REFERENCES
- Aboud, F. E. (2008). A social-cognitive developmental theory of prejudice. In S. M. Quintana & C. McKown (Eds.), Handbook of race, racism, and the developing child (pp. 55–71). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
- Aboud, F. E., & Steele, J. R. (in press). Theoretical perspectives on implicit and explicit prejudice development. In A. Rutland, D. Nesdale, & C. S. Brown (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of group process in children and adolescents. NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Bar-Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2012). Reporting intentional rating of the primes predicts priming effects in the Affective Misattribution Procedure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1194–1208. doi:10.1177/0146167212446835
- Bar-Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2014). A comparative investigation of seven indirect attitude measures. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 668–688. doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0410-6
- Baron, A. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2006). The development of implicit attitudes: Evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychological Science, 17, 53–58. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01664.x
- Baugh, F. (2002). Correcting effect sizes for score reliability: A reminder that measurement and substantive issues are linked inextricably. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62, 254–263. doi:10.1177/0013164402062002004
- Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 631–643. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.631
- Buckley, M., & Saarni, C. (2006). Skills of emotional competence: Developmental implications. In J. Ciarrochi, J. R. Forgas, & J. D. Mayer (Eds.), Emotional intelligence in everyday life (2nd ed., pp. 51–76). Hove, England: Taylor & Francis
- Chapman, M., Zahn-Waxler, C., Cooperman, G., & Iannotti, R. (1987). Empathy and responsibility in the motivation of children’s helping. Developmental Psychology, 23, 140–145. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.1.140
- Conrey, F. R., Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Hegenberg, K., & Groom, C. J. (2005). Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The quad model of implicit task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 469–487. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.469
- Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity. Psychological Science, 12, 163–170. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00328
- Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2011). Measuring implicit attitudes of 4-year-olds: The Preschool Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 190, 187–200. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.11.002
- Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). Math–gender stereotypes in elementary school children. Child Development, 82, 766–779. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01529.x
- Cvencek, D., Nasir, N. S., O’Connor, K., Wischnia, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). The development of math–race stereotypes: ‘They say Chinese people are the best at math.’ Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 630–637. doi:10.1111/jora.12151
- Degner, J., & Wentura, D. (2010). Automatic prejudice in children and adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 356–374. doi:10.1037/a0017993
- Donges, U.-S., Kersting, A., & Suslow, T. (2012). Women’s greater ability to perceive happy facial emotion automatically: Gender differences in affective priming. PLoS ONE, 7, e41745. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041745
- Dunham, Y., Baron, A. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2006). From American city to Japanese village: A cross-cultural investigation of implicit race attitudes. Child Development, 77, 1268–1281. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00933.x
- Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91–119. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91
- Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and uses. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297–327. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225
- Freeman, J. B., Johnson, K. L., Adams, R. B., Jr., & Ambady, N. (2012). The social-sensory interface: Category interactions in person perception. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6, 81. doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00081
- Gawronski, B., Cunningham, W. A., LeBel, E. P., & Deutsch, R. (2010). Attentional influences on affective priming: Does categorization influence spontaneous evaluations of multiply categorisable objects? Cognition & Emotion, 24, 1008–1025. doi:10.1080/02699930903772712
- Gawronski, B., & De Houwer, J. (2014). Implicit measures in social and personality psychology. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (2nd ed., pp. 283–310). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Gawronski, B., & Payne, B. K. (2010). Handbook of implicit social cognition. New York, NY: Guilford.
- Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
- Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
- Hofmann, W., & Wilson, T. D. (2010). Consciousness, introspection, and the adaptive unconscious. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 197–215). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Inzlicht, M., Gutsell, J. N., & Legault, L. (2012). Mimicry reduces racial prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 361–365. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.06.007
- Karpinski, A., & Steinman, R. B. (2006). The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 16–32. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16
- Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual ( Technical Report A-6). Gainesville: University of Florida.
- Livingston, R. W., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). What are we really priming? Cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 5–18. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.5
- Loersch, C., & Payne, B. K. (2011). The situated inference model: An integrative account of the effects of primes on perception, behavior, and motivation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 234–252. doi:10.1177/1745691611406921
- Nesdale, D., Griffith, J., Durkin, K., & Maass, A. (2005). Empathy, group norms and children’s ethnic attitudes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 623–637. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2005.08.003
- Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). The go/no-go association task. Social Cognition, 19, 625–664. doi:10.1521/soco.19.6.625.20886
- Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior (pp. 265–292). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
- Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S. (2011). Implicit social cognition: From measures to mechanisms. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 152–159. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005
- Olson, K. R., & Dunham, Y. (2010). The development of implicit social cognition. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and application (pp. 241–254). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2003). Relations between implicit measures of prejudice: What are we measuring? Psychological Science, 14, 636–639. doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1477.x
- Payne, K. B., Brown-Iannuzzi, J., Burkley, M., Arbuckle, N. L., Cooley, E., Cameron, C. D., & Lundberg, K. B. (2013). Intention invention and the affect misattribution procedure: Reply to Bar-Anan and Nosek (2012). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 375–386. doi:10.1177/0146167212475225
- Payne, B. K., Burkley, M. A., & Stokes, M. B. (2008). Why do implicit and explicit attitude tests diverge? The role of structural fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 16–31. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.16
- Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewart, B. D. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 277–293. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277
- Payne, B. K., Govorun, O., & Arbuckle, N. L. (2008). Automatic attitudes and alcohol: Does implicit liking predict drinking? Cognition & Emotion, 22, 238–271. doi:10.1080/02699930701357394
- Payne, B. K., Hall, D. L., Cameron, C. D., & Bishara, A. J. (2010). A process model of affect misattribution. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1397–1408. doi:10.1177/0146167210383440
- Pfeifer, J. H., & Dapretto, M. (2009). ‘Mirror, mirror, in my mind’: Empathy, interpersonal competence, and the mirror neuron system. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 183–198). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Rohr, M., Degner, J., & Wentura, D. (2012). Masked emotional priming beyond global valence activations. Cognition and Emotion, 26, 224–244. doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.576852
- Rutland, A., Cameron, L., Milne, A., & McGeorge, P. (2005). Social norms and self-presentation: Children’s implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes. Child Development, 76, 451–466. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00856.x
- Teige-Mocigemba, S., Klauer, K. C., & Sherman, J. W. (2010). A practical guide to implicit association tests and related tasks. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), A handbook for implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 117–139). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Thomas, S., Smith, R. B., & Ball, P. (2007). Implicit attitudes in very young children: An adaption of the IAT. Current Research in Social Psychology, 13, 75–85.
- Wentura, D., & Degner, J. (2010). A practical guide to sequential priming and related tasks. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and application (pp. 95–116). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Williams, A., & Steele, J. R. (2011, January). The internal consistency of child-friendly race IATs: An examination of cross-cultural responses. Poster session presented at the New Methods preconference at the annual meeting of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, TX.
- Williams, A., Steele, J. R., & Durante, S. (2012, January). Examining the role of categorization in children’s implicit racial bias. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA.