Three Ethnic and Racial Identity Measures: Concurrent and Divergent Validity for Diverse Adolescents

REFERENCES

• Ashmore , R. D. , Deaux , K. , & McLaughlin-Volpe , T. ( 2004 ). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality . Psychological Bulletin , 130 , 80 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi , F. , T., Zea , M. C. , Belgrave , F. Z. , & Echeverry , J. J. ( 2002 ). Racial identity and self-esteem among Black Brazilian men: Race matters in Brazil too! . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 8 , 157 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Bracey , J. R. , Bámaca , M. Y. , & Umaña-Taylor , A. J. ( 2004 ). Examining ethnic identity and self-esteem among biracial and monoracial adolescents . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 33 , 123 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burlew , A. , Bellow , S. , & Lovett , M. ( 2000 ). Racial identity measures: A review and classification system . In R. H. Dana (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural and multicultural personality assessment (pp. 173 – 196 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell , C. H. , Sellers , R. M. , Bernat , D. H. , & Zimmerman , M. A. ( 2004 ). Racial identity, parental support, and alcohol use in a sample of academically at-risk African American high school students . American Journal of Community Psychology , 34 , 71 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavous , T. M. , Bernat , D. H. , Schmeelk-Cone , K. , Caldwell , C. H. , Kohn-Wood , L. , & Zimmerman , M. A. ( 2003 ). Racial identity and academic attainment among African American adolescents . Child Development , 74 , 1076 – 1090 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cokley , K. ( 2007 ). Critical issues in the measurement of ethnic and racial identity: A referendum on the state of the field . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 54 , 224 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cokley , K. O. , & Helm , K. ( 2001 ). Testing the construct validity of scores on the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity . Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development , 34 , 80 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , H. , & Casey-Cannon , S. ( 2006, August ). Cultural identity, coping with cultural diversity, and academic self-efficacy . Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association , New Orleans , LA .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , H. , Casey-Cannon , S. , & Fillingame , L. K. ( 2005, August ). Cultural identity and minority student achievement: Bicultural competence and its relationship to a resilient outcome . Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association , Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , H. , Norton , R. A. , Miranda , G. E , & McCubbin , L. D. ( 2003 ). Toward an ecological theory of cultural identity development . In D. B. Pope-Davis , H. L. K. Coleman , W. Liu , & R. Tapered (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural competencies (pp. 38 – 58 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , V. , & Carter , M. ( 2007 ). Biracial self-identification: Impact on trait anxiety, social anxiety, and depression . Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research , 7 , 103 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Crocker , J. , & Luhtanen , R. ( 1990 ). Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 , 60 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker , J. , Luhtanen , R. , Blaine , B. , & Broadnax , S. ( 1994 ). Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 20 , 503 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L. J. ( 1951 ). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrika , 16 , 297 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandy , J. , Durkin , K. , McEvoy , P. , Barber , B. , & Houghton , S. ( 2008 ). Psychometric properties of Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) scores with Australian adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups . Journal of Adolescence , 31 , 323 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubow , E. F. , Pargament , K. I. , Boxer , P. , & Tarakeshwar , N. ( 2000 ). Initial investigation of Jewish early adolescents' ethnic identity, stress, and coping . Journal of Early Adolescence , 20 , 418 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , A. ( 2005 ). Discovering statistics using SPSS . London , U.K. : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Fuligni , A. J. , Witkow , M. , & Garcia , C. (2005). Ethnic identity and the academic adjustment of adolescents from Mexican, Chinese, and European backgrounds. Developmental Psychology , 41, 799–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms , J. E. ( 2007 ). Some better practices for measuring racial and ethnic identity constructs . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 54 , 235 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms , J. E. , & Talleyrand , R. M. ( 1997 ). Race is not ethnicity . American Psychologist , 52 , 1246 – 1247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt , W. T. , Warbasse , R. E. , & Chue , E. Y. ( 2006 ). Construct validation in counseling psychology research . Counseling Psychologist , 34 , 769 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrabowski , F. A. ( 2002 ). Postsecondary minority student achievement: How to raise performance and close the achievement gap . College Board Review , 195 , 40 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Hrabowski , F. A. , Maton , K. I. , & Greif , G. L. ( 1998 ). Beating the odds: Raising academically successful African American males . London , U.K. : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kazarian , S. , & Boyadjian , M. ( 2008 ). Validation of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure among ethnic Armenian adolescents in Lebanon . Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research , 8 , 335 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• Kiang , L. , Yip , T. , Gonzalez-Backen , M. , Witkow , M. , & Fuligni , A. J. ( 2005 ). Ethnic identity and the daily psychological well-being of adolescents from Mexican and Chinese backgrounds . Child Development , 77 , 1338 – 1350 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , B. S. K. , & Omizo , M. M. ( 2005 ). Asian and European American cultural values, collective self-esteem, acculturative stress, cognitive flexibility, and general self-efficacy among Asian American college students . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 52 , 412 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , R. M. , & Chol Yoo , H. ( 2004 ). Structure and measurement of ethnic identity for Asian American college students . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 51 , 263 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhtanen , R. , & Crocker , J. ( 1992 ). A collective self-esteem scale: self-evaluation of one's social identity . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 18 , 302 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez , R. O. , & Dukes , R. L. ( 1997 ). The effects of ethnic identity, ethnicity, and gender on adolescent well-being . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 26 , 503 – 516 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon , S. D. , & Watts , R. J. ( 2002 ). Ethnic identity in urban African American youth: Exploring links with self-worth, aggression, and other psychosocial variables . Journal of Community Psychology , 30 , 411 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyserman , D. , Gant , L. , & Ager , J. ( 1995 ). A socially contextualized model of African American identity: Possible selves and school persistence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 , 1216 – 1232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phinney , J. ( 1992 ). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with adolescents and young adults from diverse groups . Journal of Adolescent Research , 7 , 156 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Phinney , J. ( 2007 ). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) . Retrieved from http://www.calstatela.edu/academic/psych/ftp/meim.doc
   Google Scholar
• Phinney , J. , & Ong , A. D. ( 2007 ). Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 54 , 271 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponterotto , J. G. , & Park-Taylor , J. ( 2007 ). Racial and ethnic identity theory, measurement, and research in counseling psychology: Present status and future directions . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 54 , 282 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope-Davis , D. B. , Vandiver , B. J. , & Stone , G. L. ( 1999 ). White racial identity attitude development: A psychometric examination of two instruments . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 46 , 70 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , R. , Phinney , J. , Masse , L. , Chen , Y. , Roberts , C. , & Romero , A. ( 1999 ). The structure of ethnic identity in young adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups . Journal of Early Adolescence , 19 , 301 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley , S. ( 2000 ). Profiles of African American college students' educational utility and performance: A cluster analysis . Journal of Black Psychology , 26 , 3 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Sellers , R. M. , Caldwell , C. H. , Schmeelk-Cone , K. H. , & Zimmerman , M. A. (2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 44, 302–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers , R. M. , Chavous , T. M. , & Cooke , D. Y. ( 1998 ). Racial ideology and racial centrality as predictors of African American college students' academic performance . Journal of Black Psychology , 24 , 8 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Sellers , R. M. , Rowley , S. A. J. , Chavous , T. M. , Shelton , J. N. , & Smith , M. ( 1997 ). Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: Preliminary investigation of reliability and construct validity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 , 805 – 815 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers , R. M. , Smith , M. A. , Shelton , J. N. , Rowley , S. A. J. , & Chavous , T. M. ( 1998 ). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 2 , 18 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shelton , J. N. , & Sellers , R. M. ( 2000 ). Situational stability and variability in African American racial identity . Journal of Black Psychology , 26 , 27 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Smalls , C. , White , R. , Chavous , T. , & Sellers , R. ( 2007 ). Racial ideological beliefs and racial discrimination experiences as predictors of academic engagement among African American adolescents . Journal of Black Psychology , 33 , 299 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer , M. S. , Icard , L. D. , Harachi , T. W. , Catalano , R. F. , & Oxford , M. ( 2000 ). Ethnic identity among monoracial and multiracial early adolescents . Journal of Early Adolescence , 20 , 365 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed , M. , Azmitia , M. , & Phinney , J. ( 2007 ). Stability and change in ethnic identity among Latino emerging adults in two contexts . Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research , 7 , 155 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Umaña-Taylor , A. J. , Yazedjian , A. , & Bámaca-Gómez , M. ( 2004 ). Developing the Ethnic Identity Scale using Eriksonian and social identity perspectives . Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research , 4 , 9 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Utsey , S. O. , & Constantine , M. G. ( 2006 ). A confirmatory test of the underlying factor structure of scores on the Collective Self-Esteem Scale in two independent samples of Black Americans . Journal of Personality Assessment , 86 , 172 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandiver , B. J. , Cross , W. E. , Worrell , F. C. , & Fhagen-Smith , P. E. ( 2002 ). Validating the Cross Racial Identity Scale . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 49 , 71 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worrell , F. C. ( 2000 ). A validity study of scores on the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure based on a sample of academically talented adolescents . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 60 , 439 – 447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worrell , F. C. , & Gardner-Kitt , D. L. ( 2006 ). The relationship between racial and ethnic identity in Black adolescents: The Cross Racial Identity Scale and Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure . Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research , 6 , 293 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Worrell , F. C. , Vandiver , B. J. , Cross , W. E. , & Fhagen-Smith , P. E. ( 2004 ). The reliability and validity of Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) scores in a sample of African American adults . Journal of Black Psychology , 30 , 489 – 505 .
   Google Scholar
• Yasui , M. , Dorham , C. L. , & Dishion , T. J. ( 2004 ). Ethnic identity and psychological adjustment: A validity analysis for European American and African American adolescents . Journal of Adolescence , 19 , 807 – 825 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh , C. J. , & Hwang , M. Y. ( 2000 ). Interdependence in ethnic identity and self: Implications for theory and practice . Journal of Counseling and Development , 78 , 420 – 429 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip , T. , & Fuligni , A. J. ( 2002 ). Daily variation in ethnic identity, ethnic behaviors, and psychological well-being among American adolescents of Chinese descent . Child Development , 73 , 1557 – 1572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip , T. , Seaton , E. K. , & Sellers , R. M. ( 2006 ). African American racial identity across the lifespan: Identity status, identity content, and depressive symptoms . Child Development , 77 , 1504 – 1517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar