Modulation of enzyme activities and expression of genes related to primary and secondary metabolism in response to UV-B stress in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

References

• Arora , A , Sairam , RK and Srivastava , GC . 2002 . Oxidative stress and antioxidant system in plants . Curr Sci , 82 : 1227 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Asada , K . 1999 . The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: scavenging of active oxygens and dissipation of excess photons . Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol , 50 : 601 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Ashwell G. 1966 . New colorimetric methods of sugars analysis. Methods Enzymol . London : Academic Press . vol 3 . p 85 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Barsig , M and Malz , R . 2000 . Fine structure, carbohydrates and photosynthetic pigments of sugar maize leaves under UV-B radiation . Environ Exp Bot , 43 : 121 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Bieza , K and Lois , R . 2001 . An Arabidopsis mutant tolerant to lethal ultraviolet-B levels shows constitutively elevated accumulation of flavanoids and other phenolics . Plant Physiol , 126 : 1105 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Boldt , R and Scandalios , JG . 1997 . Influence of UV-light on the expression of the Cat2 and Cat3 catalase genes in maize . Free Radical Biol Med , 43 : 505 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Bornman , JF and Teramura , AH . 1993 . “ Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on terrestrial plants ” . In Environmental UV photobiology , Edited by: Young , AR , Björn , LO , Moan , J and Nultsch , W . 427 – 71 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bradford , MM . 1976 . A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding . Anal Biochem , 72 : 248 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Bray , HG and Thorpe , WV . 1954 . “ Estimation of phenols ” . In Methods of biochemical analysis , Edited by: Glick , G . 27 – 55 . New York : Interscience Publ. Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Casati , P and Walbot , V . 2003 . Rapid transcriptome responses of maize (Zea mays) to UV-B in irradiated and shielded tissues . Genome Biology , 5 : R16
   Google Scholar
• Chen , K , Feng , H , Zhang , M and Wang , X . 2003 . Nitric oxide alleviates oxidative damage in the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa caused by UV-B radiation . Folia Microbiol , 48 : 389 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Correia , CM , Areal , ELV , Torres-Pereira , MS and Torres-Pereira , JMG . 1998 . Intraspecific variation in sensitivity to ultraviolet-B radiation in maize grown under field conditions. I. Growth and morphological aspects . Field Crop Res , 59 : 81 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Deckmyn , G , Martens , C and Impens , I . 1994 . The importance of the ratio UV-B/photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) during leaf development as a determining factor of plant sensitivity UV-B irradiance: effects on growth, gas exchange and pigmentation of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Label) . Plant Cell Environ , 17 : 295 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• Foyer , CH , Delgado , HL , Dat , JF and Scott , IM . 1997 . Hydrogen peroxide and glutathione associated mechanisms of acclamatory stress tolerance and signalling . Physiol Plant , 100 : 241 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Frohnmeyer , H and Staiger , D . 2003 . Ultraviolet-B radiation-mediated responses in plants. Balancing damage and protection . Plant Physiol , 133 : 1420 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Fujibe , T , Saji , H , Arakawa , K , Yabe , N , Takeuchi , Y and Yamamoto , KT . 2004 . A methyl viologen-resistant mutant of Arabidopsis, which is allelic to ozone-sensitive rcd1, is tolerant to supplemental Ultraviolet-B Irradiation1 . Plant Physiol , 134 : 275 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Gao , W , Zheng , Y , Slusser , JR , Heisler , GM , Grant , RH , Xu , J and He , D . 2004 . Effects of supplementary ultraviolet-B irradiation on maize yield and qualities: a field experiment . Photochem Photobiol , 80 : 127 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Gerhardt , KE , Wilson , MI and Greenberg , BM . 1999 . Tryptophan photolysis leads to a UVB-induced 66 kDa photoproduct of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in vitro and in vivo . Photochem Photobiol , 70 : 49 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Gitz , DCIII , Liu-Gitz , L , McClure , JW and Huerta , AJ . 2004 . Effect of PAL inhibitor on phenolic accumulation and UV-B tolerance in Sirodela intermedia (Koch) . J Exp Bot. , 55 : 919 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Gottwald , E , Müller , O and Polten , A . 2001 . Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer . Electrophoresis , 22 : 4016 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Hadwinger , LA and Schwonchau , ME. 1971 . Ultraviolet light induced formation of pisatin and phenylalanine ammonia lyase . Plant Physiol , 47 : 588 – 590 .
   Google Scholar
• Halliwell , B and Gutteridge , MC . 1984 . Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease . Biochem J , 219 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Hideg , E and Vass , I . 1996 . UV-B induced free radical production in plant leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes . Plant Sci , 115 : 251 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Hidema , J and Kumagai , T. 2006 . Sensitivity of rice to ultraviolet-B radiation . Ann Bot , 97 : 933 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Izaguirre , MM , Scopel , AL , Baldwin , IT and Ballaré , CL . 2003 . Convergent responses to stress. Solar ultraviolet-B radiation and Manduca sexta herbivory elicit overlapping transcriptional responses in field-grown plants of Nicotiana longiflora . Plant Physiol , 132 : 1755 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , BR , James , PE , Strid , A and Anthony , RG . 1994 . The effect of ultraviolet-B radiation on gene expression and pigment composition in etiolated and green pea leaf tissue: UV-B-induced changes are gene-specific and dependent upon the developmental stage . Plant Cell Environ , 17 : 45 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , HY , Kobayashi , K , Nouchi , I and Yoneyama , T . 1996 . Differential influences of UV-B radiation on antioxidants and related enzymes between rice (Oryza sativa L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaves . Environ Sci , 9 : 55 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Krizet , DT , Britz , S and Mirecki , RM . 1998 . Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cv. New Red Fire lettuce . Physiol Plant , 103 : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Krizet , DT , Mirecki , RM and Britz , S . 1997 . Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cucumber . Physiol Plant , 100 : 886 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenthaler , HK . 1987 . Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes . Methods Enzymol , 148 : 350 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Mackerness , A-H . 2000 . Plant responses to ultraviolet-B (UV-B: 280–320 nm) stress: what are the key regulators? . Plant Growth Reg , 32 : 27 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Madronich , S , McKenzie , RL , Caldwell , MM and Björn , LO . 1995 . Changes in ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface . Ambio , 24 : 143 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , R , Xu , S , Li , J , Hu , Y and Lin , Z. 2006 . Expression profile of a PAL gene from Astragalus membranaceus var. Mongholicus and its crucial role in flux into flavonoid biosynthesis . Plant Cell Rep , 25 : 705 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Maffei , ME , Mithöfer , A , Arimura , G-I , Uchtenhagen , H , Bossi , S , Bertea , CM , Starvaggi Cucuzza , L , Novero , M , Volpe , V Quadro , S . 2006 . Effects of feeding Spodoptera littoralis on lima bean leaves. III. Membrane depolarization and involvement of hydrogen peroxide . Plant Phys , 140 : 1022 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Matysik , J , Bhalu , AB and Mohanty , P . 2002 . Molecular mechanisms of quenching of reactive oxygen species by praline under stress in plants . Curr Sci , 82 : 525 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Mazza , CA , Battista , D , Zima , AM , Szwarcberg-Bracchitta , M , Giordano , CV , Acevedo , A , Scopel , AL and Ballare , CL . 1999 . The effects of solar ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth and yield of barley are accompanied by increased DNA damage and antioxidant responses . Plant Cell Environ , 22 : 61 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Mazza , CA , Boccalandro , HE , Giordano , CV , Battista , D , Zima , AM , Scopel , AL and Ballare , CL . 2000 . Functional significance and induction by solar radiation of ultraviolet-absorbing sunscreens in field-grown soybean crops . Plant Physiol , 122 : 117 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , R , Connor , B and Bodeker , G . 1999 . Increased summertime UV radiation in New Zealand in response to ozone loss . Science , 285 : 1709 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , RL , Björn , LO , Bais , A and Ilyasd , M . 2003 . Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface . Photochem Photobiol Sci , 2 : 5 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Middleton , EM and Teramura , AH . 1993 . The role of flavonol glycosides and carotenoids in protecting soybean from ultraviolet-B damage . Plant Physiol , 103 : 741 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Mittler , R and Tel-Or , E . 1991 . Oxidative stress responses in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942 . Free Radical Res Commun , 12 : 845 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Munkata N , Schuch N , Casiccia C , Kaneko M , Liu C-M , Jimbow K , Saida T , Nishigori C , Ogata K , Inafuku K , Cornain S , Ichihashi M Kanoko M , Mulyadi K , Lestari S , Wirohadidjojo W , Bolseé D , Kazadzis S , Meyer-Rochow V . Biological Monitoring of Solar UV radiation at 17 sites in Asia, Europe and South America from 1999 to 2004 . Photochem Photobiol , DOI: 10.1562/2005-07-07-RA-602 .
   Google Scholar
• Panagopoulos , I , Bornman , JF and Björn , LO . 1989 . The effect of UV-B and UV-C radiation on Hibiscus leaves determined by ultraweak luminescence and fluorescecnce induction . Physiol Plant , 76 : 461 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Panagopoulos , I , Bornman , JF and Björn , LO . 1990 . Effects of ultraviolet radiation and visible light on growth, fluorescence induction, ultraweak luminescence and peroxidase activity in sugar beet plants . J Photochem Photobiol , 8 : 73 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Pfaffl , MW . 2001 . A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR . Nucl Acid Res :e , 29 : 45
   Google Scholar
• Prasad , SM and Zeeshan , M . 2005 . UV-B radiation and cadmium induced changes in growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzymes of cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum . Biol Plantarum , 49 : 229 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , MV , Paliyath , G and Ormrod , DP . 1996 . Ultraviolet-B and ozone-induced biochemical changes in antioxidant enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana . Plant Physiol , 110 : 125 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Reddy , VS , Goud , KV , Sharma , R and Reddy , AR . 1994 . Ultraviolet-B-responsive anthocyanin production in a rice cultivar is associated with a specific phase of phenylalanine ammoniaca lyase biosynthesis . Plant Physiol , 105 : 1059 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Sancar , A , Lindsey-Boltz , LA , Unsal-Kacmaz , K and Linn , S . 2004 . Molecular mechanisms of mammalian DNA repair and the DNA damage checkpoints . Annu Rev Biochem , 73 : 39 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki , M , Takeshita , S , Oyanagi , T , Miyake , Y and Sakata , T . 2002 . Increasing trend of biologically active solar ultraviolet-B irradiation in mid-latitude Japan in the 1990s . Ortical Engineering , 41 : 3062 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , PK , Anand , P , Sankhalkar , S and Shetye , R . 1998 . Photochemical and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings exposed to supplementary ultraviolet-B radiation . Plant Sci , 132 : 210 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheahan , JJ . 1996 . Sinapate esters provide greater UV-B attenuation than flavonoids in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) . Am J Bot , 83 : 679 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Shinkle , JR , Atkins , AK , Humphrey , EE , Rodgers , CW , Wheeler , SL and Barnes , PW . 2004 . Growth and morphological responses to different UV wavebands in cucumber (Cucumis sativum) and other dicotyledonous seedlings . Physiol Plant , 120 : 240 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Shirley , BW . 1996 . Flavonoid biosynthesis: “new” functions for an “old” pathway . Trends Plant Sci , 1 : 377 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Simcox , DP , Reid , EE , Canvin , DT and Dennis , DT . 1977 . Enzymes of the glycolytic and penthose phosphate pathways in proplastids from the developing endosperm of Ricinus communis L . Plant Phys , 59 : 1128 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Stadtman , ER . 1992 . Protein oxidation and aging . Science , 257 : 1220 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Stapleton , AE and Walbot , V . 1994 . Flavonoids can protect maize DNA from the induction of ultraviolet-radiation damage . Plant Physiol , 105 : 881 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Stratmann , J . 2003 . Ultraviolet-B radiation co-opts defense signaling pathways . Trends Plant Sci , 8 : 526 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Strid , Å and Porra , RJ . 1992 . Alterations in pigment content in leaves of Pisum sativum after exposure to supplementary UV-B . Plant Cell Physiol , 33 : 1015 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Strid , Å , Chow , WS and Anderson , JM . 1994 . UV-B damage and protection at the molecular level in plants . Photosynth Res , 39 : 475 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Takeuchi , Y , Fukumoto , R , Kasahara , H , Sakaki , T and Kitao , M . 1995 . Peroxidation of lipids and growth inhibition induced by UV-B irradiation . Plant Cell Rep , 14 : 566 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Takeuchi , Y , Kubo , H , Kasahara , H and Sakaki , T . 1996 . Adaptive alterations in the activities of scavengers of active oxygen in cucumber cotyledons irradiated with UV-B . J Plant Physiol , 147 : 589 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Tekchandani , S and Guruprasad , KN . 1998 . Modulation of a guaiacol peroxidase inhibitor by UV-B in cucumber cotyledons . Plant Sci , 136 : 131 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Teramura , A . 1983 . Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth and yield of crop plants . Physiol Plant , 58 : 415 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Undenfriend S . 1957 . Assay of aromatic aminoacid: tyrosine . Methods Enzymol . London : Academic Press . vol 3 . p 610 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Undenfriend S , Peterson RE . 1957 . Assay of aromatic aminoacid: tryptophan. Methods Enzymol London : Academic Press . vol. 3 . p 613 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Environmental Programme . 2002 . Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change
   Google Scholar
• White , TJ , Bruns , TD , Lee , S and Taylor , JW . 1990 . “ Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics ” . In PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications , Edited by: Innis , MA , Gelfand , DH , Sninsky , JJ and White , TJ . 315 – 22 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Willekens , H , Van Camp , W , Van Montagu , M , Sandermann , HJr and Langebartels , C . 1994 . Ozone, sulfur dioxide, and ultraviolet B have similar effects on mRNA accumulation of antioxidant genes in Nicotiana plumbagifolia . Plant Physiol , 106 : 1007 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , H , Anderson , WD , Cheng , T and Riabowol , KT . 1994 . Monitoring mRNA expression by polymerase chain reaction: the “Primer-Dropping” method . Anal Bioch , 223 : 251 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Yannarelli GG , Noriega GO , Batlle A , Tomaro ML . 2006 . Heme oxygenase up-regulation in ultraviolet, Tomaro ML. 2006 . Heme oxygenase up-regulation in ultraviolet-B irradiated soybean plants involves reactive oxygen species . Planta , DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-297-x .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , J and Kirkham , MB . 1996 . Antioxidant responses to drought in sun-flower and sorghum seedlings . New Phytol , 132 : 361 – 73 .
   Google Scholar