Age-related differences in left ventricular structure and function between healthy men and women

References

• Merz AA, Cheng S. Sex differences in cardiovascular ageing. Heart 2016;102:825–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nio AQX, Stöhr EJ, Shave R. The female human heart at rest and during exercise: a review. Eur J Sport Sci 2015;15:286–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannenberg AL, Levy D, Garrison RJ. Impact of age on echocardiographic left ventricular mass in a healthy population (the Framingham Study). Am J Cardiol 1989;64:1066–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daimon M, Watanabe H, Abe Y, et al. Gender differences in age-related changes in left and right ventricular geometries and functions. Echocardiography of a healthy subject group. Circ J 2011;75:2840–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho JC, Farand P, Do HD, Brochu MC, Bonenfant F, Lepage S. Effect of age and sex on echocardiographic left ventricular diastolic function parameters in patients with preserved ejection fraction and normal valvular function. Cardiol J 2013;20:513–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandi A, Venco A, Barzizza F, Scalise F, Pantaleo P, Finardi G. Influence of age and sex on left ventricular anatomy and function in normals. Cardiology 1992;81:8–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luczak ED, Leinwand LA. Sex-based cardiac physiology. Annu Rev Physiol 2009;71:1–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natori S, Lai S, Finn JP, Gomes AS, et al. Cardiovascular function in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: normal values by age, sex, and ethnicity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;186:S357–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okura H, Takada Y, Yamabe A, et al. Age-and gender-specific changes in the left ventricular relaxation: a Doppler echocardiographic study in healthy individuals. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:41–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivetti G, Giordano G, Corradi D, et al. Gender differences and aging: effects on the human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1068–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Borlaug BA, Rodeheffer RJ, Kass DA. Age- and gender-related ventricular-vascular stiffening: a community-based study. Circulation 2005;112:2254–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosla S, Melton III LJ, Atkinson EJ, O’Fallon W, Klee GG, Riggs BL. Relationship of serum sex steroid levels and bone turnover markers with bone mineral density in men and women: a key role for bioavailable estrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2266–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tea NT, Castanier M, Roger M, Scholler R. Simultaneous radioimmunoassay of plasma progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone normal values in children, in men and in women throughout the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy. J Steroid Biochem 1975;6:1509–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zouhal H, Jacob C, Delamarche P, Gratas-Delamarche A. Catecholamines and the effects of exercise, training and gender. Sports Med 2008;38:401–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyon AR, Rees PS, Prasad S, Poole-Wilson PA, Harding SE. Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy: a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008;5:22–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paur H, Wright PT, Sikkel MB, et al. High levels of circulating epinephrine trigger apical cardiodepression in a β2-adrenergic receptor/Gi–dependent manner: a new model of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2012;126:697–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Chen G, Papp R, DeFranco DB, Zeng F, Salama G. Oestrogen upregulates L-type Ca2+ channels via oestrogen-receptor-α by a regional genomic mechanism in female rabbit hearts. J Physiol 2012;590:493–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouri F, Hanoun N, Mediani O, et al. Blockade of β1- and desensitization of β2-adrenoceptors reduce isoprenaline-induced cardiac fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;485:227–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubey RK, Gillespie DG, Jackson EK, Keller PJ. 17β-Estradiol, its metabolites, and progesterone inhibit cardiac fibroblast growth. Hypertension 1998;31:522–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalil JE, Doering CW, Janicki JS, Pick R, Shroff SG, Weber KT. Fibrillar collagen and myocardial stiffness in the intact hypertrophied rat left ventricle. Circ Res 1989;64:1041–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:165–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, et al. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop +10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. Climacteric 2012;15:105–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Düzenli M, Ozdemir K, Sokmen A, et al. Effects of menopause on the myocardial velocities and myocardial performance index. Circ J 2007;71:1728–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kangro T, Henriksen E, Jonason T, et al. Effect of menopause on left ventricular filling in 50-year-old women. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:1093–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Porcellati C. Early cardiac changes after menopause. Hypertension 1998;32:764–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green JS, Stanforth PR, Gagnon J, et al. Menopause, estrogen, and training effects on exercise hemodynamics: the HERITAGE study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:74–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau KL, Hildreth KL, Meditz AL, Deane KD, Kohrt WM. Endothelial function is impaired across the stages of the menopause transition in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:4692–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnin J, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr 1974;32:77–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siri W. Body composition from fluid space and density. In Brozek J, Henschel A, eds. Techniques for Measuring Body Composition. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1961:223–4
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Stringer WW, Whipp BJ. Clinical exercise testing. In Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation: Including pathophysiology and clinical applications. 4th edn. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005:133–59
   Google Scholar
• Myers J, Kaminsky LA, Lima R, Chistle J, Ashley E, Arena R. A reference equation for normal standards for VO2 max: analysis from the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND registry). Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017; Epub ahead of print
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr 2006;7:79–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey FE, Rosenthal D, Murphy DJ, Froelicher VF, Ashley EA. Does size matter? Clinical applications of scaling cardiac size and function for body size. Circulation 2008;117:2279–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batterham AM, George KP, Mullineaux DR. Allometric scaling of left ventricular mass by body dimensions in males and females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:181–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöhr EJ, Stembridge M, Esformes JI. In vivo human cardiac shortening and lengthening velocity is region dependent and not coupled with heart rate: ‘longitudinal’ strain rate markedly underestimates apical contribution. Exp Physiol 2015;100:507–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dalen BM, Soliman O II, Vletter WB, ten Cate FJ, Geleijnse ML. Age-related changes in the biomechanics of left ventricular twist measured by speckle tracking echocardiography. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;295:H1705–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoneyama K, Gjesdal O, Choi EY, et al. Age, sex, and hypertension-related remodeling influences left ventricular torsion assessed by tagged cardiac magnetic resonance in asymptomatic individuals: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2012;126:2481–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns AT, La Gerche A, Prior DL, MacIsaac AI. Left ventricular untwisting is an important determinant of early diastolic function. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:709–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria; 2015. Available from: http://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG. Buchner A. G* Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007;39:175–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duzenli M, Ozdemir K, Sokmen A, et al. The effects of hormone replacement therapy on myocardial performance in early postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2010;13:157–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskin Kurt R, Nacar AB, Güler A, et al. Menopausal cardiomyopathy: does it really exist? A case-control deformation imaging study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014;40:1748–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxenham HC, Young AA, Cowan BR, et al. Age-related changes in myocardial relaxation using three-dimensional tagged magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2003;5:421–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papamitsou T, Barlagiannis D, Papaliagkas V, Kotanidou E, Dermentzopoulou-Theodoridou M. Testosterone-induced hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis of cardiac cells: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Med Sci Monit 2011;17:BR266–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizgirda VM, Wahler GM, Sondgeroth KL, Ziolo MT, Schwertz DW. Mechanisms of sex differences in rat cardiac myocyte response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;282:H256–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anversa P, Capasso J. Cellular basis of aging in the mammalian heart. Scanning Microsc 1991;5:1065–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lumens J, Delhaas T, Arts T, Cowan BR, Young AA. Impaired subendocardial contractile myofiber function in asymptomatic aged humans, as detected using MRI. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;291:H1573–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes VRS, Polak JF, Cheng S, et al. Arterial stiffness is associated with regional ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:194–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2588–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinderliter AL, Sherwood A, Blumenthal JA, et al. Changes in hemodynamics and left ventricular structure after menopause. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:830–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar