References
- Abell, J. (2011). ‘They seem to think “we’re better than you”’: Framing football support as a matter of ‘national identity’ in Scotland and England. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(2), 246–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/014466610X514200
- An, X. J., Yang, W. Y., Zhu, S., & Wang, X. Z. (2018). 西南地区少数民族初中生民族认同与国家认同的关系:自尊, 多元文化意识的链式中介效应——以云南省楚雄州为例 [The relationship between ethnic identity and national identity of ethnic middle school students in southwest China: The chain mediating role of self-esteem and multicultural ideology: Taking Chuxiong prefecture of Yunnan province as an example]. Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities, 29 (6), 111–118. 安晓镜, 杨未艳, 朱姝, &王晓庄. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-MZJY201806021.htm
- Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K., & Mclaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 80–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.80
- Berry, J., Phinney, J., Sam, D., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 55(3), 303–332. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x
- Bilali, R., Iqbal, Y., & Celik, A. B. (2018). The role of national identity, religious identity, and intergroup contact on social distance across multiple social divides in Turkey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 65 (2018), 73–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.04.007
- Birman, D., Persky, I., & Chan, W. Y. (2010). Multiple identities of Jewish immigrant adolescents from the former Soviet Union: An exploration of salience and impact of ethnic identity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34(3), 193–205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025409350948
- Cheng, S. H., Han, Y. C., & Li, X. 程淑华, 韩毅初, &李欣 (2016). 民族地区高中生中华民族认同现状研究 [Research on the status quo of Chinese national identity of high school students in ethnic minority areas]. Theory Research, 8, 68–69. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LBYT201608030.htm
- Cokley, K. (2007). Critical issues in the measurement of ethnic and racial identity: A referendum on the state of the field. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 224–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.224
- Condor, S., & Abell, J. (2006). Romantic Scotland, tragic England, ambiguous Britain: Constructions of ‘the Empire’ in post‐devolution national accounting. Nations and Nationalism, 12(3), 453–472. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2006.00258.x
- Condor, S., Gibson, S., & Abell, J. (2006). English identity and ethnic diversity in the context of UK constitutional change. Ethnicities, 6(2), 123–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796806063748
- Dai, Q., McGregor, E., & Williams, J. (2015). Being Chinese or being Scottish: National identification and intergroup attitudes of British born Chinese children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(3), 282–296. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2014.1002083
- Dillon, M. (2016). Majorities and minorities in China: An introduction. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Chinese Minorities: Representation and Classification at Home and Abroad, 39(12), 2079–2090. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1199890
- Dong, Y. Y., Gao, C. H., Dang, B. B., An, J., & Wan, M. G. (2014). 大学生民族认同量表的编制 [The development of Ethnic Identity Scale for college students]. Contemporary Education and Culture, 6 (5), 36–41. 董彦彦, 高承海, 党宝宝, 安洁, & 万明钢. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSJG201405006.htm
- Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Saguy, T. (2009). Commonalty and the complexity of ‘we’: Social attitudes and social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308326751
- Ellott, M. (2001). The Manchu way: The eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China. Stanford University Press.
- Fei, X. T. (1988). Plurality and unity in the configuration of the Chinese people. Tanner Lectures.
- Gaertner, S., Dovidio, J., & Bachman, B. (1996). Revisiting the contact hypothesis: The induction of a common ingroup identity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(3), 271–290. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(96)00019-3
- Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Psychology Press.
- Gallagher, E., & Cairns, E. (2011). National identity and in-group/out-group attitudes: Catholic and Protestant children in Northern Ireland. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2010.533977
- Hindriks, P., Verkuyten, M., & Coenders, M. (2014). Interminority attitudes: The roles of ethnic and national identification, contact, and multiculturalism. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(1), 54–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272513511469
- Hou, L. [ 侯玲] (2016). 自我与群体认同——基于汉族, 藏族, 回族和维吾尔族大学生的实证研究 [Self and group identity: Based on the Han, Tibetan, Hui, Uygur empirical study of college students] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. School of Psychology, Norwest Normal University.
- Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I., Liebkind, K., & Solheim, E. (2009). To identify or not to identify? National disidentification as an alternative reaction to perceived ethnic discrimination. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 105–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00384.x
- Jenco, L. K. (2019). Can the Chinese nation be one? Gu Jiegang, Chinese Muslims, and the reworking of culturalism. Modern China, 45(6), 595–628. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700419828017
- Ji, X. T. 姬兴涛 (2012). 边疆少数民族大学生民族认同与国家认同研究及启示 [The study to ethnic minority students’ ethnic identity and national identity]. Journal of Yuzhang Normal University, 27 (2), 24–26. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LCYY201202015.htm
- Kessler, T., Mummendey, A., Funke, F., Brown, R., Binder, J., Zagefka, H., Leyens, J.-P., Demoulin, S., & Maquil, A. (2010). We all live in Germany but … Ingroup projection, group-based emotions and prejudice against immigrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 985–997. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.673
- Kroger, J., & Marcia, J. E. (2011). The identity statuses: Origins, meanings, and interpretations. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 31–53). Springer.
- Leibold, J. (2016). Interethnic conflict in the PRC: Xinjiang and Tibet as exceptions? In B. Hillman & G. Tuttle (Eds.), Ethnic conflict and protest in Tibet and Xinjiang: Unrest in China’s West (pp. 223–250). Columbia University Press.
- Liang, J. L., Gao, C. H., & Wan, M. G. 梁进龙, 高承海, & 万明刚 (2010). 回族, 汉族高中生的民族认同和国家认同对自尊的影响 [The influence of ethnic identity, national identity on Hui and Han middle school students’ self-esteem]. Contemporary Education and Culture, 2 (6), 63–67. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-GSJG201006013.htm
- Ma, R. (2010). The “politicization” and “culturalization” of ethnic groups. Chinese Sociology and Anthropology, 42(4), 31–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625420402
- Maloku, E., Derks, B., Van Laar, C., & Ellemers, N. (2016). Building national identity in newborn Kosovo: Challenges of integrating national identity with ethnic identity among Kosovar Albanians and Kosovar Serbs. In S. Mckeown, R. Haji, & N. Ferguson (Eds.), Understanding peace and conflict through social identity theory (pp. 245–260). Springer.
- Ministry of Education of PRC. (2014). Guidelines for the education of traditional Chinese culture. Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. http://old.moe.gov.cn//publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s7061/201404/xxgk_166543.html
- Newman, D. (2005). Ego development and ethnic identity formation in rural American Indian adolescents. Child Development, 76(3), 734–746. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00874.x
- O’Brien, R. M. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality & Quantity, 41(5), 673–690. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-006-9018-6
- Phinney, J. (1992). The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/074355489272003
- Phinney, J. (2000). Ethnic identity. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (pp. 254–259). Oxford University Press.
- Phinney, J., Ferguson, D., & Tate, J. (1997). Intergroup attitudes among ethnic minority adolescents: A causal model. Child Development, 68(5), 955–969. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1132044
- Phinney, J., Jacoby, B., & Silva, C. (2007). Positive intergroup attitudes: The role of ethnic identity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(5), 478–490. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025407081466
- Phinney, J., & Ong, A. (2007). Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 271–281. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.271
- Postiglione, G. A. (2013). China’s national minority education: Culture, schooling, and development. Routledge.
- Qin, X. R. [ 秦向荣] (2005). 中国11至20岁青少年的民族认同及其发展 [The development of ethnic identity in 11 to 20 years old Chinese adolescents] [Unpublished master dissertation). Department of General Psychology, Central China Normal University.
