Promoting cultural diversity and inclusion in undergraduate primary care education

References

• Boelen C, Dharamsi S, Gibbs T. The social accountability of medical schools and its indicators. Educ Health. 2012;25(3):180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts LW. Belonging, respectful inclusion, and diversity in medical education. Acad Med. 2020 May;95(5):661–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Medical Association A charter for medical schools to prevent and address racial harassment. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson JTE. Understanding the under-attainment of ethnic minority students in UK higher education: the known knowns and the known unknowns. In: Arday J., Mirza H. (eds) Dismantling Race in Higher Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. 2018. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-60261-5_5.
   Google Scholar
• Woolf K, Potts HW, McManus I. Ethnicity and academic performance in UK trained doctors and medical students: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haq I, Higham J, Morris R, et al. Effect of ethnicity and gender on performance in undergraduate medical examinations. Med Educ. 2005;39(11):1126–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FitzGerald C, Hurst S. Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMC Med Ethics. 2017;18(1):19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall WJ, Chapman MV, Lee KM, et al. Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(12):e60–e76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health England Beyond the data: understanding the impact of COVID-19 on BAME groups. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Dogra N, Carter‐Pokras O. Diversity in medical education in: Swanwick t editor understanding medical education: evidence, theory, and practice. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell; 2010. p. 513–529.
   Google Scholar
• Selvarajah S, Abi Deivanayagam T, Lasco G, et al. Categorisation and minoritisation. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(12):e004508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• General Medical Council Promoting excellence: standards for medical education and training. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Muntinga ME, Krajenbrink VQ, Peerdeman SM, et al. Toward diversity-responsive medical education: taking an intersectionality-based approach to a curriculum evaluation. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2016 Aug;21(3):541–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brottman MR, Char DM, Hattori RA, et al. Toward cultural competency in health care: a scoping review of the diversity and inclusion education literature. Acad Med. 2020 May;95(5):803–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awosogba T, Betancourt JR, Conyers FG, et al. Prioritizing health disparities in medical education to improve care. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013 May;1287:17–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogra N, Reitmanova S, Carter-Pokras O. Twelve tips for teaching diversity and embedding it in the medical curriculum. Med Teach. 2009 Nov;31(11):990–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paez KA, Allen JK, Beach MC, et al. Physician cultural competence and patient ratings of the patient-physician relationship. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(4):495–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riner ME. Globally engaged nursing education with local immigrant populations. Public Health Nurs. 2013 May;30(3):246–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogra N. The development and evaluation of a programme to teach cultural diversity to medical undergraduate students. Med Educ. 2001;35(3):232–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chohan N, Arzoky Z, Khan N. Twelve tips for incorporating migrant and ethnic minorities in the medical curriculum and healthcare. Med Teach. 2020 Nov 2: 1–5. DOI:10.1080/0142159X.2020.1841129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rust G, Kondwani K, Martinez R, et al. A crash-course in cultural competence. Ethn Dis. 2006 Spring;16(2Suppl 3):S3-29-36.
   Google Scholar
• Krishnan A, Rabinowitz M, Ziminsky A, et al. Addressing race, culture, and structural inequality in medical education: a guide for revising teaching cases. Acad Med. 2019 Apr;94(4):550–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebede T, Papier A. Disparities in dermatology educational resources. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Oct;55(4):687–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karani R, Varpio L, May W, et al. Commentary: racism and bias in health professions education: how educators, faculty developers, and researchers can make a difference. Acad Med. 2017 Nov;92(11SAssociation of American Medical Colleges Learn Serve Lead: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Research in Medical Education Sessions):S1–S6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsai J, Ucik L, Baldwin N, et al. Race matters? Examining and rethinking race portrayal in preclinical medical education. Acad Med. 2016 Jul;91(7):916–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen C, Heck J. Defining and measuring the social accountability of medical schools. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Neve H, Hanks S, Heath M, et al. ‘Today’s shook me up a lot inside … it’s definitely changed me’: emotional responses and transformative learning through working with disadvantaged communities. Educ Primary Care. 2020;31(6):358-364. DOI:10.1080/14739879.2020.1819170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maini A, Fyfe M, Kumar S. Medical students as health coaches: adding value for patients and students. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20:1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houbby N, Abdelwahed A, Kumar S. A reflection on Imperial College London’s community action project. Educ Primary Care. 2020 May 3;31(3):186–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpkin AL, McKeown A, Parekh R, et al. Identifying central tenets needed in our education systems: results from a pilot integrated clinical apprenticeship. Med Teach. 2019 Jul 3;41(7):780–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss J, Hardy E, Cooley K, Cuffe S, et al. Students advocating for diversity in medical education. MedEdPublish. 2019;8(3):10. DOI:10.15694/mep.2019.000159.2.
   Google Scholar
• Dogra N, Wass V. Can we assess students’ awareness of cultural diversity? A qualitative study of stakeholders’ views. Med Educ. 2006;40(7):682–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf K, Potts HW, Patel S, et al. The hidden medical school: a longitudinal study of how social networks form, and how they relate to academic performance. Med Teach. 2012;34(7):577–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf K, Cave J, Greenhalgh T, et al. Ethnic stereotypes and the underachievement of UK medical students from ethnic minorities: qualitative study. BMJ. 2008;337:a1220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• General Medical Council The state of medical education and practice in the UK. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Steven K, Dowell J, Jackson C, et al. Fair access to medicine? Retrospective analysis of UK medical schools application data 2009-2012 using three measures of socioeconomic status. BMC Med Educ. 2016 Dec;16(1):1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UPP Foundation. On course for success? Student retention at university. 2017. Available from: https://www.smf.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/UPP-final-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wass V, Gregory S, Petty-Saphon K. By choice—not by chance: supporting medical students towards future careers in general practice. London: Health Education England and the Medical Schools Council; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson E, Kumar S. The Wass report: moving forward 3 years on. Br J Gen Pract. 2020;70(693):164–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orom H, Semalulu T, Underwood W III. The social and learning environments experienced by underrepresented minority medical students: a narrative review. Acad Med. 2013;88(11):1765–1777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman-Barger K, Boatright D, Gonzalez-Colaso R, et al. Seeking inclusion excellence: understanding racial microaggressions as experienced by underrepresented medical and nursing students. Acad Med. 2020;95(5):758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hordijk R, Hendrickx K, Lanting K, et al. Defining a framework for medical teachers’ competencies to teach ethnic and cultural diversity: results of a European Delphi study. Med Teach. 2019;41(1):68–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazar M, Kendall K, Day L, et al. Decolonising medical curricula through diversity education: lessons from students. Med Teach. 2015;37(4):385–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro J, Hollingshead J, Morrison EH. Primary care resident, faculty, and patient views of barriers to cultural competence, and the skills needed to overcome them. Med Educ. 2002;36(8):749–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogra N, Reitmanova S, Carter-Pokras O. Teaching cultural diversity: current status in UK, US, and Canadian medical schools. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(2):164–168.
   Google Scholar
• Pantić N, Taiwo M, Martindale A. Roles, practices and contexts for acting as agents of social justice–student teachers’ perspectives. Teachers Teach. 2019;25(2):220–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turbes S, Krebs E, Axtell S. The hidden curriculum in multicultural medical education: the role of case examples. Acad Med. 2002;77(3):209–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acosta D, Ackerman-Barger K. Breaking the silence: time to talk about race and racism. Acad Med. 2017;92(3):285–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lempp H, Seale C. Medical students’ perceptions in relation to ethnicity and gender: a qualitative study. BMC Med Educ. 2006;6(1):17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Odom KL, Roberts LM, Johnson RL, et al. Exploring obstacles to and opportunities for professional success among ethnic minority medical students. Acad Med. 2007;82(2):146–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickins K, Levinson D, Smith SG, et al. The minority student voice at one medical school: lessons for all? Acad Med. 2013;88(1):73–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruess SR, Cruess RL, Steinert Y. Role modelling—making the most of a powerful teaching strategy. BMJ. 2008;336(7646):718–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan S, Sanders T, Crossley N, et al. Bridging the gap: the roles of social capital and ethnicity in medical student achievement. Med Educ. 2015;49(1):114–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassouneh D, Lutz KF, Beckett AK, et al. The experiences of underrepresented minority faculty in schools of medicine. Med Educ Online. 2014;19(1):24768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan LW, Mittman IS. The state of diversity in the health professions a century after Flexner. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):246–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guevara JP, Adanga E, Avakame E, et al. Minority faculty development programs and underrepresented minority faculty representation at US medical schools. JAMA, 2013;310(21):2297–2304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vianden J, Gruber C. “It’s hard to speak up”: lessons learned from engaging US white college men in conversations on racism. GMS J Med Educ. 2020;37(2). DOI:10.3205/zma001309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plews-Ogan ML, Bell TD, Townsend G, et al. Acting Wisely: eliminating negative bias in medical education—part 2: how can we do better? Acad Med. 2020;95(12S):S16–S22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mkandawire-Valhmu L, Kako PM, Stevens PE. Mentoring women faculty of color in nursing academia: creating an environment that supports scholarly growth and retention. Nurs Outlook. 2010;58(3):135–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beech BM, Calles-Escandon J, Hairston KG, et al. Mentoring programs for underrepresented minority faculty in academic medical centers: a systematic review of the literature. Acad Med. 2013;88(4). DOI:10.1097/ACM.0b013e31828589e3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaison Committee on Medical Education. Functions and structure of a medical school: standards for accreditation of medical education programs leading to the MD degree. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Bzowyckyj AS, Dow A, Knab MS. Evaluating the impact of educational interventions on patients and communities: a conceptual framework. Acad Med. 2017;92(11):1531–1535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar