Skin, hair and beyond: the impact of menopause

References

• Research on the menopause in the 1990s. Report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1996;866:1–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brambilla DJ, McKinlay SM. A prospective study of factors affecting age at menopause. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42(11):1031–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruin JP, Bovenhuis H, van Noord PA, et al. The role of genetic factors in age at natural menopause. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(9):2014–2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midgette AS, Baron JA. Cigarette smoking and the risk of natural menopause. Epidemiology. 1990;1(6):474–480.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleming LE, Levis S, LeBlanc WG, et al. Earlier age at menopause, work, and tobacco smoke exposure. Menopause. 2008;15(6):1103–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):531–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkerton JV. Hormone therapy for postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(5):446–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimenta F, Leal I, Maroco J, et al. Menopause symptoms' predictors: the influence of lifestyle, health- and menopause-related, and sociodemographic characteristics. J Women Aging. 2012;24(2):140–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitch C, Doherty V, Gebbie A. Women's perceptions of the effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on skin. Menopause Int. 2011;17(1):11–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LePillouer-Prost A, Kerob D, Nielsen M, et al. Skin and menopause: women's point of view. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(6):e267–e269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lephart ED. A review of the role of estrogen in dermal aging and facial attractiveness in women. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(3):282–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume-Peytavi U, Atkin S, Gieler U, et al. Skin academy: hair, skin, hormones and menopause – current status/knowledge on the management of hair disorders in menopausal women. Eur J Dermatol. 2012;22(3):310–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiba S, Shinkura R, Miyamoto K, et al. Influence of chronic UV exposure and lifestyle on facial skin photo-aging-results from a pilot study. J Epidemiol. 1999;9(6 Suppl):S136–S42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolff E, Pal L, Altun T, et al. Skin wrinkles and rigidity in early postmenopausal women vary by race/ethnicity: baseline characteristics of the skin ancillary study of the KEEPS trial. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(2):658–662.e1-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton MJ. Estrogens and aging skin. Dermatoendocrinol. 2013;5(2):264–270.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calleja-Agius J, Muscat-Baron Y, Brincat MP. Skin ageing. Menopause Int. 2007;13(2):60–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brincat MP, Baron YM, Galea R. Estrogens and the skin. Climacteric. 2005;8(2):110–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brincat M, Kabalan S, Studd JW, et al. A study of the decrease of skin collagen content, skin thickness, and bone mass in the postmenopausal woman. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70(6):840–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Bride MB, Rhodes DJ, Shuster LT. Vulvovaginal atrophy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(1):87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portman DJ, Gass ML. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the international society for the study of women's sexual health and the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2014;21(10):1063–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calleja-Agius J, Brincat MP. The urogenital system and the menopause. Climacteric. 2015;18(Suppl 1):18–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santoro N, Komi J. Prevalence and impact of vaginal symptoms among postmenopausal women. J Sex Med. 2009;6(8):2133–2142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri V, Suri V. Menopause and oral health. J Midlife Health. 2014;5(3):115–120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slominski A, Zbytek B, Nikolakis G, et al. Steroidogenesis in the skin: implications for local immune functions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;137:107–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su HI, Freeman EW. Hormone changes associated with the menopausal transition. Minerva Ginecol. 2009;61(6):483–489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Somasundaram A, Rothenberger NJ, Stabile LP. The impact of estrogen in the tumor microenvironment. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1277:33–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barakat R, Oakley O, Kim H, et al. Extra-gonadal sites of estrogen biosynthesis and function. BMB Rep. 2016;49(9):488–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes N, Silveyra P. Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 2019;116:135–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC. The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland. Hormones. 2004;3(1):9–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emoto N, Ling N, Baird A. Growth factor-mediated regulation of aromatase activity in human skin fibroblasts. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1991;196(3):351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makrantonaki E, Vogel K, Fimmel S, et al. Interplay of IGF-I and 17beta-estradiol at age-specific levels in human sebocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. Exp Gerontol. 2008;43(10):939–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton MJ, Taylor AH, Mulligan K, et al. Oestrogen receptor beta is the predominant oestrogen receptor in human scalp skin. Exp Dermatol. 2003;12(2):181–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reus TL, Brohem CA, Schuck DC, et al. Revisiting the effects of menopause on the skin: functional changes, clinical studies, in vitro models and therapeutic alternatives. Mech Ageing Dev. 2020;185:111193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollina U, Abdel-Naser MB, Ganceviciene R, et al. Receptors of eccrine, apocrine, and holocrine skin glands. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25(4):577–588, ix.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC. Human skin: an independent peripheral endocrine organ. Horm Res. 2000;54(5–6):230–242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall G, Phillips TJ. Estrogen and skin: the effects of estrogen, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy on the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(4):555–568. quiz 569–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rzepecki AK, Murase JE, Juran R, et al. Estrogen-deficient skin: the role of topical therapy. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2019;5(2):85–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lephart ED, Naftolin F. Menopause and the skin: old favorites and new innovations in cosmeceuticals for estrogen-deficient skin. Dermatol Ther. 2021;11(1):53–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Mohtadi M, Whitehead K, Dempsey-Hibbert N, et al. Estrogen deficiency – a central paradigm in age-related impaired healing? Excli J. 2021;20:99–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson HN, Hardman MJ. A role for estrogen in skin ageing and dermal biomechanics. Mech Ageing Dev. 2021;197:111513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grymowicz M, Rudnicka E, Podfigurna A, et al. Hormonal effects on hair follicles. IJMS. 2020;21(15):5342.