- Qin, X. R., Gao, X. B., & Zuo, B. 秦向荣, 高晓波, & 佐斌 (2009). 青少年民族认同的发展特点及影响因素 [Factors of ethnic identity in adolescents]. Science of Social Psychology, 24 (2), 59–63. https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/QK200902692222
- Qin, X. R., & Zuo, B. 秦向荣, & 佐斌 (2007). 民族认同的心理学实证研究: S11~20岁青少年民族认同的结构和状况 [A psychological empirical study of ethnic identity: Structure and status of ethnic identity of adolescents aged 11–20]. Journal of Hubei Institute for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 25 (6), 37–41. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HBZA200706005.htm
- Quintana, S. (1998). Children’s developmental understanding of ethnicity and race. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(98)80020-6
- Quintana, S., Castaneda-English, P., & Ybarra, V. (1999). Role of perspective-taking abilities and ethnic socialization in development of adolescent ethnic identity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9(2), 161–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0902_3
- Sabatier, C. (2008). Ethnic and national identity among second-generation immigrant adolescents. in France: The role of social context and family. Journal of Adolescence, 31(2), 185–205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.08.001
- Sager, Z. H. E. (2020). A place under the sun: Chinese Muslim (Hui) identity and the constitutional movement in Republican China. Modern China, 1–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700420915430
- Saylor, E. S., & Aries, E. (1999). Ethnic identity and change in social context. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139(5), 549–566. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549909598416
- Schwartz, S. J., Park, I. J., Huynh, Q. L., Zamboanga, B. L., Umana-Taylor, A. J., Lee, R. M., Rodriguez, L., Kim, S. Y., Whitbourne, S. K., Castillo, L. G., Weisskirch, R. S., Vazsonyi, A. T., Williams, M. K., & Agocha, V. B. (2012). The American identity measure: Development and validation across ethnic group and immigrant generation. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 12(2), 93–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2012.668730
- Sichuan Bureau of Statistics. (2019) . Sichuan statistical yearbook. China Statistical Press.
- State Council of PRC. (2001). The regional ethnic autonomy system: Law of Peoples Republic China on regional national autonomy (revised). The People’s Congress of China. http://www.mhcaw.gov.cn/591.news.detail.dhtml?news_id=53505
- Stone, G. H., & Crisp, R. J. (2007). Superordinate and subgroup identification as predictors of intergroup evaluation in common ingroup contexts. Group Process & Intergroup Relations, 10(4), 493–513. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207081537
- Streit, C., Carlo, G., & Killoren, S. E. (2020). Ethnic socialization, identity, and values associated with U.S. Latino/a young adults’ prosocial behaviors. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 26(1), 102–111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000280
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Nelson-Hall.
- Umana-Taylor, A., Yazedjian, A., & Bamaca-Gomez, M. (2004). Developing the ethnic identity scale using Eriksonian and social identity perspectives. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 4(1), 9–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XID0401_2
- Verkuyten, M., & Yildiz, A. (2007). National (Dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(10), 1448–1462. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207304276
- Wang, J. Y., & Chang, N. B. 王嘉毅, & 常宝宁 (2009). 新疆南疆地区维吾尔族青少年国家认同与民族认同比较研究 [A comparative study of Uygur adolescents’ national identity and their ethnic identity in the southern areas of Xinjiang]. Contemporary Education and Culture, 1(3), 1–6. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSJG200903003.htm
- Xu, Q. 徐茜 (2017). 非物质文化遗产的原真性保护与旅游开发——以凉山彝族火把节为例 [Authenticity protection of intangible cultural heritage and tourism development: Take Liangshan Yi torch festival as an example]. Journal of Chinese Culture, 1, 187–190. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZHWL201503035.htm
- Yao, X. Y. 姚秀颖 (2017). 教育策略对回族民族认同的影响研究——基于西安鼓楼聚居区回族居民的调查 [Research on the influence of educational strategy on Hui ethnic identification: Based on the survey of Hui residents in drum tower district of Xi’an]. Journal of Guangxi Teachers Education University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 38(5), 48–52. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXI201705009.htm
- Yin, D. J., & Liu, T. 尹东江, & 刘铁 (2017). 农村青少年国家认同及影响因素的实证研究 [An empirical study on the national identity of rural youth and its influencing factors]. Foundations of Educational Research, 19, 23–26. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JCJY201719007.htm
- Yuan, Z. J., & Li, X. (2019). Measurement model for students’ ethnic identity, national identity, and perception of social mobility in China: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. SAGE Open, 19(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019844093
- Zhao, G. (2006). Reinventing China: Imperial Qing ideology and the rise of modern Chinese national identity in early twentieth century. Modern China, 32(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700405282349