Predictors of internalised HIV-related stigma: a systematic review of studies in sub-Saharan Africa

References

• Battles, H. B., & Wiener, L. S. (2002). From adolescence through young adulthood: Psychosocial adjustment associated with long-term survival of HIV. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 30, 161–168. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11869922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyes, M. E., & Cluver, L. D. (2013). Relationships among HIV/AIDS orphanhood, stigma, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in South African youth: A longitudinal investigation using a path analysis framework. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 323–330. doi:10.1177/2167702613478595
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, C., & Deacon, H. (2006). Unravelling the contexts of stigma: From internalisation to resistance to change. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 16, 411–417. doi:10.1002/casp.901
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, C., Nair, Y., Maimane, S., & Nicholson, J. (2007). ‘Dying Twice’: A multi-level model of the roots of AIDS stigma in two South African communities. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 403–416. doi:10.1177/1359105307076229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. (2013). HIV in the United States: At a glance. Washington, DC: Department of Health & Human Services USA. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/statistics_basics_factsheet.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cloete, A., Simbayi, L. C., Kalichman, S. C., Strebel, A., & Henda, N. (2008). Stigma and discrimination experiences of HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care, 20, 1105–1110. doi:10.1080/09540120701842720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., & Orkin, M. (2009). Cumulative risk and AIDS-orphanhood: Interactions of stigma, bullying and poverty on child mental health in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 1186–1193. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., Orkin, M., Boyes, M. E., Gardner, F., & Nikelo, J. (2012). AIDS-orphanhood and caregiver HIV/AIDS sickness status: Effects on psychological symptoms in South African youth. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37, 857–867. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jss004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuca, Y. P., Onono, M., Bukusi, E., & Turan, J. M. (2012). Factors associated with pregnant women's anticipations and experiences of HIV-related stigma in rural Kenya. AIDS Care, 24, 1173–1180. doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.699669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J., & Altman, D. G. (2008). Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In J. P. T. Higgins & S. Green (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions: Cochrane book series (pp. 243–296). The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved from www.cochrane-handbook.org
   Google Scholar
• Ferrand, R. A., Corbett, E. L., Wood, R., Hargrove, J., & Chiratidzo, E. (2012). AIDS among older children and adolescents in Southern Africa: Projecting the time course and magnitude of the epidemic. AIDS, 23, 2039–2046. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833016ce.AIDS
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, M. W., Richman, J. M., Galinsky, M. J., & Day, S. H. (2009). Intervention research: Developing social programs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Furlan, A. D., Pennick, V., Bombardier, C., & van Tulder, M. (2009). 2009 updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Back Review Group. SPINE, 34, 1929–1941. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181b1c99f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg, A. X., Hackam, D., & Tonelli, M. (2008). Systematic review and meta-analysis: When one study is just not enough. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 3, 253–260. doi:10.2215/CJN.01430307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore, N., & Somerville, M. A. (1994). Stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: Overcoming ‘them’ and ‘us’. Social Science & Medicine, 39, 1339–1358. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90365-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, R., Yip, B., Lo, V., Iii, R., Wood, E., Alexander, C. S., … Hogg, R. S. (2006). A simple, dynamic measure of antiretroviral therapy adherence predicts failure to maintain HIV-1 suppression. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 6021, 1108–1114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzemer, W. L., Uys, L. R., Chirwa, M. L., Greeff, M., Makoae, L. N., Kohi, T. W., … Durrheim, K. (2007). Validation of the HIV/AIDS stigma instrument – PLWA (HASI-P). AIDS Care, 19, 1002–1012. doi:10.1080/09540120701245999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz, R. H., Tsai, A. C., Maling, S., Bajunirwe, F., Haberer, J. E., Emenyonu, N., & Bangsberg, D. R. (2013). No association found between traditional healer use and delayed antiretroviral initiation in rural Uganda. AIDS and Behavior, 17, 260–265. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-0132-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R., & Dunkle, K. (2012). Transactional sex and HIV incidence in a cohort of young women in the stepping stones trial. Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, 3(5), 3–5. doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000158
   Google Scholar
• Kalichman, S. C., & Grebler, T. (2010). Stress and poverty predictors of treatment adherence among people with low-literacy living with HIV/AIDS. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 810–816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Cloete, A., Mthembu, P. P., Mkhonta, R. N., & Ginindza, T. (2009). Measuring AIDS stigmas in people living with HIV/AIDS: The internalized AIDS-related stigma scale. AIDS Care, 21(1), 87–93. doi:10.1080/09540120802032627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiria Perez, G., & Cruess, D. (2014). The impact of familism on physical and mental health among Hispanics in the United States. Health Psychology Review, 8(1), 95–127. doi:10.1080/17437199.2011.569936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, I. T., Ryu, A. E., Onuegbu, A. G., Psaros, C., Weiser, S. D., Bangsberg, D. R., & Tsai, A. C. (2013). Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: Systematic review and meta-synthesis. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(3 Suppl 2), 18640. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3833107&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingori, C., Reece, M., Obeng, S., Murray, M., Shacham, E., Dodge, B., … Ojakaa, D. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of a cross-culturally adapted felt stigma questionnaire among people living with HIV in Kenya. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 27, 481–488. doi:10.1089/apc.2012.0403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R. S., Kochman, A., & Sikkema, K. J. (2002). Internalized stigma among people living with HIV-AIDS. AIDS and Behavior, 6, 309–319. doi:10.1023/A:1021144511957
