Children as ‘difference makers’: viral discourses of childhood innocence and activism in #Blacklivesmatter

References

• “About.” Black Lives Matter online. 2020. https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, Monica. 2016. “The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter emerges: Social activism on Twitter.” Pew Research, August 15. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/08/15/the-hashtag-blacklivesmatter-emerges-social-activism-on-twitter/.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, Monica, Michael Barthel, Andrew Perrin, and Emily Vogels. 2020. “#BlackLivesMatter surges on Twitter after George Floyd’s death.” Pew Research, June 10. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/10/blacklivesmatter-surges-on-twitter-after-george-floyds-death/.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, Bernadette. 2001. In Perpetual Motion: Theories of Power, Educational History and the Child. New York: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, Robin. 2011. Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, Robin. 2017. “Let Black kids just be kids.” New York Times, July 26. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/26/opinion/black-kids-discrimination.html.
   Google Scholar
• Black Lives Matter online. 2020. https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/
   Google Scholar
• Brinton, Scott. 2020. “The girl who lit up the Twittersphere.” LiHerald, June 15. https://www.liherald.com/stories/the-girl-who-lit-up-the-twittersphere,125911.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, Richard. 1992. “Wicked Problems in Design Thinking.” Design Issues 8 (2): 5–21.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, Larry, Quoctrung Bui, and Jugal K. Patel. 2020. “Black lives matter may be the largest movement in U.S. history.” New York Times, July 3. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, Linda. 2007. “Childhood Adultification in Economically Disadvantaged Families: A Conceptual Model.” Family Relations 56 (4): 329–345. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2007.00463.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannella, Gaile. 1997. Deconstructing Early Childhood Education: Social Justice and Revolution. New York: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Canosa, Antonia, and Anne Graham. 2020. “Tracing the Contribution of Childhood Studies: Maintaining Momentum While Navigating Tensions.” Childhood 27 (1): 25–47. doi:10.1177/0907568219886619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, Mike. 2020. “Officer's pepper-spraying of child at Seattle protest was inadvertent, didn't violate policy, review finds.” Seattle Times, September 18. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/crime/officers-pepper-spraying-of-boy-at-seattle-protest-was-inadvertent-didnt-violate-policy-review-finds/.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Tanya. 2020. “Seattle police are investigating viral videos that allege an officer maced a child during a George Floyd protest.” BuzzFeed News, June 1. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tanyachen/seattle-police-investigating-child-macing-images.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, Allison, and Barry Percy-Smith. 2006. “Beyond Consultation: Participatory Practices in Everyday Spaces.” Children, Youth, and Environments 16 (2): 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Couldry, Nick. 2012. Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Cuddy, Alice. 2020. “George Floyd: Five pieces of context to understand the protests.” BBC, June 5. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52904593.
   Google Scholar
• Dalnell, Satu. 2021. Teachers Representation of Difficult Students on Reddit.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, Tampere University.
   Google Scholar
• de Castro, Lucia Rabello. 2020. “Why Global? Children and Childhood from a Decolonial Perspective.” Childhood 27 (1): 48–62. doi:10.1177/0907568219885379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson, Lisa, and Wendy Luttrell. 2011. “Families Facing Untenable Choices.” Contexts 10 (1): 38–42. doi:10.1177/1536504211399049.
   Google Scholar
• Dungca, Nicole, Jenn Abelson, Mark Berman, and John Sullivan. 2020. “A Dozen High-profile Fatal Encounters that have Galvanized Protests Nationwide.” Washington Post, June 8. https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/a-dozen-high-profile-fatal-encounters-that-have-galvanized-protests-nationwide/2020/06/08/4fdbfc9c-a72f-11ea-b473-04905b1af82b_story.html.
   Google Scholar
• Duschinksy, Robbie. 2013. “Childhood Innocence: Essence, Education, and Performativity.” Textual Practice 27 (5): 763–781. doi:10.1080/0950236X.2012.751441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, Rebecca, Jamilia Blake, and Thalia González. 2017. “Girlhood Interrupted: The Erasure of Black Girlss Childhood.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–19. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3000695.