   Google Scholar
• Khunger N, Mehrotra K. Menopausal acne – challenges and solutions. Int J Womens Health. 2019;11:555–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messenger AG. Hair through the female life cycle. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(Suppl 3):2–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duarte GV, Trigo AC, Paim de Oliveira M. D. F. Skin disorders during menopause. Cutis. 2016;97(2):E16–E23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirmirani P. Hormonal changes in menopause: do they contribute to a 'midlife hair crisis' in women? Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(Suppl 3):7–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bienenfeld A, Azarchi S, Lo Sicco K, et al. Androgens in women: androgen-mediated skin disease and patient evaluation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(6):1497–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrie F, Martel C, Balser J. Wide distribution of the serum dehydroepiandrosterone and sex steroid levels in postmenopausal women: role of the ovary? Menopause. 2011;18(1):30–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters EM. Stressed skin?-A molecular psychosomatic update on stress-causes and effects in dermatologic diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2016;14(3):233–252; quiz 253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Skobowiat C, et al. Sensing the environment: regulation of local and global homeostasis by the skin's neuroendocrine system. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 2012;212v, vii, :v, vii, 1–115.
   Google Scholar
• Maarouf M, Maarouf CL, Yosipovitch G, et al. The impact of stress on epidermal barrier function: an evidence-based review. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181(6):1129–1137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods NF, Mitchell ES. The Seattle midlife women's health study: a longitudinal prospective study of women during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause. Womens Midlife Health. 2016;2:6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prasad N, Jabbar PK, Jayakumari C, et al. Late-night salivary cortisol in healthy, community-dwelling Asian Indians assessed by second-generation ECLIA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(8):dgaa269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahan V, Andersen ML, Tomimori J, et al. Stress, immunity and skin collagen integrity: evidence from animal models and clinical conditions. Brain Behav Immun. 2009;23(8):1089–1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters EMJ, Müller Y, Snaga W, et al. Hair and stress: a pilot study of hair and cytokine balance alteration in healthy young women under major exam stress. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nudy M. Jiang X, Aragaki AK, et al.  The severity of vasomotor symptoms and number of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women and select clinical health outcomes in the women's health initiative calcium and vitamin D randomized clinical trial. Menopause. 2020;27(11):1265–1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozsoy-Unubol T, Candan Z, Atar E, et al.  The effect of vitamin D and exercise on balance and fall risk in postmenopausal women: A randomised controlled study. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(12):e–14851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamronrithisorn T, Manonai J, Vallibhakara A-O, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplement on vulvovaginal atrophy of the menopause. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2876. doi:10.3390/nu12092876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira PP, Cangussu L, Bueloni-Dias FN, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves the metabolic syndrome risk profile in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2020;23(1):24–31. doi:10.1080/13697137.2019.1611761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez‐Castrillón JL, Dueñas‐Laita A, Brandi ML, et al. Calcifediol is superior to cholecalciferol in improving vitamin D status in postmenopausal women: A randomized trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2021;36(10):1967–1978. doi:10.1002/jbmr.4387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrado A, Rotondo C, Cici D, et al. Effects of different vitamin D supplementation schemes in post-menopausal women: A monocentric open-label randomized study. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):380 doi:10.3390/nu13020380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toffol E, Kalleinen N, Haukka J, et al. Melatonin in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: associations with mood, sleep, climacteric symptoms, and quality of life. Menopause. 2014;21(5):493–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccaro CM, Capozzi A, Ettore G, et al. What women think about menopause: an Italian survey. Maturitas. 2021;147:47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis SR, Lambrinoudaki I, Lumsden M, et al. Menopause. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baber RJ, Panay N, Fenton A. 2016 IMS recommendations on women's midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2016;19(2):109–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer RD, Hodis HN, Lobo RA, et al. Hormone replacement therapy – where are we now? Climacteric. 2021;24(1):3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Manson JE, Kaunitz AM, et al. Lessons learned from the women's health initiative trials of menopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(1):172–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios S, Stevenson JC, Schaudig K, et al. Hormone therapy for first-line management of menopausal symptoms: practical recommendations. Womens Health. 2019;15:1745506519864009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Kaunitz AM, et al. The women's health initiative trials of menopausal hormone therapy: lessons learned. Menopause. 2020;27(8):918–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo RA. Hormone-replacement therapy: current thinking. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(4):220–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider HPG, Birkhäuser M. Quality of life in climacteric women. Climacteric. 2017;20(3):187–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta J, Kling JM, Manson JE. Risks, benefits, and treatment modalities of menopausal hormone therapy: current concepts. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12(564781):564781.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017;24(7):728–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haring B, Liu J, Rapp SR, et al. Heart rate, brain imaging biomarkers and cognitive impairment in older (≥63 years) women. Am J Cardiol. 2020;129:102–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coker LH, Espeland MA, Rapp SR, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cognitive outcomes: the women's health initiative memory study (WHIMS). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;118(4–5):304–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the women's health initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2013;310(13):1353–1368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, et al. Conjugated equine oestrogen and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: extended follow-up of the women's health initiative randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(5):476–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkerton JV, Conner EA. Beyond estrogen: advances in tissue selective estrogen complexes and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Climacteric. 2019;22(2):140–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirkin S, Komm BS, Pan K, et al. Effects of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens on endometrial safety and bone in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2013;16(3):338–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkerton JV, Harvey JA, Pan K, et al. Breast effects of bazedoxifene-conjugated estrogens: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(5):959–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komm BS, Mirkin S. Incorporating bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens into the current paradigm of menopausal therapy. Int J Womens Health. 2012;4:129–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kagan R, et al. Efficacy of tissue-selective estrogen complex of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens for osteoporosis prevention in at-risk postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(3):1045–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komm BS, Mirkin S, Jenkins SN. Development of conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene, the first tissue selective estrogen complex (TSEC) for management of menopausal hot flashes and postmenopausal bone loss. Steroids. 2014;90:71–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkerton JV, Utian WH, Constantine GD, et al. Relief of vasomotor symptoms with the tissue-selective estrogen complex containing bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens: a randomized, controlled trial. Menopause. 2009;16(6):1116–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickar JH, Boucher M, Morgenstern D. Tissue selective estrogen complex (TSEC): a review. Menopause. 2018;25(9):1033–1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkerton JV. Hormone therapy for postmenopausal women. Reply. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(24):e91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Kaunitz AM. Menopause management-getting clinical care back on track. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(9):803–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2015;22(11):1155–1172. quiz 1173–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piérard GE, Humbert P, Berardesca E, et al. Revisiting the cutaneous impact of oral hormone replacement therapy. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:971760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheux R, Naud F, Rioux M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effect of conjugated estrogens on skin thickness. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170(2):642–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauerbronn AV, Fonseca AM, Bagnoli VR, et al. The effects of systemic hormonal replacement therapy on the skin of postmenopausal women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000;68(1):35–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sator PG, Sator MO, Schmidt JB, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the influence of a hormone replacement therapy on skin aging in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2007;10(4):320–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE. Postmenopausal aging of the sebaceous follicle: a comparison between women receiving hormone replacement therapy or not. Dermatology. 2002;204(1):17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff EF, Narayan D, Taylor HS. Long-term effects of hormone therapy on skin rigidity and wrinkles. Fertil Steril. 2005;84(2):285–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creidi P, Faivre B, Agache P, et al. Effect of a conjugated oestrogen (premarin) cream on ageing facial skin. A comparative study with a placebo cream. Maturitas. 1994;19(3):211–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips TJ, Symons J, Menon S. Does hormone therapy improve age-related skin changes in postmenopausal women? A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled multicenter study assessing the effects of norethindrone acetate and ethinyl estradiol in the improvement of mild to moderate age-related skin changes in postmenopausal women. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(3):397–404.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon HS, Lee SR, Chung JH. Long-term topical oestrogen treatment of sun-exposed facial skin in post-menopausal women does not improve facial wrinkles or skin elasticity, but induces matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;94(1):4–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen CM, Pal L, Mumford SL, et al. Effects of hormones on skin wrinkles and rigidity vary by race/ethnicity: four-year follow-up from the ancillary skin study of the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study. Fertil Steril. 2016;106(5):1170–1175.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittie L, Kang S, Voorhees JJ, et al. Induction of collagen by estradiol: difference between sun-protected and photodamaged human skin in vivo. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144(9):1129–1140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevenson S, Thornton J. Effect of estrogens on skin aging and the potential role of SERMs. Clin Interv Aging. 2007;2(3):283–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdier-Sévrain S. Effect of estrogens on skin aging and the potential role of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Climacteric. 2007;10(4):289–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surazynski A, Jarzabek K, Haczynski J, et al. Differential effects of estradiol and raloxifene on collagen biosynthesis in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med. 2003;12(5):803–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Kasama S, et al. Effects of raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy on forearm skin elasticity in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2009;62(1):53–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formoso G, Perrone E, Maltoni S, et al. Short-term and long-term effects of tibolone in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10(10):Cd008536.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Desai K, Almeida B, Miteva M. Understanding hormonal therapies: overview for the dermatologist focused on hair. Dermatology. 2021;237(5):786–786.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gasser S, Heidemeyer K, von Wolff M, et al. Impact of progesterone on skin and hair in menopause – a comprehensive review. Climacteric. 2021;24(3):229–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouloc A, Roo E, Moga A, et al. A compensating skin care complex containing pro-xylane in menopausal women: results from a multicentre, evaluator-blinded, randomized study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97(4):541–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limtrakul P, Yodkeeree S, Thippraphan P, et al. Anti-aging and tyrosinase inhibition effects of cassia fistula flower butanolic extract. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16(1):497.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nusgens BV. Hyaluronic acid and extracellular matrix: a primitive molecule?. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2010;137(Suppl 1):S3–S8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dos Santos CCM, Uggioni MLR, Colonetti T, et al. Hyaluronic acid in postmenopause vaginal atrophy: a systematic review. J Sex Med. 2021;18(1):156–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume-Peytavi U, Bagot M, Tennstedt D, et al. Dermatology today and tomorrow: from symptom control to targeted therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(Suppl 1):3–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loussouarn G, Courtois M, Hourseau C. A new approach to the prevention and cosmetic treatment of alopecia: aminexil. BEDC. 1997;5(1):1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Reygagne P. Evaluation clinique de la stémoxydine à 5% en lotion sur la densité capillaire. Annales de dermatologie et vénérologie. 2013;140:9–12. [French].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passeron T, Krutmann J, Andersen ML, et al. Clinical and biological impact of the exposome on the skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(Suppl 4):4–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krutmann J, Schalka S, Watson REB, et al. Daily photoprotection to prevent photoaging. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2021;37(6):482–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lethaby A, Ayeleke RO, Roberts H. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(8):Cd001500.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Constantine GD, Graham S, Lapane K, et al. Endometrial safety of low-dose vaginal estrogens in menopausal women: a systematic evidence review. Menopause. 2019;26(7):800–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung S, Lademann J, Darvin ME, et al. In vivo characterization of structural changes after topical application of glucocorticoids in healthy human skin. J Biomed Opt. 2017;22(7):76018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim BJ, Lee NR, Lee CH, et al. Increased expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 contributes to epidermal permeability barrier dysfunction in aged skin. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(11):5750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trüeb RM. Aging of hair. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2005;4(2):60–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahluwalia J, Fabi SG. The psychological and aesthetic impact of age-related hair changes in females. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(4):1161–1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somani N, Turvy D. Hirsutism: an evidence-based treatment update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15(3):247–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar