REFERENCES
- Alexander, G. E., & Crutcher, M. D. (1990). Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: Neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends in Neurosciences, 13, 266–271.
- Breitenstein, C., Floel, A., Korsukewitz, C., Wailke, S., Bushuven, S., & Knecht, S. (2006). A shift of paradigm: From noradrenergic to dopaminergic modulation of learning? Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 248, 42–47.
- Breitenstein, C., & Knecht, S. (2002). Development and validation of a language learning model for behavioral and functional-imaging studies. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 114, 173–179.
- Broca, P. (1865). Remarques sur le siège de la faculté de langage articulé. Bulletin de la Societe d’anthropologie, 5, 377–393.
- Crosson, B. (1985). Subcortical functions in language: A working model. Brain and Language, 25(2), 257–292.
- Crosson, B. (1992). Subcortical functions in langauge and memory. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Crosson, B. A., Benefield, H., Cato, M. A., Sadek, J. R., Moore, A. B., Wierenga, C. E, … Briggs, R. W. (2003). Left and right basal ganglia and frontal activity during language generation: Contributions to lexical, semantic, and phonological processes. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 1066–1077.
- Crosson, B. A., Benjamin, M., & Levy, I. (2007). Role of the basal ganglia in language and semantics: Supporting cast. In J. Hart & M. A. Kraut (Eds.), Neural basis of semantic memory (pp. 219–243). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- De Diego-Balaguer, R., Couette, M., Dolbeau, G., Durr, A., Youssov, K., & Bachoud-Levi, A. C. (2008). Striatal degeneration impairs language learning: Evidence from Huntington’s disease. Brain, 131(11), 2870–2881.
- Dennis, M., Francis, D. J., Cirino, P. T., Schachar, R., Barnes, M. A., & Fletcher, J. M. (2009). Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 331–343.
- De Renzi, E., & Faglioni, P. (1978). Normative data and screening power of a shortened version of the Token Test. Cortex, 14, 41–49.
- Destrebecqz, A., Peigneux, P., Laureys, S., Degueldre, C., Del Fiore, G., Aerts, J., … Maquet, P. (2005). The neural correlates of implicit and explicit sequence learning: interacting networks revealed by the process dissociation procedure. Learning and Memory, 12, 480–490.
- Dollaghan, C. A. (2011). Taxometric analyses of specific language impairment in 6-year-old Children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54, 1361–1371.
- Dominey, P. F. (1997). An anatomically structured sensory-motor sequence learning system displays some general linguistic capacities. Brain and Language, 59(1), 50–75.
- Dominey, P. F., Arbib, M. A., & Joseph, J. P. (1995). A model of cortico-striatal plasticity for learning oculomotor associations and sequences. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 311–336.
- Dominey, P. F., Hoen, M., & Inui, T. (2006). A neurolinguistic model of grammatical construction processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 2088–2107.
- Dominey, P. F., & Inui, T. (2009). Cortico-striatal function in sentence comprehension: Insights from neurophysiology and modeling. Cortex, 45(8), 1012–1018.
- Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. (2007). Peabody picture vocabulary test-fourth edition (PPVT-4). Minneapolis, MN: Pearson.
- Friederici, A., & Kotz, S. A. (2003). The brain basis of syntactic processes: Functional imaging and lesion studies. NeuroImage, 20, 8–17.
- Fu, Q., Fu, X., & Dienes, Z. (2008). Implicit sequence learning and conscious awareness. Consciousness and Cognition, 17(1), 185–202.
- Gabriel, A., Maillart, C., Guillaume, M., Stefaniak, N., & Meulemans, T. (2011). Exploration of serial structure procedural learning in children with language impairment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 1–8.
- Gabriel, A., Maillart, C., Stefaniak, N., Lejeune, C., Desmottes, L., & Meulemans, T. (2013). Procedural learning in specific language impairment: Effects of sequence complexity. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 19, 264–271.
- Gabriel, A., Stefaniak, N., Maillart, C., Schmitz, X., & Meulemans, T. (2012). Procedural visual learning in children with specific language impairment. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 21, 329–341.
- Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998). Cognitive neuroscience of human memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 87–115.
- Grafton, S. T., Woods, R. P., & Tyszka, M. (1993). Functional imaging of procedural motor learning: Relating cerebral blood flow with individual subject performance. Human Brain Mapping, 1(3), 221–234.
- Grossman, M. (1999). Sentence processing in Parkinson’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 40(2), 387–413.