   Google Scholar
• Li, R. J., Jaspan, H. B., O’Brien, V., Rabie, H., Cotton, M. F., & Nattrass, N. (2010). Positive futures: A qualitative study on the needs of adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS Care, 22, 751–758. doi:10.1080/09540120903431363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, V. D., Harrigan, R., Bangsberg, D. R., Hogg, R. S., Gross, R., Yip, B., & Montaner, J. S. G. (2009). The combined effect of modern highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens and adherence on mortality over time. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 50, 529–536. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31819675e9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G. (1987). Understanding Labeling Effects in the Area of Mental Disorders: An Assessment of the Effects of Expectations of Rejection. American Sociological Review, 52(1), 96–112. doi:10.2307/2095395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Struening, E., Shrout, P. E., & Dohrenwend, B.P. (1989). A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: An empirical assessment. American Sociological Review, 54, 400–423. doi: 10.2307/2095613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loder, E., Groves, T., & MacAuley, D. (2010). Registration of observational studies: The next step towards research transparency. BMJ, 340, 375–376. doi:10.1136/bmj.c657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie, C., & Gadalla, T. M. (2009). Meta-analysis of health and demographic correlates of stigma towards people living with HIV. AIDS Care, 21, 742–753. doi:10.1080/09540120802511877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loutfy, M. R., Wu, W., Letchumanan, M., Bondy, L., Antoniou, T., Margolese, S., … Rochon, P. A. (2013). Systematic review of HIV transmission between heterosexual serodiscordant couples where the HIV-positive partner is fully suppressed on antiretroviral therapy. PloS One, 8(2), e55747. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makoae, L. N., Portillo, C. J., Uys, L. R., Dlamini, P. S., Greeff, M., Chirwa, M., … Holzemer, W. L. (2009). The impact of taking or not taking ARVs on HIV stigma as reported by persons living with HIV infection in five African countries. AIDS Care, 21, 1357–1362. doi:10.1080/09540120902862576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbonu, N. C., van den Borne, B., & De Vries, N. K. (2009). Stigma of people with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: A literature review. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2009, 145891. doi:10.1155/2009/145891
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetziaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(6), 1–2. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
   Google Scholar
• Murray, J., Farrington, D. P., & Eisner, M. P. (2009). Drawing conclusions about causes from systematic reviews of risk factors: The Cambridge Quality Checklists. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 5(1), 1–23. doi:10.1007/s11292-008-9066-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nattabi, B., Li, J., Thompson, S. C., Orach, C. G., & Earnest, J. (2011). Factors associated with perceived stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS in post-conflict northern Uganda. AIDS Education and Prevention, 23, 193–205. doi:10.1521/aeap.2011.23.3.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuman, M., & Obermeyer, C. M. (2013). Experiences of stigma, discrimination, care and support among people living with HIV: A four country study. AIDS and Behavior, 17, 1796–1808. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0432-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, C. R., Micek, M. A., Pfeiffer, J., Montoya, P., Matediane, E., Jonasse, T., … Gloyd, S. S. (2009). One year after art initiation: Psychosocial factors associated with stigma among HIV-positive Mozambicans. AIDS and Behavior, 13, 1189–1196. doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9596-0.One
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltzer, K. (2012). Health-related quality of life and antiretroviral therapy in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(2), 273–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ras, G. S., Simson, I. W., Anderson, R., Prozesky, O. W., & Hamersma, T. (1983). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A report of 2 South African cases. South African Medical Journal, 64(4), 140–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheff, T. J. (1966). Being mentally Ill: A sociological theory. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Sengupta, S., Banks, B., Jonas, D., Miles, M. S., & Smith, G. C. (2011). HIV interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: A systematic review. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 1075–1087. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9847-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simbayi, L. C., Kalichman, S., Strebel, A., Cloete, A., Henda, N., & Mqeketo, A. (2007a). Disclosure of HIV status to sex partners and sexual risk behaviours among HIV-positive men and women, Cape Town, South Africa. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 83(1), 29–34. doi:10.1136/sti.2006.019893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simbayi, L. C., Kalichman, S., Strebel, A., Cloete, A., Henda, N., & Mqeketo, A. (2007b). Internalized stigma, discrimination, and depression among men and women living with HIV/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 1823–1831. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G. D., & Ebrahim, S. (2002). Data dredging, bias, or confounding. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 325, 1437–1438. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1124898&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorsdahl, K., Mall, S., Stein, D. J., & Joska, J. A. (2011). The prevalence and predictors of stigma amongst people living with HIV/AIDS in the Western Province. AIDS Care, 23, 680–685. doi:10.1080/09540121.2010.525621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stangl, A. L., Lloyd, J. K., Brady, L. M., Holland, C. E., & Baral, S. (2013). A systematic review of interventions to reduce HIV-related stigma and discrimination from 2002 to 2013 : How far have we come? Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16, 3–11.
   Google Scholar
• Stevelink, S. A. M., Wu, I. C., Voorend, C. G. N., & Van Brakel, W. H. (2012). The psychometric assessment of internalized stigma instruments : A systematic review. Stigma, Research and Action, 2(2), 100–118.
   Google Scholar
• Swendeman, D., Rotheram-borus, M. J., Comulada, S., Weiss, R., & Ramos, M. E. (2006). Predictors of HIV-related stigma among young people living with HIV. Health Psychology, 25, 501–509. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.4.501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takada, S., Weiser, S. D., Kumbakumba, E., Muzoora, C., Martin, J. N., Hunt, P. W., … Tsai, A. C. (2014). The dynamic relationship between social support and HIV-related stigma in rural Uganda. Annals of Behavioral Medicine : A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 48(1), 26–37. doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9576-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, A. C., Bangsberg, D. R., Bwana, M., Haberer, J. E., Frongillo, E. A., Muzoora, C., … Weiser, S. D. (2013). How does antiretroviral treatment attenuate the stigma of HIV? Evidence from a cohort study in rural Uganda. AIDS and Behavior, 17, 2725–2731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, A. C., Bangsberg, D. R., Kegeles, S. M., Katz, I. T., Haberer, J. E., Muzoora, C., … Weiser, S. D. (2013). Internalized Stigma, social distance, and disclosure of HIV seropositivity in rural Uganda. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 288–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, A. C., Bangsberg, D. R., & Weiser, S. D. (2013). Harnessing poverty alleviation to reduce the stigma of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Medicine, 10(11), e1001557. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, A. C., Weiser, S. D., Steward, W. T., Mukiibi, N. F. B., Kawuma, A., Kembabazi, A., … Bangsberg, D. R. (2012). Evidence for the reliability and validity of the internalized AIDS-related stigma scale in rural Uganda. AIDS and Behavior, 17(1), 427–433. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0281-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tshabalala, J., & Visser, M. (2011). Developing a cognitive behavioural therapy model to assist women to deal with HIV and stigma. South African Journal of Psychology, 41(1), 17–28. doi:10.1177/008124631104100103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2007). Reducing HIV stigma and discrimination: A critical part of national AIDS programmes. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2010). Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2011). 2011 United Nations general assembly political declaration on HIV/AIDS: Targets and elimination commitments. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2013). Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
   Google Scholar
• Uys, L., Chirwa, M., Kohi, T., Greeff, M., Naidoo, J., Makoae, L., … Holzemer, W. L. (2009). Evaluation of a health setting-based stigma intervention in five African countries. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 23, 1059–1066. doi:10.1089/apc.2009.0085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser, M., Kershaw, T., Makin, J. D., & Forsyth, B. W. C. (2008). Development of parallel scales to measure HIV-related stigma. AIDS and Behavior, 12, 759–771. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9363-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser, M., & Sipsma, H. (2013). The experience of HIV-related stigma in South Africa. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Stigma, discrimination and living with HIV/AIDS: A cross cultural perspective (pp. 205–227). Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, G. J., Ghosh-Dastidar, B., Garnett, J., Kityo, C., & Mugyenyi, P. (2013). Impact of HIV antiretroviral therapy on depression and mental health among clients with HIV in Uganda. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74, 883–890. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31826629db
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weed, D. L. (2010). Meta-analysis and causal inference: A case study of benzene and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Annals of Epidemiology, 20, 347–355. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener, L. S., & Battles, H. B. (2006). Untangling the web: A close look at diagnosis disclosure among HIV-infected adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 38, 307–309. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigfield, A., Eccles, J. S., Mac Iver, D., Reuman, D. A., & Midgley, C. (1991). Transitions during early adolescence: Changes in children's domain-specific self-perceptions and general self-esteem across the transition to junior high school. Developmental Psychology, 27, 552–565. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.4.552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar