Identity Formation in Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study from Age 27 to 50

References

• Adams, G. R. (1999). The objective measure of ego identity status: A manual on theory and test construction. Guelph, Ontario, Canada: Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Owidha, A., Green, K. E., & Kroger, J. (2009). On the question of an identity status category order: Rasch model step and scale statistics used to identify category order. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 88–96. doi:10.1177/0165025408100110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer, S. L. (1989). Gender differences in identity development: Issues of process, domain and timing. Journal of Adolescence, 12, 117–138. doi:10.1016/0140-1971(89)90003-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltes, P. B., Lindenberger, U., & Staudinger, U. M. (1998). Life-span theory in developmental psychology. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (5th ed., pp. 1029–1117). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman, L. R., Magnusson, D., & El-Khouri, B. M. (2003). Studying individual development in an interindividual context: A person-oriented approach. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Berzonsky, M. D., & Adams, G. R. (1999). Re-evaluating the identity status paradigm: Still useful after 35 years. Developmental Review, 19, 557–590. doi:10.1006/drev.1999.0495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma, H. A., & Kunnen, E. S. (2001). Determinants and mechanisms in ego identity development: A review and synthesis. Developmental Review, 21, 39–66. doi:10.1006/drev.2000.0514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté, J. E., & Levine, C. G. (2002). Identity formation, agency, and culture: A social psychological synthesis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cramer, P. (2004). Identity change in adulthood: The contribution of defense mechanisms and life experiences. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 280–316. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00070-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Fadjukoff, P. (2007). Identity formation in adulthood. University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. Jyväskylä Studies in Education, Psychology and Social Research 319.
   Google Scholar
• Fadjukoff, P., Kokko, K., & Pulkkinen, L. (2010). Changing economic conditions and identity formation in adulthood. European Psychologist, 15(4), 293–303. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadjukoff, P., Pulkkinen, L., & Kokko, K. (2005). Identity processes in adulthood: Diverging domains. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 5(1), 1–20. doi:10.1207/s1532706xid0501_1
   Google Scholar
• Fadjukoff, P., Pulkkinen, L., Lyyra, A.-L., & Kokko, K. (2016). Parental identity and its relation to parenting and psychological functioning in middle age. Parenting: Science & Practice, 16, 87–107. doi:10.1080/15295192.2016.1134989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goossens, L. (2001). Global versus domain-specific statuses in identity research: A comparison of two self-report measures. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 681–699. doi:10.1006/jado.2001.0438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grotevant, H. D., Thorbecke, W., & Meyer, M. L. (1982). An extension of Marcia’s Identity Status Interview into the interpersonal domain. Journal of Research in Personality, 28, 436–452.
   Google Scholar
• Josselson, R. (1996). Revising herself: The story of women’s identity from college to midlife. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kroger, J. (1996). Identity, regression and development. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 203–222. doi:10.1006/jado.1996.0020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroger, J. (2003). What transits in an identity status transition? Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 3, 197–220. doi:10.1207/S1532706XID0303_02
   Google Scholar
• Kroger, J. (2007). Identity development. Adolescence through adulthood (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kroger, J. (2015). Identity development through adulthood: The move toward “wholeness.” In K. C. McLean & M. Syed (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of identity development (pp. 65–80). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kroger, J., & Haslett, S. J. (1987). A retrospective study of ego identity status change by mid-life adults. Social and Behavioral Sciences Documents, 17(ms. no. 2797, 52 pp.).
