276
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Pharmaceutical expenditure and total health-care expenditure in OECD countries and China: bidirectional Granger causality on the basis of health level

, &
Pages 505-512 | Received 19 Feb 2019, Accepted 05 Apr 2019, Published online: 22 Apr 2019

References

  • Clemente J, Marcuello C, Montañés A. Pharmaceutical expenditure, total health-care expenditure and GDP. Health Econ. 2010;17(10):1187–1206.
  • Papanicolas I, Woskie LR, Jha AK. Health care spending in the United States and other high-income countries. JAMA. 2018;319(10):1024.
  • OECD (2017). Health at a Glance 2017: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2017-en.
  • Chee-Ruey H, Ya-Ming L, Chia-Lin C. Endogenous technological change in medicine and its impact on healthcare costs: evidence from the pharmaceutical market in Taiwan. Eur J Health Econ. 2013;14(2):287–295.
  • Atilgan E, Kilic D, Ertugrul HM. The dynamic relationship between health expenditure and economic growth: is the health-led growth hypothesis valid for Turkey? Eur J Health Econ. 2017;18(5):567–574.
  • Dieleman J, Campbell M, Chapin A, et al. Evolution and patterns of global health financing 1995–2014: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries. Lancet. 2017;389(10083):1981–2004.
  • Macroeconomicshealth WHOCO. Macroeconomics and health: investing in health for economic development. Report of the commission on macroeconomics and health. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2002;12(48):143–144.
  • Jakovljevic M, Lazarevic M, Milovanovic O, et al. The new and old Europe: East-West Split in Pharmaceutical Spending. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7(64):18.
  • Cohen D. Cancer drugs: high price, uncertain value. BMJ. 2017;359:j4543.
  • Kantarjian HM, Tito F, Michael M, et al. Cancer drugs in the United States: justum Pretium–the just price. J clin oncol. 2013;31(28):3600–3604.
  • Institute I. Global Oncology Trends 2018: Innovation, expansion and disruption. IQVIA report. 2018.
  • Nghiem SH, Connelly LB. Convergence and determinants of health expenditures in OECD countries. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1):29.
  • Keehan SP, Cuckler GA, Sisko AM, et al. National health expenditure projections, 2014-24: spending growth faster than recent trends. Health Affairs. 2015;34(8):1407–1417.
  • Fervers L, Oser P, Picot G. Globalization and healthcare policy: a constraint on growing expenditures. J Eur Public Policy. 2016;23(2):1–20.
  • Jakovljevic M, Getzen TE. Growth of global health spending share in low and middle income countries. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7(245):21.
  • Golinelli D, Toscano F, Bucci A, et al. Health expenditure and all-cause mortality in the ‘Galaxy’ of Italian Regional Healthcare Systems: a 15-year panel data analysis. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2017;15(6):1–11.
  • Marina K, Bernd R, David S, et al. Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe. Lancet. 2013;381(9874):1323–1331.
  • Budhdeo S, Watkins J, Atun R, et al. Changes in government spending on healthcare and population mortality in the European union, 1995-2010: a cross-sectional ecological study. J R Soc Med. 2015;108(12):490.
  • Godman B, Bucsics A, Bonanno PV, et al. Barriers for access to new medicines: searching for the balance between rising costs and limited budgets. Front. Public Health. 2018; 6:328.
  • Groot UD, Vries EGED, Verweij J, et al. Dispelling the myths around cancer care delivery: it‘s not all about costs. J Cancer Policy. 2014;2(1):22–29.
  • Newhouse JP. Medical care costs: how much welfare loss? J Econ Perspect. 1992;6(3):3–21.
  • Liu YM, Hsieh CR, Drugs N. The growth of health expenditure: evidence from diabetic patients in Taiwan. Health Econ. 2012;13(7):496–513.
  • Karampli E, Souliotis K, Polyzos N, et al. Pharmaceutical innovation: impact on expenditure and outcomes and subsequent challenges for pharmaceutical policy, with a special reference to Greece. Hippokratia. 2014;18(2):100–106.
  • Editorial. New products and new indications in 2016: a system that favours imitation over the pursuit of real progress. Prescrire Int. 2017;26(182):136–139.
  • The Lancet. Rational use of medicines. Lancet. 2010;375(9731):2052.
  • Morgan DJ, Dhruva SS, Coon ER, et al. 2017 update on medical overuse: a systematic review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(1):110–115.
  • Srivastava D, Mcguire A. Analysis of prices paid by low-income countries - how price sensitive is government demand for medicines? Bmc Public Health. 2014;14(1):767.
  • Boeckel TP, Van SG, Ashvin A, et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):742–750.
  • Civan A, Köksal B. The effect of newer drugs on health spending: do they really increase the costs? Health Econ. 2010;19(5):581–606.
  • Lichtenberg FR. Benefits and costs of newer drugs: an update. Managerial Decis Econ. 2010;28(4–5):485–490.
  • Duggan M. Do new prescription drugs pay for themselves? The case of second-generation antipsychotics. J Health Econ. 2005;24(1):1–31.
  • Clemente J, Marcuello C, Montañés A. Pharmaceutical expenditure, total health-care expenditure and GDP. Health Econ. 2007;17(10):1187–1206.
  • Hilsenrath P. Health expenditure efficiency: implications for pharmaceutical marketing. Int J Pharm Healthcare Marketing. 2011;5(2):118–134.
  • Farag M, Nandakumar AK, Wallack S, et al. The income elasticity of health care spending in developing and developed countries. Int J Health Care Finance Econ. 2012;12(2):145–162.
  • Blazquezfernandez C, Cantarero D, Perez P. Disentangling the heterogeneous income elasticity and dynamics of health expenditure. Appl Econ. 2014;46(16):1839–1854.
  • Yu HK, Wang HM, Chang LY. Examining the heterogeneous effect of healthcare expenditure determinants. Int J Behav Healthcare Res. 2011;2(3):205.
  • Chen MY, Lin FL, Chang CK. Relations between health care expenditure and income: an application of local quantile regressions. Appl Econ Lett. 2009;16(2):177–181.
  • Tian F, Gao J, Yang K. A quantile regression approach to panel data analysis of health-care expenditure in organisation for economic co-operation and development countries. Health Econ. 2018;27(12):1921–1944.
  • Rahman MM, Khanam R, Rahman M. Health care expenditure and health outcome nexus: new evidence from the SAARC-ASEAN region. Global Health. 2018;14(1):113–123.
  • Jakovljevic MB, Vukovic M, Fontanesi J. Life expectancy and health expenditure evolution in Eastern Europe—DiD and DEA analysis. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2015;17:4.
  • WHO (2003). How much should countries spend on health? WHO, Geneva, http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69025.
  • Okunade AA. Concepts, measures, and models of technology and technical progress in medical care and health economics. Q Rev Econ Finance. 2004;44(3):363–368.
  • Ye L, Zhang X. Nonlinear Granger causality between health care expenditure and economic growth in the OECD and major developing countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(9):1953–1968.
  • Amiri A, Linden M. Income and total expenditure on health in OECD countries: evidence from panel data and Hsiao‘s version of Granger non-causality tests. Econ Bus Lett. 2016;5(1):1–9.
  • Aslan A, Menegaki AN, Tugcu CT. Health and economic growth in high-income countries revisited: evidence from an augmented production function for the period 1980–2009. Qual Quantity. 2015;50(2):1–17.
  • Chen W, Clarke JA, Roy N. Health and wealth: short panel Granger causality tests for developing countries. J Int Trade Econ Dev. 2014;23(6):755–784.
  • Amiri A, Ventelou B. Granger causality between total expenditure on health and GDP in OECD: evidence from the Toda–Yamamoto approach. Econ Lett. 2012;116(3):541–544.
  • Sun J, Hu CJ, Stuntz M, et al. A review of promoting access to medicines in China - problems and recommendations. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):125–133.
  • Bank TW. https://data.worldbank.org/. [cited 2018 Dec 11].
  • Programme UND. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/composite/HDI. [cited 2018 Dec 11].
  • Kontis V, Bennett JE, Mathers CD, et al. Future life expectancy in 35 industrialised countries: projections with a Bayesian model ensemble. Lancet. 2017;389(10076):1323–1335.
  • Skiadas CH. Life expectancy at birth, estimates and forecasts in the Netherlands (females). Eprint Arxiv. 2018;1(3):e42.
  • Campbell BD, Caradus JR, Hunt CL. Temperature responses and nuclear DNA amounts of seven white clover populations which differ in early spring growth rates. New Zealand J Agric Res. 1999;42(1):9–17.
  • Agarwal RP, O’Regan D. Infinite interval problems for differential, difference and integral equations. Netherlands: Springer; 2001.
  • Levin A, Lin CF, Chu CSJ. Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. J Econom. 2002;108(1):1–24.
  • Kyung So IM, Pesaran H, Shin Y. Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. J Econom. 2003;115(1):53–74.
  • Dickey DA, Fuller WA. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. J Am Stat Assoc. 1979;74(366):427–431.
  • Phillips PCB, Perron P. Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika. 1988;75(2):335–346.
  • Sims CA. Macroeconomics and reality. Econometrica. 1980;48(1):1–48.
  • Holtz-Eakin D, Newey W, Rosen HS. Estimating vector autoregressions with panel data. Econometrica. 1988;56(6):1371–1395.
  • Koehler AB, Murphree ES. A comparison of the Akaike and Schwarz Criteria for selecting model order. J R Stat Soc. 1988;37(2):187–195.
  • Mao W, Vu H, Xie Z, et al. Systematic review on irrational use of medicines in china and Vietnam. Plos One. 2015;10(3):e0117710.
  • Sun Q, Santoro MA, Meng Q, et al. Pharmaceutical policy in China. Health Affairs. 2008;27(4):1042–1050.
  • Dong L, Yan H, Wang D. Antibiotic prescribing patterns in village health clinics across 10 provinces of Western China. Fam Pract. 2011;28(1):63–67.
  • Xu Y, Guo C, Luo Y, et al. Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes in the urban rivers in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut. 2016;213:833–840.
  • Tan X, Qian W, Shao H. Global commitments and China’s endeavors to promote health and achieve sustainable development goals. J Health Popul Nutr. 2018;37(1):8.
  • Luo J, Hong W, Zhong W, editors. The research on the influencing factors of medical expenditure in Shanghai. Second International Conference on Business Computing & Global Informatization, Shanghai, China, 2012.
  • OECD (2011). “Pharmaceutical expenditure”, in Health at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-63-en.
  • Cutler D, McClellan M. Is technological change in medicine worth it? Health Affairs. 2001;20(5):11–29.
  • OECD (2013). “Pharmaceutical Expenditure”, in Health at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2013-en.
  • Brian G, William S, Morten A, et al. Comparing policies to enhance prescribing efficiency in Europe through increasing generic utilization: changes seen and global implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2010;10(6):707–722.
  • Leporowski A, Godman B, Kurdi A, et al. Ongoing activities to optimize the quality and efficiency of lipid-lowering agents in the Scottish national health service: influence and implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2018;18(6):655–666.
  • Eriksen J, Gustafsson LL, Ateva K, et al. High adherence to the ‘Wise List‘ treatment recommendations in Stockholm: a 15-year retrospective review of a multifaceted approach promoting rational use of medicines. BMJ Open. 2017;7(4):e014345.
  • Haycox A. Why Cancer? Pharmacoeconomics. 2016;34(7):625–627.
  • Steven S, Eline P, Marc D, et al. Cost-effectiveness assessment of orphan drugs: a scientific and political conundrum. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2013;11(1):1–3.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.