482
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Effects of Mothers’ Parenting Sense of Competence and Child Gender on Academic Readiness in Preschool Children with Symptoms of ADHD

, &
Pages 40-70 | Received 04 Dec 2020, Accepted 28 Nov 2021, Published online: 24 Jun 2022

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1981). Behavioural problems and competences reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four through sixteen. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46(1), 1–82. doi:10.2307/1165983
  • Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Kabbani, N. (2001). The dropout process in life course perspective: Early risk factors at home and school. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, 103(5), 760–822. doi:10.1177/016146810110300502
  • Alizadeh, H., & Andries, C. (2002). Interaction of parenting styles and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Iranian parents. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 24(3), 37–52. doi:10.1300/J019v24n03_03
  • Arcia, E., Frank, R., Sánchez-LaCay, A., & Fernáindez, M. C. (2000). Teacher understanding of ADHD as reflected in attributions and classroom strategies. Journal of Attention Disorders, 4(2), 91–101. doi:10.1177/108705470000400203
  • Ardelt, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2001). Effects of mothers’ parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth. Journal of Family Issues, 22(8), 944–972. doi:10.1177/019251301022008001
  • Au, A., Lau, K., Hsu-Chong Wong, A., Lam, C., Leung, C., Lau, J., & Ki Lee, Y. (2014). The efficacy of a group Triple P (Positive Parenting Program) for Chinese parents with a child diagnosed with ADHD in Hong Kong: A pilot randomised controlled study. Australian Psychologist, 49(3), 151–162. doi:10.1111/ap.12053
  • Barkley, R. A. (1990). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. Guilford.
  • Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Edelbrock, C. S., & Smallish, L. (1990). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: An 8-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(4), 546–557.
  • Barriga, A. Q., Doran, J. W., Newell, S. B., Morrison, E. M., Barbetti, V., & Robbins, B. D. (2002). Relationships between problem behaviours and academic achievement in adolescents: The unique role of attention problems. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10(4), 233–240. doi:10.1177/10634266020100040501
  • Bauermeister, J. J., Shrout, P. E., Chávez, L., Rubio-Stipec, M., Ramírez, R., Padilla, L., Anderson, A., García, P., & Canino, G. (2007). ADHD and gender: Are risks and sequela of ADHD the same for boys and girls? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48(8), 831–839. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01750.x
  • Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55(1), 83–96. doi:10.2307/1129836
  • Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., & Monuteaux, M. C. (2002a). Differential effect of environmental adversity by gender: Rutter’s index of adversity in a group of boys and girls with and without ADHD. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(9), 1556–1562. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1556
  • Biederman, J., Kwon, A., Aleardi, M., Chouinard, V.-A., Marino, T., Cole, H., Mick, E., & Faraone, S. V. (2005). Absence of gender effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Findings in nonreferred subjects. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1083–1089. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1083
  • Biederman, J., Mick, M., & Faraone, S. V. (2000). Age-dependant decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impact of remission definition and symptom type. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 816–818. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.816
  • Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V., Braaten, E., Doyle, A., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., Frazier, E., & Johnson, M. A. (2002b). Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(1), 36–42. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.36
  • Breslau, J., Miller, E., Breslau, N., Bohnert, K., Lucia, V., & Schweitzer, J. (2009). The impact of early behaviour disturbances on academic achievement in high school. Pediatrics, 123(6), 1472–1476.
  • Brown, R. T., Madan-Swain, A., & Baldwin, K. (1991). Gender differences in a clinic-referred sample of attention-deficit-disordered children. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 22(2), 111–128. doi:10.1007/BF00707789
  • Bussing, R., Mason, D. M., Bell, L., Porter, P., & Garvan, C. (2010). Adolescent outcomes of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a diverse community sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 595–605.
  • Camarata, S., & Woodcock, R. (2006). Sex differences in processing speed: Developmental effects in males and females. Intelligence, 34(3), 231–252. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2005.12.001
  • Champely, S. (2018). Pwr: Basic functions for power analysis. R package version 1.2-2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pwr.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). LEA.
  • Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18(1), 47–85. [Database] doi:10.1006/drev.1997.0448
  • Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2003). Maternal self-efficacy beliefs, competence in parenting, and toddlers’ behaviour and developmental status. Infant Mental Health Journal, 24(2), 126–148. doi:10.1002/imhj.10048
  • Conners, C. K. (1997). Conners rating scales revised technical manual. Multi-Health Systems.
  • Corapci, F., & Wachs, T. D. (2002). Does parental mood or efficacy mediate the influence of environmental chaos upon parenting behaviour? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 48(2), 182–201. doi:10.1353/mpq.2002.0006
  • Daley, D., Jones, K., Hutchings, J., & Thompson, M. (2009). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in pre-school children: Current findings, recommended interventions and future directions. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35(6), 754–766. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00938.x
  • DeWolfe, N. A., Byrne, J., & Bawden, H. N. (2001). ADHD in preschool children: Parent-related psychosocial correlates. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42(12), 825–830. doi:10.1017/S0012162200001523
  • Doctoroff, G. L., & Arnold, D. H. (2017). Doing homework together: The relation between parenting strategies, child engagement, and achievement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 48, 103–113. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.01.001
  • Doskey, E. M., Lagunas, B., SooHoo, M., Lomax, A., & Bullick, S. (2013). Test review: C. Mardell & D. S. Goldenberg. Speed Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning-Fourth Edition (Speed DIAL-4). Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 31, 611–616.
  • DuPaul, G. J., Jitendra, A. K., Volpe, R. J., Tresco, K. E., Lutz, J. G., Vile Junod, R. E., Cleary, K. S., Flammer, L. M., & Mannella, M. C. (2006). Consultation-based academic interventions for children with ADHD: Effects on reading and mathematics achievement. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(5), 635–648. doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9046-7
  • Elkins, I. J., Malone, S., Keyes, M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2011). The impact of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on preadolescent adjustment may be greater for girls than boys. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(4), 532–545.
  • Enders, C. K. (2013). Dealing with missing data in developmental research. Child Development Perspectives, 7(1), 27–31. doi:10.1111/cdep.12008
  • Erdwins, C. J., Buffardi, L. C., Casper, W. J., & O’Brien, A. S. (2001). The relationship of women’s role strain to social support, role satisfaction, and self-efficacy. Family Relations Interdisciplinary Relations, 50(3), 230–238. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2001.00230.x
  • Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Mick, E. (2006). The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of follow up studies. Psychological Medicine, 36(2), 159–165.
  • Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T., & Horwood, L. J. (1997). Attentional difficulties in middle childhood and psychosocial outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 38(6), 633–644.
  • Finzi-Dottan, R., Triwitz, Y. S., & Golubchik, P. (2011). Predictors of stress-related growth in parents of children with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 510–519.
  • Freudenthaler, H. H., Spinath, B., & Neubauer, A. C. (2008). Predicting school achievement in boys and girls. European Journal of Personality, 22(3), 231–245. doi:10.1002/per.678
  • Friedman-Weieneth, J. L., Harvey, E. A., Youngwirth, S. D., & Goldstein, L. H. (2007). The relation between 3-year-old children’s skills and their hyperactivity, inattention, and aggression. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 671–681.
  • Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 31–60.
  • Haack, L., Villodas, M. T., McBurnett, K., Hinshaw, S., & Pfiffner, L. (2016). Parenting mediates symptoms and impairment in children with ADHD-Inattentive Type. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(2), 155–166.
  • Harpin, V. A. (2005). The effect of ADHD on the life of an individual, their family, and community from preschool to adult life. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90(suppl_1), i2–i7. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.059006
  • Harrison, C., & Sofronoff, K. (2002). ADHD and parental psychological distress: Role of demographics, child behaviour characteristics, and parental cognitions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(6), 703–711.
  • Hartung, C. M., Willcutt, E. G., Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Loney, J., Stein, M. A., & Keenan, K. (2002). Sex differences in young children who meet criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(4), 453–464.
  • Harvey, E. A., Lugo-Candelas, C. I., & Breaux, R. P. (2015). Longitudinal changes in individual symptoms across the preschool years in children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44(4), 580–594. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.886253
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. The Guilford Press.
  • Hill, N. E. (2001). Parenting and academic socialization as they relate to school readiness: The roles of ethnicity and family income. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(4), 686–697. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.686
  • Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E. B., Wells, K. C., Kraemer, H. C., Abikoff, H. B., Arnold, L. E., Conners, C. K., Elliott, G., Greenhill, L. L., Hechtman, L., Hoza, B., Jensen, P. S., March, J. S., Newcorn, J. H., Pelham, W. E., Swanson, J. M., Vitiello, B., & Wigal, T. (2000). Family processes and treatment outcome in the MTA: Negative/ineffective parenting practices in relation to multimodal treatment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(6), 555–568.
  • Hoza, B., Johnston, C., Pillow, D. R., & Ascough, J. C. (2006). Predicting treatment response for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Introduction to a heuristic model to guide research. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11(4), 215–229. doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2005.11.001
  • Hoza, B., Owens, J. S., Pelham, W. E., Swanson, J. M., Conners, C. K., Hinshaw, S. P., Arnold, L. E., & Kraemer, H. C. (2000). Parent cognitions as predictors of child treatment response in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(6), 569–583. doi:10.1023/A:1005135232068
  • Iacobucci, D., Schneider, M. J., Popovich, D. L., & Bakamitsos, G. A. (2017). Mean centering, multicollinearity, and moderators in multiple regression: The reconciliation redux. Behavior Research Methods, 49(1), 403–404. doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0827-9
  • IBM Corp. Released. (2015). IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, version 23.0. IBM Corp.
  • Jiang, Y., Gurm, M., & Johnston, C. (2014). Child impairment and parenting self-efficacy in relation to mothers’ views of ADHD treatments. Journal of Attention Disorders, 18(6), 532–541.
  • Jiang, Y., Jia, M., Mikami, A. Y., & Johnston, C. (2015). Improving interactions between teachers and parents of children with ADHD: Family research and teacher recommendations. Language and Literacy, 41, 17–20.
  • Jiménez, L., Dekovic, M., & Hidalgo, V. (2009). Adjustment of school-aged children and adolescents growing up in at-risk families: Relationships between family variables and individual, relational and school adjustment. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(6), 654–661. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.12.007
  • Johnston, C. (1996). Parent characteristics and parent-child interactions in families of nonproblem children and ADHD children with higher and lower levels of oppositional-defiant behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(1), 85–104. doi:10.1007/BF01448375
  • Johnston, C., & Freeman, W. (1997). Attributions for child behavior in parents of children without behavior disorders and children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(4), 636–645.
  • Johnston, C., Mah, J. W. T., & Regambal, M. (2010). Parenting cognitions and treatment beliefs as predictors of experience using behavioral parenting strategies in families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 491–504. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.02.001
  • Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (1989). A measure of parenting satisfaction and efficacy. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18(2), 167–175. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1802_8
  • Johnston, C., & Patenaude, R. (1994). Parent attributions for inattentive-overactive and oppositional-defiant child behaviors. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18(3), 261–275. doi:10.1007/BF02357779
  • Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(3), 341–363.
  • Junttila, N., & Vauras, M. (2014). Latent profiles of parental self-efficacy and children’s multisource-evaluated social competence. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 397–414. doi:10.1111/bjep.12040
  • Junttila, N., Vauras, M., & Laakkonen, E. (2007). The role of parenting self-efficacy in children’s social and academic behaviour. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 22(1), 41–61. doi:10.1007/BF03173688
  • Kawabata, Y., Tseng, W.-L., & Gau, S. S.-F. (2012). Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social and school adjustment: The moderating roles of age and parenting. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(2), 177–188.
  • Kikas, E., & Mägi, K. (2015). Transactional development of parental beliefs and academic skills in primary school. Early Child Development and Care, 185(7), 1148–1165. doi:10.1080/03004430.2014.983095
  • Kopystynska, O., Spinrad, T. L., Seay, D. M., & Eisenberg, N. (2016). The interplay of maternal sensitivity and gentle control when predicting children’s subsequent academic functioning: Evidence of mediation by effortful control. Developmental Psychology, 52(6), 909–921.
  • Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Loney, J., Kipp, H., Ehrhardt, A., Lee, S. S., Willcutt, E. G., Hartung, C. M., Chronis, A., & Massetti, G. (2004). Three-year predictive validity of DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children diagnosed at 4–6 years of age. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(11), 2014–2020. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.2014
  • Lange, G., Sheerin, D., Carr, A., Dooley, B., Barton, V., Marshall, D., Mulligan, A., Lawlor, M., Belton, M., & Doyle, M. (2005). Family factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and emotional disorders in children. Journal of Family Therapy, 27(1), 76–96. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2005.00300.x
  • Latimer, W. W., August, G. J., Newcomb, M. D., Realmuto, G. M., Hektner, J. M., & Mathy, R. M. (2003). Child and familial pathways to academic achievement and behavioural adjustment: A prospective six-year study of children with and without ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 7(2), 101–116.
  • Lavigne, J. V., LeBailly, S. A., Hopkins, J., Gouze, K. R., & Binns, H. J. (2009). The prevalence of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety in a community sample of 4-year-olds. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(3), 315–328. doi:10.1080/15374410902851382
  • Lee, S. S., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2006). Predictors of adolescent functioning in girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The role of childhood ADHD, conduct problems, and peer status. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(3), 356–368.
  • Little, R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. doi:10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
  • Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Lahey, B. B., Christ, M. A. G., & Frick, P. J. (1992). Developmental sequences in the age of onset of disruptive child behaviours. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1(1), 21–41. doi:10.1007/BF01321340
  • Lovejoy, M. C., Verda, M. R., & Hays, C. H. (1997). Convergent and divergent validity of measures of parenting efficacy and control. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26(4), 366–376. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2604_5
  • Mah, J. W. T., & Johnston, C. (2008). Parental social cognitions: Considerations in the acceptability of and engagement in behavioural parent training. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11(4), 218–236.
  • Maniadaki, K., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Kakouros, E. (2005a). Parents’ causal attributions about attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The effect of child and parent sex. Child: Care, Health and Development, 31(3), 331–340.
  • Maniadaki, K., Sonuga-Barke, E., Kakouros, E., & Karaba, R. (2005b). Maternal emotions and self-efficacy beliefs in relation to boys and girls with AD/HD. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 35(3), 245–263.
  • Mardell, C., & Goldenberg, D. S. (2011). Speed Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning – Fourth Edition (Speed DIAL-4). Pearson.
  • Mardell-Czudnowski, C., & Goldenberg, D. S. (1998). Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning (3rd ed.). American Guidance Services.
  • Mash, E. J., & Johnston, C. (1983). Parental perceptions of child behaviour problems, parenting self-esteem, and mothers’ reported stress in younger and older hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(1), 86–99.
  • Mash, E. J., & Johnston, C. (1990). Determinants of parenting stress: Illustrations from families of hyperactive children and families of physically abused children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(4), 313–328. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1904_3
  • Massetti, G. M., Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Loney, J., Ehrhardt, A., Lee, S. S., & Kipp, H. (2008). Academic achievement over 8 years among children who met modified criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at 4–6 years of age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(3), 399–410.
  • McGee, R., Williams, S., & Silva, P. A. (1985). Factor structure and correlates of ratings of inattention, hyperactivity, and antisocial behaviour in a large sample of 9-year-old children from the general population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(4), 480–490. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.4.480
  • McGoey, K. E., DuPaul, G. J., Haley, E., & Shelton, T. L. (2007). Parent and teacher ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in preschool: The ADHD rating scale-IV preschool version. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(4), 269–276. doi:10.1007/s10862-007-9048-y
  • McLaughlin, D. P., & Harrison, C. A. (2006). Parenting practices of mothers of children with ADHD: The role of maternal and child factors. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 11(2), 82–88.
  • Mendez, J. L. (2010). How can parents get involved in preschool? Barriers and engagement in education by ethnic minority parents of children attending Head Start. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(1), 26–36. doi:10.1037/a0016258
  • Merrell, C., & Tymms, P. B. (2001). Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness: Their impact on academic achievement and progress. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71(1), 43–56. doi:10.1348/000709901158389
  • Mikami, A. Y., Jack, A., Emeh, C. C., & Stephens, H. F. (2010). Parental influence on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Relationship between parent behaviours and child peer status. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(6), 721–736. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9393-2
  • Musabelliu, G., Wiener, J., & Rogers, M. (2018). Parental involvement in the learning of adolescents with and without ADHD. School Psychology International, 39(3), 234–250. doi:10.1177/0143034318766374
  • Ogg, J., Delach, T., Hofmann, N., Storey, E., LaRossa, K., Rogers, M., & Volpe, R. (2016, February). Parent involvement and ADHD symptoms in kindergarten students. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of School Psychologists, New Orleans, Louisiana.
  • Ohan, J. L., Leung, D. W., & Johnston, C. (2000). The parenting sense of competence scale: Evidence of a stable factor structure and validity. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences du Comportement, 32(4), 251–261. doi:10.1037/h0087122
  • Palermo, F., Hanish, L. D., Martin, C. L., Fabes, R. A., & Reiser, M. (2007). Preschoolers’ academic readiness: What role does the teacher-child relationship play? Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 22(4), 407–422. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2007.04.002
  • Parker, F. L., Boak, A. Y., Griffin, K. W., Ripple, C., & Peay, L. (1999). Parent-child relationship, home learning environment, and school readiness. School Psychology Review, 28(3), 413–425. doi:10.1080/02796015.1999.12085974
  • Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk? Psychological Bulletin, 102(3), 357–389.
  • Pauli-Pott, U., & Becker, K. (2011). Neuropsychological basic deficits in preschoolers at risk for ADHD: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(4), 626–637.
  • Peisner-Feinberg, E. S., Burchinal, M. R., Clifford, R. M., Culkin, M. L., Howes, C., Kagan, S. L., & Yazejian, N. (2001). The relation between preschool child-care quality to children’s cognitive and social developmental trajectories through second grade. Child Development, 72(5), 1534–1553.
  • Pham, A. V. (2016). Differentiating behavioural ratings of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity in children: Effects on reading achievement. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(8), 674–683. doi:10.1177/1087054712473833
  • Pineda, D., Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., Arias, B. E., Henao, G. C., Gomez, L. F., Mejia, S. E., & Miranda, M. L. (1999). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in 4- to 17-year-old children in the general population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(6), 455–462.
  • Pingault, J., Tremblay, R. E., Vitaro, F., Carbonneau, R., Genolini, C., Falissard, B., & Côté, S. M. (2011). Childhood trajectories of inattention and hyperactivity and prediction of educational attainment in early adulthood: A 16-year longitudinal population-based-study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(11), 1164–1170. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10121732
  • Podolski, C., & Nigg, J. T. (2001). Parent stress and coping in relation to child ADHD severity and associated child disruptive behaviour problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 30(4), 503–513. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_07
  • Primavera, J. (2000). Enhancing family competence through literacy activities. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 20(1–2), 85–101. doi:10.1300/J005v20n01_07
  • R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  • Rodriguez, A., Järvelin, M.-R., Obel, C., Taanila, A., Miettunen, J., Moilanen, I., Henriksen, T. B., Pietiläinen, K., Ebeling, H., Kotimaa, A. J., Linnet, K. M., & Olsen, J. (2007). Do inattention and hyperactivity symptoms equal scholastic impairment? Evidence from three European cohorts. BMC Public Health, 7(327), 327.
  • Rogers, M. A., Wiener, J., Marton, I., & Tannock, R. (2009a). Supportive and controlling parental involvement as predictors of children’s academic achievement: Relations to children’s ADHD symptoms and parenting stress. School Mental Health, 1(2), 89–102. doi:10.1007/s12310-009-9010-0
  • Rogers, M. A., Wiener, J., Marton, I., & Tannock, R. (2009b). Parental involvement in children’s learning: Comparing parents of children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of School Psychology, 47(3), 167–185. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2009.02.001
  • Sahin, I. T., Sak, R., & Tuncer, N. (2013). Comparison of preschool and first grade teachers’ views about school readiness. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13, 1708–1713.
  • Samuels, S. J., & Turnure, J. E. (1974). Attention and reading achievement in first-grade boys and girls. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(1), 29–32. doi:10.1037/h0035812
  • Sanders, M. R., & Woolley, M. L. (2005). The relationship between maternal self-efficacy and parenting practices: Implications for parent training. Child: Care, Health and Development, 31(1), 65–73. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.00487.x
  • Scheffer, J. (2002). Dealing with missing data. Research Letters in the Information and Mathematical Sciences, 3, 153–160.
  • Scheiber, C., Reynolds, M. R., Hajovsky, D. B., & Kaufman, A. S. (2015). Gender differences in achievement in a large, nationally representative sample of children and adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 52(4), 335–348. doi:10.1002/pits.21827
  • Seçer, Z., Ogelman, H. G., Önder, A., & Berengi, S. (2012). Analysing mothers’ self-efficacy perceptions towards parenting in relation to peer relationships of 5–6 year-old preschool children. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12, 2008.
  • Sheridan, S. M., Marvin, C., Knoche, L., & Edwards, C. P. (2008). Getting ready: Promoting school readiness through a relationship-based partnership model. Early Childhood Services. An Interdisciplinary Journal of Effectiveness, 2, 149–172.
  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Auerbach, J., Campbell, S. B., Daley, D., & Thompson, M. (2005). Varieties of preschool hyperactivity: Multiple pathways from risk to disorder. Developmental Science, 8(2), 141–150.
  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Daley, D., Thompson, M., Laver Bradbury, C., & Weeks, A. (2001). Parent-based therapies for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. A randomized, controlled trial with a community sample. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 402–408.
  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Halperin, J. M. (2010). Developmental phenotypes and causal pathways in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Potential targets for early intervention? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 51(4), 368–389.
  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Thompson, M., Abikoff, H., Klein, R., & Brotman, L. M. (2006). Nonpharmacological interventions for preschoolers with ADHD: The case for specialized parent training. Infants & Young Children, 19(2), 142–153. doi:10.1097/00001163-200604000-00007
  • Thorell, L. B., & Rydell, A. (2008). Behaviour problems and social competence deficits associated with symptom of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Effects of age and gender. Child: Care, Health and Development, 34(5), 584–595. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00869.x
  • Tripp, G., Schaughency, E. A., Langlands, R., & Mouat, K. (2007). Family interactions in children with and without ADHD. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(3), 385–400. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9093-2
  • Van Houtte, M. (2004). Why boys achieve less at school than girls: The difference between boys’ and girls’ academic culture. Educational Studies, 30, 159–173.
  • Weigel, D. J., Martin, S. S., & Bennett, K. K. (2006). Contributions of the home literacy environment to preschool-aged children’s emerging literacy and language skills. Early Child Development and Care, 176(3–4), 357–378. doi:10.1080/03004430500063747
  • Young, S., & Amarasinghe, J. M. (2010). Practitioner review: Non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD: A lifespan approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 51(2), 116–133.
  • Ziv, Y. (2013). Social information processing patterns, social skills, and school readiness in preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114(2), 306–320. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.08.009

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.