   Google Scholar
• Ergler, Christina R, Robin Kearns, Karen Witten, and Gina Porter. 2016. “Digital Methodologies and Practices in Children’s Geographies.” Children's Geographies 14 (2): 129–140. doi:10.1080/14733285.2015.1129394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esser, Florian, Meike S. Baader, Tanja Betz, and Beatrice Hungerland. 2016. Reconceptualising Agency and Childhood: New Perspectives in Childhood Studies. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fairclough, Norman. 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farley, Lisa. 2018. Childhood Beyond Pathology: A Psychoanalytic Study of Development and Diagnosis. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Faulkner, Joanne. 2010. “The Innocence Fetish: The Commodification and Sexualisation of Children in the Media and Popular Culture.” Media International Australia 135 (1): 106–117. doi:10.1177/1329878X1013500113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault, Michael. 1980. “Truth and Power.” In Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977, edited by Colin Gordon, 109–133. New York: Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, Michael. 1981. “The Order of Discourse.” In Untying the Text: A Poststructuralist Reader, Translated by Ian McLeod. edited by Robert Young, 48–78. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Garlen, Julie. 2019. “Interrogating Innocence: “Childhood” as Exclusionary Social Practice.” Childhood (copenhagen, Denmark) 26 (1): 54–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garlen, Julie. 2020. “Coronavirus Isn’t the End of ‘Childhood Innocence’ but an Opportunity to Re-think Children’s Rights.” The Conversation, April 8, 2020. https://theconversation.com/coronavirus- isnt-the-end-of-childhood-innocence-but-an-opportunity-to-re-think-childrens-rights-134478.
   Google Scholar
• Garlen, J. C. 2021. “The End of Innocence: Reimagining Childhood for a Post-Pandemic World.” Journal of Teaching and Learning 15 (2): 21–39. doi:10.22329/jtl.v15i2.6724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garlen, Julie, Sandra Chang-Kredl, Lisa Farley, and Debbie Sonu. 2020. “Childhood Innocence and Experience: Memory, Discourse and Practice.” Children & Society 35 (5): 648–662. doi:10.1111/chso.12428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garlen, Julie, and Sarah Hembruff. 2021. “Unboxing Childhood: Risk and Responsibility in the Age of YouTube.” Journal of Childhood Studies 46 (2): 78–90. doi:10.18357/jcs462202119934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff, Philip Atiba, Matthew Christian Jackson, Brooke Allison Lewis Di Leone, Carmen Marie Culotta, and Natalie Ann DiTomasso. 2014. “The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106 (4): 526–545. doi:10.1037/a0035663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden, Hallie. 2020. “Outrage at Video Showing Child who was Maced by Police at Seattle protest”. The Guardian, June 15. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/15/outrage-video-police-mace-child-seattle-protest.
   Google Scholar
• Heywood, Colin. 2001. A History of Childhood. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, Sarah L. 2014. “Changing Children’s Geographies.” Children's Geographies 12 (4): 377–392. doi:10.1080/14733285.2014.930414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horgan, Dierdre, Catherine Forde, Shirley Martin, and Aisling Parkes. 2017. “Children’s Participation: Moving from the Performative to the Social.” Children's Geographies 15 (3): 274–288. doi:10.1080/14733285.2016.1219022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijsmans, Roy. 2011. “Child Migration and Questions of Agency.” Development and Change 42 (5): 1307–1321. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01729.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, Allison, Chris Jenks, and Alan Prout. 1998. Theorising Childhood. Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Janzen, Melanie. 2008. “Where is the (Postmodern) Child in Early Childhood Education Research?” Early Years 28 (3): 287–298. doi:10.1080/09575140802393827.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, Henry. 2006. Convergence Culture. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Konstantoni, Kristina, and Akwugo Emejulu. 2017. “When Intersectionality met Childhood Studies: The Dilemmas of a Travelling Concept.” Children's Geographies 15 (1): 6–22. doi:10.1080/14733285.2016.1249824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacy, Michael G. 2010. “White Innocence Myths in Citizen Discourse, The Progressive Era (1974–1988).” Howard Journal of Communications 21 (1): 20–39. doi:10.1080/10646170903501336.
   Google Scholar
• Lê, Thao, and Quynh Lê. 2009. “Critical Discourse Analysis: An Overview.” In Critical Discourse Analysis an Interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by Thao Lê, Quynh Lê, and Megan Short, 3–16. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Lehtonen, Aura, and Jacob Breslow. 2021. “Infantilised Parents and Criminalised Children: The Frame of Childhood in UK Poverty Discourse.” In Growing Up and Getting By: International Perspectives on Childhood and Youth in Hard Times, edited by John Horton, Helena Pimlott-Wilson, and Sarah Marie Hall, 175–192. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leonard, Madeleine. 2016. The Sociology of Children, Childhood and Generation. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Love, Bettina L. 2019. We Want to do More Than Survive: Abolitionist Teaching and the Pursuit of Educational Freedom. Boston: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Madison, Kelly J. 1999. “Legitimation Crisis and Containment: The “Anti-Racist-White-Hero” Film.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 16 (4): 399–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahrouse, Gada. 2014. Conflicted Commitments: Race, Privilege, and Power in Transnational Solidarity Activism. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mannion, Greg. 2007. “Going Spatial, Going Relational: Why “Listening to Children” and Children's Participation Needs Reframing.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 28 (3): 405–420.
   Google Scholar
• Music, Graham. 2020. “Covid, Racism and Black Lives Matter: A Deadly Constellation.” Developmental Child Welfare 2 (3): 197–207. doi:10.1177/2516103220959814.
   Google Scholar
• Percy-Smith, Barry. 2010. “Councils, Consultations and Community: Rethinking the Spaces for Children and Young People's participation1.” Children's Geographies 8 (2): 107–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percy-Smith, Barry. 2015. “Negotiating Active Citizenship: Young People’s Participation in Everyday Spaces, Vol. 7 of Politics, Citizenship and Rights. Geographies of Children and Young People, edited by Kris Kallio, Sarah Mills, and Tracey Skelton, 401–422. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Postman, Neil. 1994. The Disappearance of Childhood. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Raby, Rebecca. 2014. “Children’s Participation as Neo-liberal Governance?” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 35 (1): 77–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravn, Signe, Ashley Barnwell, and Barbara Barbosa Neves. 2019. “What Is “Publicly Available Data”? Exploring Blurred Public–Private Boundaries and Ethical Practices Through a Case Study on Instagram.” Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 15 (1–2): 40–45. doi:10.1177/1556264619850736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reckwitz, Andreas. 2002. “Toward a Theory of Social Practices: A Development in Culturalist Theorizing.” European Journal of Social Theory 5 (2): 243–263.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, Kerry H. 2013. Innocence, Knowledge and the Construction of Childhood: The Contradictory Nature of Sexuality and Censorship in Children’s Contemporary Lives. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Roche, Jeremy. 1999. “Children: Rights, Participation and Citizenship.” Childhood: A Journal of Childhood Global Research 6 (4): 475–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, Leoandra Onnie, Josiah R. Rosario, Dayanara Padilla, and Christina Foo. 2021. ““[I]t’s Hard Because It’s the Cops That are Killing us for Stupid Stuff”: Racial Identity in the Sociopolitical Context of Black Lives Matter..” Developmental Psychology 57 (1): 87–101. doi:10.1037/dev0001130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, Lauren J. 2020. “Transformative Childhood Studies - a Remix in Inquiry, Justice, and Love.” Children's Geographies 18 (2): 176–190. doi:10.1080/14733285.2019.1610155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Karen. 2012. “Producing Governable Subjects: Images of Childhood Old and New.” Childhood (copenhagen, Denmark) 19 (1): 24–37. doi:10.1177/0907568211401434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spyrou, Spyros. 2020. “Children as Future-Makers.” Childhood 27 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1177/0907568219884142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stearns, Peter N. 2006. Childhood in World History. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Affrica. 2010. “Troubling Childhood Innocence: Reframing the Debate Over the Media Sexualisation of Children.” Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 35 (1): 48–57. doi:10.1177/183693911003500108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tisdall, E. Kay M., and Samantha Punch. 2012. Not So ‘New’? Looking Critically at Childhood Studies.” Children's Geographies 10 (3): 249–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen, Theo. 2008. Discourse and Practice new Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, Delbria. 2020. “In demanding justice For Black people, are we sacrificing the peace of Black youth? Juvenile Justice Information Exchange.” Juvenile Justice Information Exchange, August 12. https://jjie.org/2020/08/12/in-demanding-justice-for-black-people-are-we-sacrificing-the-peace-of-black-youth/.
   Google Scholar
• Widdowson, H. G. 2004. Text, Context, Pretext: Critical Issues in Discourse Analysis. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar