A Controlled Trial of Working Memory Training for Children and Adolescents with ADHD

REFERENCES

• Alloway , T. P. ( 2007 ). Automated working memory assessment . Oxford , UK : Harcourt .
   Google Scholar
• Alloway , T. P. , Gathercole , S. E. , & Pickering , S. J. ( 2006 ). Verbal and visuo-spatial short-term and working memory in children: Are they separable? Child Development , 77 , 1698 – 1716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . ( 1994 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders () , 4th ed. . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (, text rev.) , 4th ed.. Washington , DC : Author.
   Google Scholar
• Angold , A. , Erkanli , A. , Egger , H. L. , & Costello , E. J. ( 2000 ). Stimulant treatment for children: A community perspective . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 , 975 – 994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. ( 2000 ). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 4 , 417 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. , & Hitch , G. I. ( 1974 ). Working memory . In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (vol. 8 , pp. 47 – 89 ). New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. ( 1996 ). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (pp. 63 – 112 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. ( 2006 ). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment () , 3rd ed. . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Caspi , O. , & Bootzin , R. R. ( 2002 ). Evaluating how placebos produce change: Logical and causal traps and understanding cognitive explanatory mechanisms . Evaluation and the Health Professions , 25 , 436 – 464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F. X. , & Tannock , R. ( 2002 ). Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes . Nature Review Neuroscience , 3 , 617 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conners , C. K. ( 2000 ). Conners' rating scales–revised technical manual . New York : Multi–Health Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Conners , C. K. , Sitarenios , G. , Parker , J. D. , & Epstein , J. N. ( 1998a ). The revised Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS–R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 26 , 257 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conners , C. K. , Sitarenios , G. , Parker , J. D. , & Epstein , J. N. ( 1998b ). Revision and restandardization of the Conners' Teaching Rating Scale (CTRS–R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 26 , 279 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhardt , P. E. , Nigg , J. T. , Carr , L. A. , & Ferreira , F. ( 2008 ). Cognitive inhibition and working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 117 , 591 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fristad , M. A. , Glickman , A. R. , Verducci , J. S. , Teare , M. , Weller , E. B. , & Weller , R. A. ( 1998 ). Study V: Children's interview for psychiatric syndromes (ChIPS): Psychometrics in two community samples . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , 8 , 227 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fristad , M. A. , Teare , M. , Weller , E. B. , Weller , R. A. , & Salmon , P. ( 1998 ). Study III: Development and concurrent validity of the Children's interview for psychiatric syndromes–Parent Version (P-ChIPS): Psychometrics in two community samples . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , 8 , 221 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia , G. , Isquith , P. , Guy , S. C. , & Kenworth , L. ( 2000a ). Behavior rating inventory of executive functions . Child Neuropsychology , 6 , 235 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia , G. , Isquith , P. , Guy , S. C. , & Kenworth , L. ( 2000b ). Behavior Rating of Inventory of Executive Function: Professional Manual. Professional Manual . Lutz , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , J. , Gathercole , S. E. , & Dunning , D. L. ( 2009 ). Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children . Developmental Science , 12 , F9 – F15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , J. G. , Gathercole , S. E. , Place , M. , Dunning , D. L. , Hilton , K. A. , & Elliott , J. G. ( 2009 ). Working memory deficits can be overcome: Impacts of training and medication on working memory in children with ADHD . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 10 , 1002 – 1011 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson , N. S. , & Truax , P. ( 1991 ). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 , 12 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , P. S. , Kettle , L. , Roper , M. T. , Sloan , M. T. , Dulcan , M. K. , et al. . ( 1999 ). Are stimulants overprescribed? Treatment of ADHD in four U.S. communities . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 38 , 797 – 804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keppel , G. , & Wickens , T. D. ( 2004 ). Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook () , 4th ed. . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Kerns , K. A. , Esco , K. , & Thompson , J. ( 1999 ). Investigation of a direct intervention for improving attention in young children with ADHD . Developmental Neuropsychology , 16 , 273 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingberg , T. , Fernell , E. , Olesen , P. J. , Johnson , M. , Gustafsson , M. D. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD—A randomized, controlled trial . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 , 177 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingberg , T. , Forssberg , H. , & Westerberg , H. ( 2002 ). Training of working memory in children with ADHD . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 24 , 781 – 791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen , R. , Hayden , J. , Hogg-Johnson , S. , & Tannock , R. ( 2005 ). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 , 344 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MTA Cooperative Group . ( 1999 ). A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 , 1073 – 1086 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , J. T. ( 2006 ). What causes ADHD?: Understanding what goes wrong and why . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Olesen , P. J. , Westerberg , H. , & Klingberg , T. ( 2004 ). Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory . Nature Neuroscience , 7 , 75 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapport , M. D. , Alderson , R. M. , Kofler , M. J. , Sarver , D. E. , Bolden , J. , & Sims , V. ( 2008 ). Working memory deficits in boys with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The contribution of central executive and subsystem processes . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 36 , 825 – 837 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickel , A. U. , & Brown , R. T. ( 2007 ). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults . Cambridge , MA : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , P. , Eckstrand , K. , Sharp , W. , Blumenthal , J. , Lerch , J. P. , et al. . ( 2007 ). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104 , 19649 – 19654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , B. H. , Barkley , R. A. , & Shapiro , C. J. ( 2006 ). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . In E. J. Mach & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Treatment of childhood disorders (pp. 65 – 136 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Teare , M. , Fristad , M. A. , Weller , E. B. , Weller , R. A. , & Salmon , P. ( 1998 ). Study II: Concurrent validity of the DSM–III–R Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS) . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , 8 , 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller , E. B. , Weller , R. A. , Rooney , M. , & Fristad , M. A. ( 1999 ). Children's interview for psychiatric syndromes, parent version (p-ChIPS) . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Westerberg , H. , Hirvikoski , T. , Forssberg , H. , & Klingberg , T. ( 2004 ). Visuo-spatial working memory: A sensitive measurement of cognitive deficits in ADHD . Child Neurology , 10 , 155 – 161 .
   Google Scholar