- Gupta, P. (2012). Word learning as the confluence of memory mechanisms: Computational and neural evidence. In M. Faust (Ed.), The handbook of the neuropsychology of language, volume 2. West Sussex, England: Blackwell.
- Gupta, P., & Cohen, N. J. (2002). Theoretical and computational analysis of skill learning, repetition priming, and procedural memory. Psychological Review, 109(2), 401–448.
- Gupta, P., & Dell, G. S. (1999). The emergence of language from serial order and procedural memory. In B. MacWhinney (Ed.), The emergence of language (pp. 447–482). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Gupta, P., Lipinski, J., Abbs, B., Lin, P., Aktunc, E., Ludden, D., … Newman, R. (2004). Space aliens and nonwords: Stimuli for investigating the learning of novel word-meaning pairs. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 599–603.
- Gupta, P., & Tisdale, J. (2009). Word learning, phonological short-term memory, phonotactic probability and long-term memory: Towards an integrated framework. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1536), 3755–3771.
- Hammill, D. D., Brown, V. L., Larsen, S. C., & Wiederholt, J. L. (2007). Test of adolescent and adult language. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
- Hedenius, M., Persson, J., Tremblay, A., Adi-Japha, E., Verissimo, J., Dye, C. D., … Ullman, M. T. (2011). Grammar predicts procedural learning and consolidation deficits in children with specific language impairment. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(6), 2362–2375.
- Heindel, W.C., Salmon, D. P., Shults, C. W., Walicke, P. A., & Butters, N. (1989). Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: a comparison of Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease patients. Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 582–587.
- Iverson, J. M. (2010). Developing language in a developing body: the relationship between motor development and language development. Journal of Child Language, 37, 229–261.
- Kemeny, F., & Lukacs, A. (2009). Impaired procedural learning in language impairment: Results from probabilistic categorization. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, iFirst, 1–12.
- Kim, J., Reading, S. A. J., Brashers-Krug, T., Calhoun, V. D., Ross, C. A., & Parlson, G. D. (2004). Functional MRI study of a serial reaction time task in Huntington’s disease. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 131, 23–30.
- Knecht, S., Breitenstein, C., Bushuven, S., Wailke, S., Kamping, S., Floel, A., … Ringelstein, E. B. (2004). Levodopa: Faster and better word learning in normal humans. Annals of Neurology, 56, 20–26.
- Knowlton, B. J., Squire, L. R., & Gluck, M. A. (1994). Probabilistic classification learning in amnesia. Learning and Memory, 1(2), 106–120.
- Kotz, S. A., Frisch, S., von Cramon, D. Y., & Friederici, A. D. (2003). Syntactic language processing: ERP lesion data on the role of the basal ganglia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9(7), 1053–1060.
- Koziol, L. F, & Budding, D. (2009). Subcortical structures and cognition: Implications for neuropsychological assessment. New York, NY: Springer.
- Lee, J. C. (2012). Are individual differences in language associated with differences in the corticostriatal system? A behavioral and imaging study. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
- Lee, J. C., Nopoulos, P. C., & Tomblin, J. B. (2013). Abnormal subcortical components of the corticostriatal system in young adults with SLI: A combined structural MRI and DTI study. Neuropsychologia, 51(11), 2154–2161.
- Leonard, L. (1987). Is specific language impairment a useful construct? In S. Rosenberg (Ed.), Advances in applied psycholinguistics (Vol. 1). Disorders of first language development (pp. 1–39). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Leonard, L. (1991). Specific language impairment as a clinical category. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 22, 66–68.
- Leonard, L. (1998). Children with specific language impairment. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
- Lieberman, P. (2002). On the nature and evolution of the neural bases of human language. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 119(35), 36–62.
- Lieberman, P., Kako, E., Friedman, J., Tajchman, G., Feldman, L. S., & Jiminez, E. B. (1992). Speech production, syntax comprehension, and cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Brain and Language, 43, 169–189.
- Longworth, C. E., Keenan, S. E., Barker, R. A., Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Tyler, L. K. (2005). The basal ganglia and rule-governed language use: evidence from vascular and degenerative conditions. Brain, 128(3), 584–596.
- Lum, J. A. G., & Bleses, D. (2012). Declarative and procedural memory in Danish speaking children with specific language impairment. Journal of Communication Disorders, 45, 46–58.
- Lum, J. A. G., Conti-Ramsden, G., Page, D., & Ullman, M. (2012). Working, declarative, and procedural memory in specific language impairment. Cortex, 48, 1138–1154.
- Lum, J. A. G., Gelgec, C., & Conti-Ramsden, G. (2010). Procedural and declarative memory in children with and without specific language impairment. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 45(1), 96–107.
- Mayor-Dubois, C., Zesiger, P., van der Linden, M., & Roulet-Perez, E. (2012). Nondeclarative learning in children with specific language impairment: Predicting regularities in the visuomotor, phonological, and cognitive domains. Child Neuropsychology, iFirst, 1–9.
- Morice, R., & McNicol, D. (1985). The comprehension and production of complex syntax in schizophrenia. Cortex, 21, 567–580.
- Mueller, S. T. (2010). Programming and usage guide for the psychology experiment building language PEBL version 0.11. Retrieved from http://pebl.sourceforge.net
- Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1987). Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology, 19, 1–32.
- Poldrack, R. A., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2001). Characterizing the neural mechanisms of skill learning and repetition priming: Evidence from mirror reading. Brain, 124, 67–82.
- Poldrack, R. A., Selco, S. L., Field, J. E., & Cohen, N. J. (1999). The relationship between skill learning and repetition priming: Experimental and computational analyses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25(1), 208–235.
- Price, C. J. (2000). The anatomy of language: Contributions from functional neuroimaging. Journal of Anatomy, 197(3), 335–359.
- Rauch, S. L., Whalen, P. J., Savage, C. R., Curran, T., Kendrick, A., Brown, H. D., … Rosen, B. R. (1997). Striatal recruitment during an implicit sequence learning task as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 124–132.
- Saffran, J. R., Aslin, R. N., & Newport, E. L. (1996). Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science, 274(5294), 1926–1928.
- Seger, C. A. (2006). The basal ganglia in human learning. The Neuroscientist, 12(4), 285–290.
- Sengottuvel, K., & Rao, P. K. (2013). Aspects of grammar sensitive to procedural memory deficits in children with specific language impairment. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(10), 3317–3331.
- Sengottuvel, K., & Rao, P. K. (in press). Sequence learning pattern in children with specific language impairment. International Journal on Disability and Human Development.
- Shohamy, D., Myers, C. E., Kalanithi, J., & Gluck, M. A. (2008). Basal ganglia and dopamine contributions to probabilistic category learning. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 219–236.
- Squire, L. R. (1992). Declarative and nondeclarative memory: Multiple brain systems supporting learning and memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4(3), 232–243.
- Teichmann, M., Dupoux, E., Kouider, S., Brugieres, P., Boisse, M. Baudic, S., … Bachoud-Lévi, A. C. (2005). The role of the striatum in rule application: The model of Huntington’s disease at early stage. Brain, 128, 1155–1167.
- Tettamanti, M., Moro, A., Messa, C., Moresco, R. M., Rizzo, G., Carpinelli, A., … Perani, D. (2005). Basal ganglia and language: Phonology modulates dopaminergic release. Neuroreport, 16, 397–401.
- Tomblin, J. B, Mainela-Arnold, E., & Zhang, X. (2007). Procedural learning in adolescents with and without specific language impairment. Language Learning and Development, 3, 269–293.
- Tomblin, J. B., Records, N. L., & Zhang, X. (1996). A system for the diagnosis of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 39, 1284–1294.
- Tomblin, J. B., & Zhang, X. (1999). Are children with SLI a unique group of language learners? In H. Tager-Flusberg (Ed.), Neurodevelopmental disorders: contributions to a new framework from the cognitive neurosciences (pp. 361–382). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Ullman, M. T. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: The declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92, 231–270.
- Ullman, M. T., Corkin, S., Coppola, M., Hickok, G., Growdon, J. H., Koroshetz, W. J., Pinker, S. (1997). A neural dissociation within language: Evidence that the mental dictionary is part of declarative memory, and that grammatical rules are processed by the procedural system. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(2), 266–276.
- Ullman, M. T., & Pierpont, E. I. (2005). Specific language impairment is not specific to language: The procedural deficit hypothesis. Cortex, 41, 399–433.
- Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence (WASI). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
- Willingham, D. B., Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1989). On the development of procedural knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 1047–1060.
- Wong, P. C. M., Morgan-Short, K., Ettlinger, M., & Zheng, J. (2012). Linking neurogenetics and individual differences in language learning: The dopamine hypothesis. Cortex, 48(9), 1091–1102.