‘There is no better way to study science than to collect and analyse data in your own yard’: outdoor classrooms and primary school children in Bangladesh

References

• Ahmed, M., S. R. Nath, and A. Hossain. 2005. Quality with Equity : The Primary Education Agenda. Bangladesh: Campaign for Popular Education.
   Google Scholar
• Anthamatten, P., L. Brink, S. Lampe, E. Greenwood, B. Kingston, and C. Nigg. 2011. “An Assessment of Schoolyard Renovation Strategies to Encourage Children’s Physical Activity.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 8 (1): 1–9. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armitage, M., and C. Burke. 2005. “The Influence of School Architecture and Design on the Outdoor Play Experience Within the Primary School (English).” Paedagogica Historica 41 (4–5): 535–553. doi: 10.1080/00309230500165734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayvacı, H. S., and Y. Devecioğlu. 2010. “Place Arrangements and Motivation Methods of Preschool Teachers use in Science and Nature Activities.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2 (2): 1977–1981. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.267
   Google Scholar
• Aziz, Nor Fadzila, and Ismail Said. 2012. “The Trends and Influential Factors of Children’s Use of Outdoor Environments: A Review.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 38: 204–212. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.341
   Google Scholar
• BANBEIS. 2015. Bangladesh Education Statistics 2014. Dhaka: BANBEIS.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, P., F. Davies, Y. Zhang, and L. Barrett. 2015. “The Impact of Classroom Design on Pupils” Learning: Final Results of a Holistic, Multi-Level Analysis.” Building and Environment 89: 118–133. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boaventura, D., C. Faria, I. Chagas, and C. Galvão. 2013. “Promoting Science Outdoor Activities for Elementary School Children: Contributions From a Research Laboratory.” International Journal of Science Education 35 (5): 796–814. doi: 10.1080/09500693.2011.583292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Chawla, L., K. Keena, I. Pevec, and E. Stanley. 2014. “Green Schoolyards as Havens From Stress and Resources for Resilience in Childhood and Adolescence.” Health & Place 28: 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury, M. K., and A. K. M. Obaidullah. 1980. Outdoor Primary Education in Bangladesh. Paris: International Bureau of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, J. H., D. K. Chowdhury, M. S. Hoque, S. Ahmad, and T. Sultana. 2009. Participatory Evaluation: Causes of Primary School Drop-out. Dhaka: Directorate of Primary Education (DPE).
   Google Scholar
• Cosco, N. G., R. C. Moore, and W. R. Smith. 2014. “Childcare Outdoor Renovation as a Built Environment Health Promotion Strategy: Evaluating the Preventing Obesity by Design Intervention.” American Journal of Health Promotion 28 (sp3): S27–S32. doi: 10.4278/ajhp.130430-QUAN-208
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DPE. 2009. Bangladesh Primary Education Annual Sector Performance Report 2009. Education. Dhaka: Directorate of Primary Education (DPE).
   Google Scholar
• DPE. 2014. Bangladesh Primary Education Annual Sector Performance Report - 2014 (Vol. 2014). Dhaka: Directorate of Primary Education (DPE).
   Google Scholar
• Dyment, J. E. 2005. “Green School Grounds as Sites for Outdoor Learning: Barriers and Opportunities.” International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 14 (1): 28–45. doi: 10.1080/09500790508668328
   Google Scholar
• Gambino, A., J. Davis, and N. Rowntree. 2009. “Young Children Learning for the Environment: Researching a Forest Adventure.” Australian Journal of Environmental Education 25 (Jan): 83–94. doi: 10.1017/S0814062600000422
   Google Scholar
• Grant, T., and G. Littlejohn. 2001. Greening School Grounds: Creating Habitats for Learning. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, S., and D. Hogan. 2005. Researching Children’s Experience : Methods and Approaches. London, Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Haq, N. 1994. Primary Achievement Test. Dhaka: Institute of Education and Research, University of Dhaka.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, R. A. 1982. “Wildlands for Children: Consideration of the Value of Natural Environments in Landscape Planning.” Landschaft+Stadt 14 (1): 34–39.