   Google Scholar
• Kroger, J., & Haslett, S. J. (1991). A comparison of ego identity status transition pathways and change rates across five identity domains. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 303–330. doi:10.2190/340W-9JL0-X14P-9B3K
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroger, J., & Marcia, J. E. (2011). The identity statuses: Origins, meanings, and interpretations. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 31–53). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kroger, J., Martinussen, M., & Marcia, J. E. (2010). Identity status change during adolescence and young adulthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 33(5), 683–698. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachman, M. E. (2004). Development in midlife. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 305–331. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, H. L. (2003). Differences in ego identity among college students across age, ethnicity, and gender. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 3, 159–189. doi:10.1207/S1532706XID030205
   Google Scholar
• Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., & Soenens, B. (2006). A developmental contextual perspective on identity construction in emerging adulthood: Change dynamics in commitment formation and commitment evaluation. Developmental Psychology, 42, 366–380. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551–558. doi:10.1037/h0023281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcia, J. E. (1976). Identity six years after: A follow-up study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 5, 145–160. doi:10.1007/BF01537490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159–187). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Marcia, J. E. (1993). The ego identity status approach to ego identity. In J. E. Marcia, A. S. Waterman, D. R. Matteson, S. L. Archer, & J. L. Orlofsky (Eds.), Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research (pp. 3–21). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Marcia, J. E. (2001). A commentary on Seth Schwartz’s review of identity theory and research. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 1, 59–65. doi:10.1207/S1532706XMARCIA
   Google Scholar
• Marcia, J. E. (2002). Identity and psychosocial development in adulthood. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2, 7–28. doi:10.1207/S1532706XID0201_02
   Google Scholar
• Marcia, J. E. (2007). Theory and measure: The Identity Status Interview. In M. Watzlawik, & A. Born (Eds.), Capturing identity: Quantitative and qualitative methods (pp. 1–14). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
   Google Scholar
• Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Helsen, M., & Vollenbergh, W. (1999). Patterns of adolescent identity development: Review of literature and longitudinal analysis. Developmental Review, 19, 419–461. doi:10.1006/drev.1999.0483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastorino, E., & Dunham, R. M. (1997). Domain specific gender comparisons in identity development among college youth: Ideology and relationships. Adolescence, 32, 559–577.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pulkkinen, L. (2006). The Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS). In L. Pulkkinen, J. Kaprio, & R. Rose (Eds.), Socioemotional development and health from adolescence to adulthood (pp. 27–55). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pulkkinen, L. (2009). Personality—A resource or risk for successful development. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50, 602–610. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00774.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulkkinen, L., & Kokko, K. (2000). Identity development in adulthood: A longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 445–470. doi:10.1006/jrpe.2000.2296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulkkinen, L., & Kokko, K. (Eds.). (2010). Keski-ikä elämänvaiheena. [Middle age as a phase of life]. Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. Report from the Department of Psychology 352 (available only in Finnish). Retrieved from https://jyx.jyu.fi/dspace/handle/123456789/24873.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S., Côté, J. E., & Arnett, J. J. (2005). Identity and agency in emerging adulthood: Two developmental routes in the individualization process. Youth and Society, 37, 201–229. doi:10.1177/0044118X05275965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen, J., Fraser, E., & Marcia, J. E. (1992). Moratorium-achievement (MAMA) cycles in lifespan identity development. Journal of Adolescence, 15, 283–300. doi:10.1016/0140-1971(92)90031-Y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valde, G. A. (1996). Identity closure: A fifth identity status. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157, 245–254. doi:10.1080/00221325.1996.9914862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignoles, V. L., Schwartz, S. J., & Luyckx, K. (2011). Introduction: Toward an integrative view of identity. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 1–28). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Waterman, A. S. (1999). Commentary. Identity, the identity statuses, and identity status development: A contemporary statement. Developmental Review, 19, 591–621. doi:10.1006/drev.1999.0493
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman, A. S., & Archer, S. (1990). A lifespan perspective on identity formation: Developments in form, function, and process. In P. B. Battes, D. L. Featherman, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Life-span development & behavior (Vol. 10, pp. 29–37). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waterman, A. S., & Archer, S. (1993). Identity status during the adult years: Scoring criteria. In J. E. Marcia, A. S. Waterman, D. R. Matteson, S. L. Archer, & J. L. Orlofsky (Eds.), Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research (pp. 241–333). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar