1,572
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Is There a Permanent Campaign for Online Political Advertising? Investigating Partisan and Non-Party Campaign Activity in the UK between 2018–2021

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 01 Jun 2022, Accepted 27 Jan 2023, Published online: 05 Feb 2023

References

  • Bimber, B., M. Cunill, L. Copeland, and R. Gibson. 2015. “Digital Media and Political Participation: The Moderating Role of Political Interest across Acts and over Time.” Social Science Computer Review 33 (1):21–42. doi: 10.1177/0894439314526559.
  • Blumenthal, S. 1980. The Permanent Campaign: Inside the World of Elite Political Operatives. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  • Blumler, J. G. 2016. “The Fourth Age of Political Communication.” Politiques de Communication 1:19–30. doi: 10.3917/pdc.006.0019.
  • Bruns, A. 2019. “After the ‘APIcalypse’: Social Media Platforms and Their Fight against Critical Scholarly Research.” Information, Communication & Society 22 (11):1544–66. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2019.1637447.
  • Ceccobelli, D. 2018. “Not Every Day is Election Day: A Comparative Analysis of Eighteen Election Campaigns on Facebook.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 15 (2):122–41. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2018.1449701.
  • Conaghan, C., and C. de la Torre. 2008. “The Permanent Campaign of Rafael Correa: Making Ecuador’s Plebiscitary Presidency.” Press/Politics 13 (3):267–84. doi: 10.1177/1940161208319464.
  • Council of Europe. 2022. “Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)12 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Electoral Communication and Media Coverage of Election Campaigns.” Accessed April 21, 2022. https://search.coe.int/cm/pages/result_details.aspx?objectid=0900001680a6172e
  • Diamond, P. 2019. The End of Whitehall? Government by Permanent Campaign. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Doherty, B. J. 2014. “Presidential Reelection Fundraising from Jimmy Carter to Barack Obama.” Political Science Quarterly 129 (4):585–612. doi: 10.1002/polq.12253.
  • Domalewska, D. 2018. “The Permanent Campaign in Social Media: A Case Study of Poland.” Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 331:461–8. doi: 10.24989/ocg.v331.38.
  • Dommett, K., and L. Temple. 2018. “Digital Campaigning: The Rise of Facebook and Satellite Campaigns.” Parliamentary Affairs 71 (suppl_1):189–202. doi: 10.1093/pa/gsx056.
  • Dommett, K., and M. Bakir. 2020. “A Transparent Digital Election Campaign? The Insights and Significance of Political Advertising Archives for Debates on Electoral Regulation.” In Britain Votes: The 2019 General Election, edited by L. Thompson, J. Tonge, and S. W. Heeg, 208–24. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dommett, K., G. Kefford, and S. Power. 2021. “The Digital Ecosystem: The New Politics of Party Organization in Parliamentary Democracies.” Party Politics 27 (5):847–57. doi: 10.1177/1354068820907667.
  • Edelson, L., S. Sakhuja, R. Dey, and D. McCoy. 2019. “An Analysis of United States Online Political Advertising Transparency.” Working paper, Cornell University. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.1902.04385.
  • Electoral Commission. 2022. “UK Political Parties’ Accounts Published.” https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/media-centre/uk-political-parties-accounts-published-0.
  • Electoral Commission. n.d. “Guidance: Non-Party Campaigner.” Accessed January 10, 2022. https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/i-am-a/campaigner/non-party-campaigner
  • Elmer, G., G. Langlois, and F. McKelvey. 2012. The Permanent Campaign: New Media, New Politics. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Elmer, G., G. Langlois, and F. McKelvey. 2014. “The Permanent Campaign Online: Platforms, Actors, and Issue-Objects.” In Publicity and the Canadian State: Critical Communications Perspectives, edited by K. Kozolanka, 240–61. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Fowler, E., M. Franz, G. Martin, Z. Peskowitz, and T. Ridout. 2021. “Political Advertising Online and Offline.” American Political Science Review 115 (1):130–49. doi: 10.1017/S0003055420000696.
  • Fulgoni, G. M. 2015. “How Brands Using Social Media Ignite Marketing and Drive Growth: Measurement of Paid Social Media Appears Solid but Are the Metrics for Organic Social Overstated?” Journal of Advertising Research 55 (3):232–6. doi: 10.2501/JAR-2015-004.
  • Gibson, R. K. 2020. When the Nerds Go Marching in: How Digital Technology Moved from the Margins to the Mainstream of Political Campaigns. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Homonoff, H. 2020. “2020 Political Ad Spending Explored: Did it Work?” Accessed January 10, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/howardhomonoff/2020/12/08/2020-political-ad-spending-exploded-did-it-work/
  • House of Commons Library. 2020. “. General Election 2019: Results and Analysis.” Accessed January 10, 2022. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8749/CBP-8749.pdf
  • Institute for Government. n.d. “Timeline of UK Government Coronavirus Lockdowns and Restrictions.” https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/charts/uk-government-coronavirus-lockdowns.
  • Joathan, ., and D. G. Lilleker. 2020. “Permanent Campaigning: A Meta-Analysis and Framework for Measurement.” Journal of Political Marketing 22 (1):1–19. doi: 10.1080/15377857.2020.1832015.
  • Johnson, N. 2020. “Coronavirus: FAQs on Postponed Elections.” Accessed January 10, 2022. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/coronavirus-faqs-on-postponed-election/
  • Katz-Kimchi, M., and I. Manosevitch. 2015. “Mobilizing Facebook Users against Facebook’s Energy Policy: The Case of Greenpeace Unfriend Coal Campaign.” Environmental Communication 9 (2):248–67. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2014.993413.
  • Kefford, G., K. Dommett, J. Baldwin-Philippi, S. Bannerman, T. Dobber, S. Kruschinski, S. Kruikemeier, and E. Rzepecki. 2022. “Data-Driven Campaigning and Democratic Disruption: Evidence from Six Advanced Democracies.” Party Politics, Online First doi: 10.1177/13540688221084039.
  • Klinger, U. 2013. “Mastering the Art of Social Media: Swiss Parties, the 2011 National Election and Digital Challenges.” Information, Communication & Society 16 (5):717–36. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.782329.
  • Koliastasis, P. 2020. “The Permanent Campaign Strategy of Prime Ministers in Parliamentary Systems: The Case of Greece.” Journal of Political Marketing 19 (3):233–57. doi: 10.1080/15377857.2016.1193835.
  • Kreiss, D., and B. Barrett. 2020. “Democratic Tradeoffs: Platforms and Political Advertising.” The Ohio State Technology Law Journal 16 (2):493–519.
  • Langar, A. O. 2020. The Personalisation of Politics in the UK. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Larsson, A. O. 2015. “The EU Parliament on Twitter: Assessing the Permanent Online Practices of Parliamentarians.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 12:149–66. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2014.994158.
  • Larsson, A. O. 2016. “Online, All the Time? A Quantitative Assessment of the Permanent Campaign on Facebook.” New Media & Society 18 (2):274–92. doi: 10.1177/1461444814538798.
  • Lilleker, D. G. 2006. Key Concepts in Political Communication. London: Sage.
  • Lilleker, D. G. 2015. “Interactivity and Political Communication: Hypermedia Campaigning in the UK.” Comunicação Pública 10 (18):1–16. doi: 10.4000/cp.1038.
  • Lilleker, D. G., and N. A. Jackson. 2010. “Towards a More Participatory Style of Election Campaigning: The Impact of Web 2.0 on the UK 2010 General Election.” Policy & Internet 2 (3):69–98. doi: 10.2202/1944-2866.1064.
  • Marland, A., T. Giasson, and A. L. Esselment, eds. 2017. Permanent Campaigning in Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
  • Marques, F., J. Aquino, and E. Miola. 2014. “Congressmen in the Age of Social Network Sites: Brazilian Representatives and Twitter Use.” First Monday 19 (5):1–16. doi: 10.5210/fm.v19i5.5022.
  • Møller, L., and A. Bechmann. 2019. “Research Data Exchange Solution.” Accessed April 18, 2022. https://www.disinfobservatory.org/download/26541
  • Norris, P. 1997. “The Battle for the Campaign Agenda.” In New Labour Triumphs: Britain at the Polls, edited by A. King, D. Denver, I. Mclean, P. Norris, P. Nortan, D. Sanders, and P. Seyd, 113–44. Chatham House Publishers, Chatham, New Jersey.
  • Ornstein, N. J., and T. E. Mann. 2000. The Permanent Campaign and Its Future. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press.
  • Power, S. 2020. Party Funding and Corruption. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Smith, R. A. 1995. “Interest Group Influence in the US Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 20 (1):89–139. doi: 10.2307/440151.
  • Statista. 2021. “. Advertising spending in the world’s largest ad markets in 2021.” Accessed April 18, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/273736/advertising-expenditure-in-the-worlds-largest-ad-markets/
  • Tromble, R. 2021. “Where Have All the Data Gone? A Critical Reflection on Academic Digital Research in the Post-API Age.” Social Media + Society 7 (1):1–8. doi: 10.1177/2056305121988929.
  • Van Onselen, P., and W. Errington. 2007. “The Democratic State as a Marketing Tool: The Permanent Campaign in Australia.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 45 (1):78–94. doi: 10.1080/14662040601135805.
  • Vasko, V., and D. Trilling. 2019. “A Permanent Campaign? Tweeting Differences among Members of Congress between Campaign and Routine Periods.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 16 (4):342–59. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2019.1657046.
  • Vergeer, M., L. Hermans, and S. Sams. 2011. “Online Social Networks and Micro-Blogging in Political Campaigning: The Exploration of a New Campaign Tool and a New Campaign Style.” Party Politics 19 (3):477–501. doi: 10.1177/1354068811407580.
  • Wen, W. C. 2014. “Facebook Political Communication in Taiwan: 1.0/2.0 Messages and Election/Post-Election Messages.” Chinese Journal of Communication 7 (1):19–39. doi: 10.1080/17544750.2013.816754.
  • Wring, D., and S. Ward. 2015. “Exit Velocity: The Media Election.” Parliamentary Affairs 68 (suppl_1):224–40. doi: 10.1093/pa/gsv037.