   Google Scholar
• Hossain, A., M. A. Kalam, S. Cameron, L. Uddin, and M. Ahmed. 2009. CREATE Bangladesh: Community and School Study (COMSS) Baseline Report. Dhaka: CREATE.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, H. 2010. “Using the Sensory Garden as a Tool to Enhance the Educational Development and Social Interaction of Children with Special Needs.” Support for Learning 25 (1): 25–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9604.2009.01435.x
   Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. New York: IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Inhelder, B., and J. Piaget. 1969. The Psychology of the Child. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Isaacs, B. 2007. Bringing the Montessori Approach to Your Early Years Practice. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jansson, M., A. Gunnarsson, F. Mårtensson, and S. Andersson. 2014. “Children’s Perspectives on Vegetation Establishment: Implications for School Ground Greening.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13 (1): 166–174. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2013.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jick, T. D. 1979. “Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action.” Administrative Science Quarterly 24 (4): 602–611. doi: 10.2307/2392366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasali, A., and F. Dogan. 2010. “Fifth-, Sixth-, and Seventh- Grade Students’ use of Non-Classroom Spaces During Recess: The Case of Three Private Schools in Izmir, Turkey.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 30 (4): 518–532. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellock, A., and J. Sexton. (2017). “Whose Space is it Anyway? Learning About Space to Make Space to Learn.” Children’s Geographies, (Jun)16 (2), 115–127. doi: 10.1080/14733285.2017.1334112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelz, C., G. W. Evans, and K. Roderer. 2013. “The Restorative Effects of Redesigning the Schoolyard: A Multi-Methodological, Quasi-Experimental Study in Rural Austrian Middle Schools.” Environment and Behavior 20 (10): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. 2009. Rethinking Learning Spaces for Child Development: Primary Schools at Raipura, Narsingdi. Architecture. Bangladesh: Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technolog.
   Google Scholar
• King, N. 2010. Interviews in Qualitative Research. Edited by C. Horrocks. Los Angeles: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, G. A., and L. L. Hoody. 1998. Closing the Achievement Gap: Using the Environment as an Integrating Context for Learning. Results of a Nationwide Study. Sandiego, CA: State Education and Environmental Roundtable.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, G. A., L. Hoody, and G. M. Lieberman. 2000. California Student Assessment Project-The Effects of Environment-Based Education on Student Achievement. Sandiego, CA: State Education & Environmental Roundtable.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, G. A., L. L. Hoody, and G. M. Lieberman. 2005. California Student Assessment Project Phase Two: The Effects of Environment-Based Education on Student Achievement. Sandiego, CA: State Education and Environment Roundtable.
   Google Scholar
• Lovell, R. 2009. Evaluation of Physical Activity at Forest School. Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, A. J., and J. E. Dyment. 2010. “Where do Children Choose to Play on the School Ground? The Influence of Green Design.” Education 3–13 38 (2): 177–189. doi: 10.1080/03004270903130812
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, C. A., S. P. Moffatt, J. Ogwang, P. Ahabyona, and R. R. Sengupta. 2017. “Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Primary School Enrolment and Exam Achievement in Rural Uganda.” Children’s Geographies 15 (3): 334–348. doi: 10.1080/14733285.2016.1244603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone, K., and P. J. Tranter. 2003. “Children’s Environmental Learning and the Use, Design and Management of Schoolgrounds.” Children, Youth and Environments 13 (2): 87–137.
   Google Scholar
• Mårtensson, F., M. Jansson, M. Johansson, A. Raustorp, M. Kylin, and C. Boldemann. 2014. “The Role of Greenery for Physical Activity Play at School Grounds.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13 (1): 103–113. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2013.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard, T., J. Waters, and J. Clement. 2013. “Child-initiated Learning, the Outdoor Environment and the “Underachieving” Child.” Early Years 33 (3): 212–225. doi: 10.1080/09575146.2013.771152
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. National Education Policy. 2010. The Government Republic of Bangladesh. Dhaka.
   Google Scholar
• Monsoureh, R., and Ismail Said. 2012. “Methods for Evaluating Responses of Children with Outdoor Environments.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 49: 39–46. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.07.004
   Google Scholar
• Montessori, M. 1964. The Montessori Method (AE George, Trans.). New York: Schocken. (Translation Originally Published 1912).
   Google Scholar
• Mygind, E. 2009. “A comparison of Childrens' Statements about Social Relations and Teaching in the Classroom and in the Outdoor Environment.” Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning 9 (2): 151–169. doi: 10.1080/14729670902860809
   Google Scholar
• Nath, S. R., A. Mushtaque, and R. Chowdhury. 2010. Qualitative Methods in Educational Research: Studies From BRAC. Dhaka: Academic Press and Publishers Library.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, L. 2009. “Learning Outdoors: The Forest School Approach.” Education 3–13 37 (1): 45–60. doi: 10.1080/03004270802291798
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, L., R. Murray, O. Liz, and M. Richard. 2007. “Forest School and its Impacts on Young Children: Case Studies in Britain.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 6 (4): 249–265. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2007.03.006
   Google Scholar
• Park, J. J., L. O’Brien, J. Roe, C. W. Thompson, and R. Mitchell. 2011. “The Natural Outdoors and Health: Assessing the Value and Potential Contribution of Secondary Public Data Sets in the UK to Current and Future Knowledge.” Health & Place 17 (1): 269–279. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabbi, A. F. M. F. 2005. Primary Education in Bangladesh: Viability of Achieving Millennium Development Goals Primary Education in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Brac University.
   Google Scholar
• Rickinson, M., J. Dillon, K. Teamey, M. Morris, M. Young Choi, D. Sanders, and P. Benefield. 2004. A review of research on outdoor learning (Shrewsbury, UK, Field Studies Council).
   Google Scholar
• Roe, J., and P. Aspinall. 2011. “The Emotional Affordances of Forest Settings: An Investigation in Boys with Extreme Behavioural Problems.” Landscape Research 36 (5): 535–552. doi: 10.1080/01426397.2010.543670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samborski, S. 2010. “Biodiverse or Barren School Grounds: Their Effects on Children.” Children Youth and Environments 20 (2): 67–115.
   Google Scholar
• Singal, N., and M. Swann. 2011. “Children’s Perceptions of Themselves as Learner Inside and Outside School.” Research Papers in Education 26 (4): 469–484. doi: 10.1080/02671520903281617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner, C. K. 2000. “The Influence of School Architecture on Academic Achievement.” Journal of Educational Administration 38 (4): 309–330. doi: 10.1108/09578230010373598
   Google Scholar
• Tanner, C. K. 2009. “Effects of School Design on Student Outcomes.” Journal of Educational Administration 47 (3): 381–399. doi: 10.1108/09578230910955809
   Google Scholar
• Tranter, P. J., and K. Malone. 2004. “Geographies of Environmental Learning: An Exploration of Children’s Use of School Grounds.” Children’s Geographies 2 (1): 131–155. doi: 10.1080/1473328032000168813
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO Institute for Statistics, & UNICEF. 2015. Fixing the Broken Promise of Education for All. Canada.
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg, A., J. E. Wesselius, J. Maas, and K. Tanja-Dijkstra. 2015. “Green Walls for a Restorative Classroom Environment.” Environment and Behavior 49 (7): 1–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward Thompson, C., and P. A. Aspinall. 2011. “Natural Environments and Their Impact on Activity, Health, and Quality of Life.” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 3 (3): 230–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willenberg, L. J., R. Ashbolt, D. Holland, L. Gibbs, C. MacDougall, J. Garrard, Julie B. Green, and E. Waters. 2010. “Increasing School Playground Physical Activity: A Mixed Methods Study Combining Environmental Measures and Children’s Perspectives.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport / Sports Medicine Australia 13 (2): 210–216. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar