Selective memory biases in individuals’ memory for health-related information and behavior recommendations

References

• Arias , E , Anderson , RN , Kung , HC , Murphy , SL and Kochanek , KD . 2003 . Deaths: Final data for 2001 . National Vital Statistics Reports , 52 ( 3 ) : 1 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Aspinwall , LG and Brunhart , SM . 1996 . Distinguishing optimism from denial: Optimistic beliefs predict attention to health threats . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 22 : 993 – 1003 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower , GH , Clark , MC , Lesgold , AM and Winzenz , D . 1969 . Hierarchical retrieval schemes in recall of categorized word lists . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 8 : 323 – 343 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , SC and Park , DC . 2002 . Roles of age and familiarity in learning health information . Educational Gerontology , 28 : 695 – 710 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull , SJ . 1999 . Adherence issues in sport and exercise , New York : Wiley . (Ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Burke , LE and Ockene , IS . 2001 . Compliance in healthcare and research. , Armonk, NY : Futura . (Eds.)
   Google Scholar
• Butler , J , Arbogast , PG , BeLue , R , Daugherty , J , Jain , MK , Ray , WA and Griffin , MR . 2002 . Outpatient adherence to beta-blocker therapy after acute myocardial infarction . Journal of the American College of Cardiologists , 40 : 1589 – 1595 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasteen , AL , Park , DC and Schwarz , N . 2001 . Implementation intentions and facilitation of prospective memory . Psychological Science , 12 : 457 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiken , S , Giner-Sorolla , R and Chen , S . 1996 . “ Beyond accuracy: Defense and impression motives in heuristic and systematic information processing ” . In The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior , Edited by: Gollwitzer , PM and Bargh , JA . 553 – 578 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , JD , MacWhinney , B , Flatt , M and Provost , J . 1993 . PsyScope: An interactive graphic system for designing and controlling experiments in the psychology laboratory using Macintosh computers . Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers , 25 : 257 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , FI and Tulving , E . 1975 . Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 104 : 268 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crites , SL Jr , Fabrigar , LR and Petty , RE . 1994 . Measuring the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes: Conceptual and methodological issues . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 20 : 619 – 634 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croyle , RT , Loftus , EF , Klinger , MR and Smith , KD . 1993 . “ Reducing errors in health-related memory: Progress and prospects ” . In Between communication and information: Information and behavior , Edited by: Schement , JR and Ruben , BD . Vol. 4 , 255 – 268 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Croyle , RT , Sun , YC and Louie , DH . 1993 . Psychological minimization of cholesterol test results: Moderators of appraisal in college students and community residents . Health Psychology , 12 : 503 – 507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditto , PH and Lopez , DF . 1992 . Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and non-preferred conclusions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 568 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditto , PH , Munro , GD , Apanovitch , AM , Scepansky , JA and Lockhart , LK . 2003 . Spontaneous skepticism: The interplay of motivation and expectation in responses to favorable and unfavorable medical diagnoses . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 29 : 1120 – 1132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditto , PH , Scepansky , JA , Munro , GD , Apanovitch , AM and Lockhart , LK . 1998 . Motivated sensitivity to preference-inconsistent information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 53 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly , AH and Chaiken , S . 1993 . The psychology of attitudes , Fort Worth, TX : Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich .
   Google Scholar
• Eagly , AH and Chaiken , S . 1998 . “ Attitude structure and function ” . In The handbook of social psychology, , 4th Edn , Edited by: Gilbert , DT , Fiske , ST and Lindzey , G . Vol. 1 , 269 – 322 . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Eagly , AH , Chen , S , Chaiken , S and Shaw-Barnes , K . 1999 . The impact of attitudes on memory: An affair to remember . Psychological Bulletin , 125 : 64 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly , AH , Kulesa , P , Brannon , LA , Shaw , K and Hutson-Comeaux , S . 2000 . Why counterattitudinal messages are as memorable as proattitudinal messages: The importance of active defense against attack . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 : 1392 – 1408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , RH , Sherman , SJ and Herr , PM . 1982 . The feature-positive effect in the self-perception process: Does not doing matter as much as doing? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 42 : 404 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer , PM . 1999 . Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans . American Psychologist , 54 : 493 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janis , IL and Terwilliger , R . 1962 . An experimental study of psychological resistances to fear arousing communications . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 65 : 403 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd , CM , Kenny , DA and McClelland , GH . 2001 . Mediation and moderation in within-subject designs . Psychological Methods , 6 : 115 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessels , RPC . 2003 . Patients’ memory for medical information . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , 96 : 219 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiviniemi , MT and Rothman , AJ . 2004 . How Do People Decide to Change Their Behavior? The Role of Dose-Response Asymmetries in Mental Simulations of Increases and Decreases in Ongoing Behaviors Manuscript under review
   Google Scholar
• Klein , WM . 1996 . Maintaining self-serving social comparisons: Attenuating the perceived significance of risk-increasing behaviors . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 15 : 120 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , WM and Kunda , Z . 1993 . Maintaining self-serving social comparisons: Biased reconstruction of one's past behaviors . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 19 : 732 – 739 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunda , Z . 1987 . Motivated inference: Self-serving generation and evaluation of causal theories . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 636 – 647 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley , P . 1979 . Memory for medical information . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 18 : 245 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley , P and Spelman , MS . 1965 . Communications in an outpatient setting . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 4 : 114 – 116 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ley , P and Spelman , MS . 1967 . Communicating with the patient , London : Staples .
   Google Scholar
• Liberman , A and Chaiken , C . 1992 . Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 18 : 669 – 679 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum , RC , Zhang , S , Preacher , KJ and Rucker , DD . 2002 . On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables . Psychological Methods , 7 : 19 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , R , Gordon , EEI and Lounsbury , P . 1998 . Gender disparities in attribution of cardiac-related symptoms: Contribution of common sense models of illness . Health Psychology , 17 : 346 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , R and Lemos , K . 2002 . From heart attacks to melanoma: Do common sense models of somatization influence symptom interpretation for female victims? . Health Psychology , 21 : 25 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinnis , JM and Foege , WH . 1993 . Actual causes of death in the United States . Journal of the American Medical Association , 270 : 2207 – 2212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire , LC . 1996 . Remembering what the doctor said: Organization and older adults’ memory for medical information . Experimental Aging Research , 22 : 403 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokdad , AH , Marks , JS , Stroup , DF and Gerberding , JL . 2004 . Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000 . Journal of the American Medical Association , 291 : 1238 – 1245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell , JM , Towles , W , Yin , M and Malakar , CL . 2002 . Patient decision making: Use of and adherence to telephone-based nurse triage recommendations . Medical Decision-Making , 22 : 309 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okun , MA and Rice , GE . 2001 . The effects of personal relevance of topic and information type on older adults’ accurate recall of written medical passages about osteoarthritis . Journal of Aging and Health , 12 : 410 – 429 .
   Google Scholar
• Park , DC , Morrell , RW and Shifren , K . 1999 . Processing of medical information in aging patients: Cognitive and human factors perspectives. , Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum . (Eds.)
   Google Scholar
• Pomerantz , EM , Chaiken , S and Tordesillas , RS . 1995 . Attitude strength and resistance processes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 408 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed , MB and Aspinwall , LG . 1998 . Self-affirmation reduces biased processing of health-risk information . Motivation and Emotion , 22 : 99 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , GE and Okun , MA . 1994 . Older readers’ processing of medical information that contradicts their beliefs . Journal of Gerontology , 49 : P119 – P128 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts , JV . 1985 . The attitude–memory relationship after 40 years: A meta-analysis of the literature . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 6 : 221 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , M , McFarland , C and Fletcher , GJ . 1981 . The effect of attitude on the recall of personal histories . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 40 : 627 – 634 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , DE , Boggs , SR , Melamed , BG and Graham-Pole , J . 1992 . The effect of varied physician affect on recall, anxiety, and perceptions in women at risk for breast cancer: An analogue study . Health Psychology , 11 : 61 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma , S , Murphy , SP , Wikens , LR , Shen , L , Hankin , JH Henderson , B . 2003 . Adherence to the food guide pyramid recommendations among Japanese Americans, Native Hawaiians, and whites; Results from the multiethnic cohort study . Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 103 : 1195 – 1198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherif , CW , Sherif , M and Nebergall , RE . 1965 . Attitude and attitude change: The social judgment-involvement approach , Philadelphia : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , SE . 1991 . Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization–minimization hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 110 : 67 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2003 . Adherence to long-term therapies: Evidence for action. , Geneva, , Switzerland : WHO .
   Google Scholar