesterone and norethisterone, in combination with oestradiol, on lipoproteins and inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2006; 53: 439–446
  • Bain C A, Walters M R, Lees K R, Lumsden M A. The effect of HRT on cerebral haemodynamics and cerebral vasomotor reactivity in post-menopausal women. Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 2411–2414
  • Sare G M, Gray L J, Bath P M. Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent arterial and venous vascular events: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2031–2041
  • Grodstein F, Manson J E, Stampfer M J, Rexrode K. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and stroke: role of time since menopause and age at initiation of hormone therapy. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 861–866
  • Nelson H D, Humphrey L L, Nygren P, Teutsch S M, Allan J D. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. JAMA 2002; 288: 872–881
  • Suparto I H, Williams J K, Cline J M, Anthony M S, Fox J L. Contrasting effects of two hormone replacement therapies on the cardiovascular and mammary gland outcomes in surgically postmenopausal monkeys. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 1132–1140
  • Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, et al. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study. Circulation 2007; 115: 840–845

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.