References
- Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321–33
- Spitzer WO, Lewis MA, Heinemann LA, Thorogood M, MacRae KD. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: an international case-control study. Transnational Research Group on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. BMJ 1996;312:83–8
- Dinger JC, Heinemann LAJ, Kühl-Habich D. The safety of a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive: final results from the European Active Surveillance study on Oral Contraceptives based on 142,475 women-years of observation. Contraception 2007;75:344–54
- Dinger J, Bardenheuer K, Heinemann K. Cardiovascular and general safety of a 24-day regimen of drospirenone-containing combined oral contraceptives: final results from the International Active Surveillance Study of Women Taking Oral Contraceptives. Contraception 2014;89:253–63
- Krattenmacher R. Drospirenone: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of a unique progestogen. Contraception 2000;62:29–38
- Dinger JC, Heinemann LAJ. European active surveillance study of women taking HRT (EURAS-HRT): study protocol. BMC Women's Health 2006;6:1
- Heinemann LA, Dinger J. Safety of a new oral contraceptive containing drospirenone. Drug Saf 2004;27:1001–18
- Machin D, Campbell MJ. Statistical Tables for Design of Clinical Trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987
- Susser M. What is a cause and how do we know one? A grammar for pragmatic epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:635–48
- Rothman KJ, Poole C. A strengthening programme for weak associations. Int J Epidemiol 1988;17:955–9
- Khoury MJ, James LM, Flanders WD, Erickson JD. Interpretation of recurring weak associations obtained from epidemiologic studies of suspected human teratogens. Teratology 1992;46:69–77
- Shapiro S. Bias in the evaluation of low-magnitude associations: an empirical perspective. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:939–45
- Shapiro S. Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker’s guide to the epidemiological galaxy. 2. Principles of causality in epidemiological research: confounding, effect modification and strength of association. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2008;34:185–90
- Shapiro S. Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker’s guide to the epidemiological galaxy. 3. Principles of causality in epidemiological research: statistical stability, dose- and duration response effects, internal and external consistency, analogy and biological plausibility. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2008;34:261–4
- Taubes G. Epidemiology faces its limits. Science 1995;269:164–9
- Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med 1965;58:295–300
- Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ. Postmenopausal hormone use and secondary prevention of coronary events in the Nurses' Health Study. a prospective, observational study. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:1–8
- Rabe T, Luxembourg B, Ludwig M, et al. Contraception and Thrombophilia – A statement from the German Society for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine (DGGEF e.V.) and the Professional Association of German Gynaecologists. J Reproduktionsmed Endokrinol 2011;8:126–67
- Suissa S, Blais L, Spitzer WO, Cusson J, Lewis M, Heinemann L. First-time use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception 1997;56:141–6
- Suissa S, Spitzer WO, Rainville B, Cusson J, Lewis M, Heinemann L. Recurrent use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Hum Reprod 2000;15:817–21
- Scurr JH, Machin SJ, Bailey-King S, Mackie IJ, McDonald S, Smith PDC. Frequency and prevention of symptomless deep-vein thrombosis in long-haul flights: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:1485–9
- Belcaro C, Geroulakos G, Nicolaides AN, Myers KA, Winford M. Venous thromboembolism from air travel: the LONFLIT Study. Angiology 2001;52:369–74
- Schwarz T, Siegert G, Oettler W, et al. Venous thrombosis following long-haul flights. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2759–64
- Oelkers W, Foidart JM, Dombrovicz N, Welter A, Heithecker R. Effects of a new oral contraceptive containing an antimineralocorticoid progestogen, drospirenone, on the renin-aldosterone system, body weight, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and lipid metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:1816–21
- Preston RA, White WB, Pitt B, Bakris G, Norris PM, Hanes V. Effects of drospirenone/17β-estradiol on blood pressure and potassium balance in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Am J Hypertens 2005;18:797–804
- White WB, Hanes V, Chauhan V, Pitt B. Effects of a new hormone therapy, drospirenone and 17β-estradiol, in postmenopausal women with hypertension. Hypertension 2006;48:246–53
- Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. NEJM 1999;341:709–17.
- Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. NEJM 2003;348:1309–21