Do transformational-oriented leadership and transactional-oriented leadership have an impact on whistle-blowing attitudes? A longitudinal examination conducted in US federal agencies

References

• Abbey, D. E., and J. P. Esposito. 1985. “Social Support and Principal Leadership Style: A Means to Reduce Teacher Stress.” Education 105 (3): 327–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrell, C., W. Rowold, and M. Moenninghoff. 2011. “Evaluation of A Long-Term Transformational Leadership Development Program.” Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung 25: 205–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avolio, B. J., B. M. Bass, and D. I. Jung. 1995. MLQ: Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Technical Report). Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
   Google Scholar
• Bacha, E., and S. Walker. 2013. “The Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Followers’ Perceptions of Fairness.” Journal of Business Ethics 116 (3): 667–680. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1507-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barling, J., T. Weber, and E. K. Kelloway. 1996. “Effects of Transformational Leadership Training on Attitudinal and Financial Outcomes: A Field Experiment.” Journal of Applied Psychology 81 (6): 827–832. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M. 1997. “Personal Selling and Transactional/Transformational Leadership.” Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 17 (3): 19–28.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M., B. J. Avolio, D. I. Jung, and Y. Berson. 2003. “Predicting Unit Performance by Assessing Transformational and Transactional Leadership.” Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M., and R. E. Riggio. 2006. Transformational Leadership. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Caillier, J. G. 2012–2013. “Agency Retaliation Against Whistle-Blowers: Factors Affecting Employee Perceptions.” Public Integrity 15 (1): 29–50. doi:10.2753/PIN1099-9922150102.
   Google Scholar
• Caillier, J. G. 2013. “Do Employees Feel Comfortable Blowing the Whistle When Their Supervisors Practice Transformational Leadership?” International Journal of Public Administration 36 (14): 1020–1028. doi:10.1080/01900692.2013.798812.
   Google Scholar
• Caillier, J. G. 2015. “Transformational Leadership and Whistle-Blowing Attitudes: Is This Relationship Mediated by Organizational Commitment and Public Service Motivation?” The American Review of Public Administration 45 (4): 458–475. doi:10.1177/0275074013515299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, R. K. 2003. “Ethical Judgment and Whistleblowing Intention: Examining the Moderating Role of Locus of Control.” Journal of Business Ethics 43 (1/2): 65–74. doi:10.1023/A:1022911215204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deichmann, D., and D. Stam. 2015. “Leveraging Transformational and Transactional Leadership to Cultivate the Generation of Organization-Focused Ideas.” The Leadership Quarterly 26 (2): 204–219. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effelsberg, D., and M. Solga. 2015. “Transformational Leaders’ In-Group Versus Out-Group Orientation: Testing the Link Between Leaders’ Organizational Identification, Their Willingness to Engage in Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior, and Follower-Perceived Transformational Leadership.” Journal of Business Ethics 126 (4): 581–590. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1972-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, A. M. 2012. “Leading with Meaning: Beneficiary Contact, Prosocial Impact, and the Performance Effects of Transformational Leadership.” Academy of Management Journal 55 (2): 458–476. doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves, K. S., and M. A. LaRocca. 2011. “An Empirical Study of Leader Ethical Values, Transformational and Transactional Leadership, and Follower Attitudes toward Corporate Social Responsibility.” Journal of Business Ethics 103 (4): 511–528. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0877-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gujarati, D. N. 2003. Basic Econometrics. 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Gundlach, M. I., S. C. Douglas, and M. J. Martinko. 2003. “The Decision to Blow The Whistle: A Social Information Processing Framework.” Academy of Management Review 28 (1): 107–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamstra, M. R. W., N. W. Van Yperen, B. Wisse, and K. Sassenberg. 2014. “Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Followers’ Achievement Goals.” Journal of Business Psychology 29 (3): 413–425. doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9322-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henik, E. 2008. “Mad as Hell or Scared Stiff? The Effects of Value Conflict and Emotions on Potential Whistle-Blowers.” Journal of Business Ethics 80 (1): 111–119. doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9441-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jos, P. H., M. E. Tompkins, and S. W. Hays. 1989. “In Praise of Difficult People: A Portrait of the Committed Whistle-Blower.” Public Administration Review 49 (6): 552–561. doi:10.2307/976577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jose, A., and M. S. Thibodeaux. 1999. “Institutionalization of Ethics: The Perspective of Managers.” Journal of Business Ethics 22 (2): 133–143. doi:10.1023/A:1006027423495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. 2011. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe, K. B., K. G. Kroeck, and N. Sivasubramaniam. 1996. “Effectiveness Correlates of Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Review of the MLQ Literature.” The Leadership Quarterly 7 (3): 385–425. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(96)90027-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNab, B. R., and R. Worthley. 2008. “Self-Efficacy as an Intrapersonal Predictor for Internal Whistleblowing: A US and Canada Examination.” Journal of Business Ethics 79 (4): 407–421. doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9407-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., and C. Viswesvaran. 2005. “Whistle-Blowing in Organizations: An Examination of Correlates of Whistle-Blowing Intentions, Actions, and Retaliation.” Journal of Business Ethics 62 (3): 277–297. doi:10.1007/s10551-005-0849-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger, M., D. R. Dalton, and J. W. Hill. 1993. “The Organization of Ethics and the Ethics of Organizations: The Case for Expanded Organizational Ethics Audits.” Business Ethics Quarterly 3 (1): 27–43. doi:10.2307/3857380.
   Google Scholar
• Miceli, M. P., and J. P. Near. 1985. “Characteristics of Organizational Climate and Perceived Wrongdoing Associated with Whistle-Blowing Decisions.” Personnel Psychology 38 (3): 525–544. doi:10.1111/peps.1985.38.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miceli, M. P., and J. P. Near. 2002. “What Makes Whistle-Blowers Effective? Three Field Studies.” Human Relations 55 (4): 455–479. doi:10.1177/0018726702055004463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miceli, M. P., J. P. Near, and T. M. Dworkin. 2008. Whistle-Blowing in Organizations. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Miceli, M. P., M. Regh, J. P. Near, and K. C. Ryan. 1999. “Can Laws Protect Whistle-Blowers?: Results of a Naturally Occurring Field Experiment.” Work and Occupations 26 (1): 129–151. doi:10.1177/0730888499026001007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nader, R., P. J. Petkas, and K. Blackwell. 1972. Whistle-blowing: The report on the Conference on Professional Responsibility. New York: Grossman.
   Google Scholar
• Near, J. P., and M. P. Miceli. 1985. “Organizational Dissidence: The Case of Whistle-Blowing.” Journal of Business Ethics 4 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1007/BF00382668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Near, J. P., and M. P. Miceli. 2008. “Wrongdoing, Whistle-Blowing, and Retaliation in the U.S. Government: What Have Researchers Learned From the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) Survey Results?” Review of Public Personnel Administration 28 (3): 263–281. doi:10.1177/0734371X08319153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, E. S., and G. J. Sears. 2012. “CEO Leadership Styles and the Implementation of Organizational Diversity Practices: Moderating Effects of Social Values and Age.” Journal of Business Ethics 105 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0933-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberfield, Z. W. 2014. “Public Management in Time: A Longitudinal Examination of the Full Range of Leadership Theory.” Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory 24 (2): 407–429. doi:10.1093/jopart/mus060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paarlberg, L. E., and B. Lavigna. 2010. “Transformational Leadership and Public Service Motivation: Driving Individual and Organizational Performance.” Public Administration Review 70 (5): 710–718. doi:10.1111/puar.2010.70.issue-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmerlee, M. A., J. P. Near, and T. C. Jensen. 1982. “Correlates of Whistle-Blowers’ Perceptions of Organizational Retaliation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 27 (1): 17–34. doi:10.2307/2392544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeples, D. K., P. Stokes, and S. S. Wingfield. 2009. “When the Whistle is Blown: Legal Defenses and Practical Guidelines for Managing Reports of Organizational Misconduct.” Business & Society 48 (4): 467–488. doi:10.1177/0007650308326668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockstuhl, T., J. H. Dulebohn, S. Ang, and L. M. Shore. 2012. “Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) and Culture: A Meta-Analysis of Correlates of LMX across 23 Countries.” Journal of Applied Psychology 97 (6): 1097–1130. doi:10.1037/a0029978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowold, J. 2014. “Instrumental Leadership: Extending the Transformational-Transactional Leadership Paradigm.” Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung 28 (3): 367–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, N., J. Barling, O. Epitropaki, V. Butcher, and C. Milner. 2002. “Transformational Leadership and Moral Reasoning.” Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (2): 304–311. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US OPM (U.S. Office of Personnel Management). 2014. “Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey Results: Employees Influencing Change.” Accessed 19 June 2015. http://www.fedview.opm.gov/.
   Google Scholar
• Zacher, H., L. K. Pearce, D. Rooney, and B. McKenna. 2014. “Leaders’ Personal Wisdom and Leader-Member Exchange Quality: The Role of Individualized Consideration.” Journal of Business Ethics 121 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1692-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, W., R. E. Riggio, B. J. Avolio, and J. J. Sosik. 2011. “The Effect of Leadership on Follower Moral Identity: Does Transformational/Transactional Style Make a Difference?” Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 18 (2): 150–163. doi:10.1177/1548051810396714.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, W., J. J. Sosik, R. E. Riggio, and B. Yang. 2012. “Relationships between Transformational and Active Transactional Leadership and Followers’ Organizational Identification: The Role of Psychological Empowerment.” Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management 13 (3): 186–212.
   Google Scholar