The consideration of future consequences and health behaviour: a meta-analysis

References

• *Acuff, S. F., Soltis, K. E., Dennhardt, A. A., Borsari, B., Martens, M. P., & Murphy, J. G. (2017). Future so bright? Delay discounting and consideration of future consequences predict academic performance among college drinkers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 25, 412–421. doi: 10.1037/pha0000143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, J. (2012). Consideration of immediate and future consequences, smoking status, and body mass index. Health Psychology, 31, 260–263. doi: 10.1037/a0025790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Adams, J., & Nettle, D. (2009). Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity: An empirical study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 83–105. doi: 10.1348/135910708X299664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Adams, J., & White, M. (2009). Time perspective in socioeconomic inequalities in smoking and body mass index. Health Psychology, 28, 83–90. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.28.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, M., Laberge, S., & McGuire, W. (2012). Criteria for assessing quality in academic research: The views of biomedical scientists, clinical scientists and social scientists. Higher Education, 64, 661–676. doi: 10.1007/s10734-012-9519-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, M. S., Walter, E. E., & McDermott, M. S. (2017). Personality and sedentary behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 36, 255–263. doi: 10.1037/hea0000429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Appleby, P. R., Marks, G., Ayala, A., Miller, L. C., Murphy, S., & Mansergh, G. (2005). Consideration of future consequences and unprotected anal intercourse among men who have sex with men. Journal of Homosexuality, 50, 119–133. doi: 10.1300/J082v50n01_06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnocky, S., Milfont, T. L., & Nicol, J. R. (2014). Time perspective and sustainable behavior: Evidence for the distinction between consideration of immediate and future consequences. Environment and Behavior, 46, 556–582. doi: 10.1177/0013916512474987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (2000). Ego depletion: A resource model of volition, self-regulation, and controlled processing. Social Cognition, 18, 130–150. doi: 10.1521/soco.2000.18.2.130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351–355. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bernstein, M. H., Wood, M. D., & Erickson, L. R. (2015). The effectiveness of message framing and temporal context on college student alcohol use and problems: A selective e-mail intervention. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 51, 106–116. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agv091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2005). Comprehensive meta-analysis version 2.0. Englewood, NJ: Biostat.
   Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. doi:10.1002/9780470743386
   Google Scholar
• Burns, M. J., & Dillon, F. R. (2005). Aids health locus of control, self-efficacy for safer sexual practices, and future time orientation as predictors of condom use in African American college students. Journal of Black Psychology, 31, 172–188. doi: 10.1177/0095798404268288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Churchill, S., Pavey, L., Jessop, D., & Sparks, P. (2016). Persuading people to drink less alcohol: The role of message framing, temporal focus and autonomy. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 51, 727–733. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agw033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hilsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Crockett, R. A., Weinman, J., Hankins, M., & Marteau, T. (2009). Time orientation and health-related behaviour: Measurement in general population samples. Psychology and Health, 24, 333–350. doi: 10.1080/08870440701813030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Dassen, F. C., Houben, K., & Jansen, A. (2015). Time orientation and eating behavior: Unhealthy eaters consider immediate consequences, while healthy eaters focus on future health. Appetite, 91, 13–19. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Daugherty, J. R., & Brase, G. L. (2010). Taking time to be healthy: Predicting health behaviors with delay discounting and time perspective. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 202–207. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *de Bruijn, G. J., & Budding, J. (2016). Temporal consequences, message framing, and consideration of future consequences: Persuasion effects on adult fruit intake intention and resolve. Journal of Health Communication, 21, 944–953. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2016.1179366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Dimmock, J. A., Jackson, B., Clear, S. E., & Law, K. H. (2013). Matching temporal frame to recipients' time orientation in exercise messaging: Does argument quality matter? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 804–812. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Dorr, N., Krueckeberg, S., Strathman, A., & Wood, M. D. (1999). Psychosocial correlates of voluntary HIV antibody testing in college students. AIDS Education and Prevention, 11, 14–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, K. I., Mohr, P., Wilson, C. J., & Wittert, G. A. (2011). Determinants of fast-food consumption. An application of the theory of planned behaviour. Appetite, 57, 349–357. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal, 315, 629–634. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Gick, M. (2014). An exploration of interactions between conscientiousness and consideration of future consequences on healthy eating. Personality and Individual Differences, 66, 181–187. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges, L. V., Tipton, E., & Johnson, M. C. (2010). Robust variance estimation in meta-regression with dependent effect size estimates. Research Synthesis Methods, 1, 39–65. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hevey, D., Pertl, M., Thomas, K., Maher, L., Craig, A., & Chuinneagain, S. N. (2010). Consideration of future consequences scale: Confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 654–657. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 3–23. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21, 1539–1558. doi: 10.1002/sim.1186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Jakul, L. (2011). Maintenance of a healthy lifestyle: Differences in the obese and non-obese (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/handle/1993/4914/Jakul_Laura.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• Joireman, J., Balliet, D., Sprott, D., Spangenberg, E., & Schultz, J. (2008). Consideration of future consequences, ego-depletion, and self-control: Support for distinguishing between CFC-immediate and CFC-future sub-scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 15–21. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joireman, J., Kees, J., & Sprott, D. (2010). Concern with immediate consequences magnifies the impact of compulsive buying tendencies on college students’ credit card debt. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44, 155–178. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01161.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joireman, J., & King, S. (2016). Individual differences in the consideration of future and (more) immediate consequences: A review and directions for future research. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10, 313–326. doi: 10.1111/spc3.12252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Joireman, J., Shaffer, M. J., Balliet, D., & Strathman, A. (2012). Promotion orientation explains why future-oriented people exercise and eat healthy: Evidence from the two-factor consideration of future consequences-14 scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1272–1287. doi: 10.1177/0146167212449362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., & Nan, X. (2016). Effects of consideration of future consequences and temporal framing on acceptance of the HPV vaccine among young adults. Health Communication, 31, 1089–1096. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2015.1038774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, G., & Gentry, J. W. (1991). The development of time orientation measures for use in cross-cultural research. Advances in Consumer Research, 18, 135–142.
   Google Scholar
• *Kovač, V. B., & Rise, J. (2007). The relation between past behavior, intention, planning, and quitting smoking: The moderating effect of future orientation. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 12, 82–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9861.2007.00015.x
   Google Scholar
• *Lin, Y. S. (2009). Modeling aggressive driving: Assessing low self-control theory with the general aggression model (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/305020261?pq-origsite=gscholar
   Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• *Luszczynska, A., Gibbons, F. X., Piko, B. F., & Tekozel, M. (2004). Self-regulatory cognitions, social comparison, and perceived peers’ behaviors as predictors of nutrition and physical activity: A comparison among adolescents in Hungary, Poland, Turkey, and USA. Psychology & Health, 19, 577–593. doi: 10.1080/0887044042000205844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Rooke, S. E., & Schutte, N. S. (2007). Alcohol involvement and the five-factor model of personality: A meta-analysis. Journal of Drug Education, 37, 277–294. doi: 10.2190/DE.37.3.d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, M. T., Cole, J. C., & Percy, A. (2015). Further evidence for a bifactor solution for the consideration of future consequences scale: Measurement and conceptual implications. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 219–222. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, M. T., Percy, A., & Cole, J. C. (2013). Consideration of future consequences and alcohol use among Northern Irish adolescents. Journal of Substance Use, 18, 377–391. doi: 10.3109/14659891.2012.685793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, M. T., Perry, J. L., Cole, J. C., & Magee, J. (2017). Adolescents consider the future differently depending on the domain in question: Results of an exploratory study in the United Kingdom. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 448–452. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mello, Z. R., Finan, L. J., & Worrell, F. C. (2013). Introducing an instrument to assess time orientation and time relation in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 551–563. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Meshesha, L. Z., Pickover, A. M., Teeters, J. B., & Murphy, J. G. (2017). A longitudinal behavioral economic analysis of non-medical prescription opioid use among college students. The Psychological Record, 67, 241–251. doi: 10.1007/s40732-017-0235-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Milfont, T. L., Vilar, R., Araujo, R. C., & Stanley, R. (2017). Does promotion orientation help explain why future-orientated people exercise and eat healthy? Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–6. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., … Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4, 1–9. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Moilanen, K. L., & Manuel, M. L. (2018). Mechanisms linking self-regulation and sexual behaviors in never-married young adults. The Journal of Sex Research, 55, 120–133. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1330394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247–259. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mullan, B., Allom, V., Brogan, A., Kothe, E., & Todd, J. (2014). Self-regulation and the intention behaviour gap. Exploring dietary behaviours in university students. Appetite, 73, 7–14. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Murphy, L., & Dockray, S. (under review). Time to consider motivations: Consideration of immediate and future consequences and motivations for health positive behaviour.
   Google Scholar
• *Murphy, J. G., Dennhardt, A. A., Skidmore, J. R., Borsari, B., Barnett, N. P., Colby, S. M., & Martens, M. P. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of a behavioral economic supplement to brief motivational interventions for college drinking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 876–886. doi: 10.1037/a0028763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, L., & Murphy, G. (2018). Time to drive: Present vs. future orientation and self-reported driving behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology & Behaviour, 56, 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2018.03.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nan, X. (2012). Relative persuasiveness of gain- versus loss-framed human papillomavirus vaccination messages for the present- and future-minded. Human Communication Research, 38, 72–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01419.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). (2014). Study quality assessment tools: Quality assessment for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2012). Methods for the development of NICE public health guidance (3rd edition). Appendix G: Quality appraisal checklist – Quantitative studies reporting correlations and associations. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0089896/pdf/PubMedHealth_PMH0089896.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nigro, G., Cosenza, M., Ciccarelli, M., & Joireman, J. (2016). An Italian translation and validation of the consideration of future consequences-14 scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 333–340. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, D. B., Warttig, S., Conner, M., & Lawton, R. (2009). Raising awareness of hypertension risk through a web-based framing intervention: Does consideration of future consequences make a difference? Psychology, Health & Medicine, 14, 213–219. doi: 10.1080/13548500802291618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbell, S., & Hagger, M. (2006). Temporal framing and the decision to take part in type 2 diabetes screening: Effects of individual differences in consideration of future consequences on persuasion. Health Psychology, 25, 537–548. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.25.4.537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbell, S., & Kyriakaki, M. (2008). Temporal framing and persuasion to adopt preventive health behavior: Moderating effects of individual differences in consideration of future consequences on sunscreen use. Health Psychology, 27, 770–779. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.6.770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbell, S., Perugini, M., & Rakow, T. (2004). Individual differences in sensitivity to health communications: Consideration of future consequences. Health Psychology, 23, 388–396. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.23.4.388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2017). Health at a glance 2017. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/health/health-at-a-glance-19991312.htm
   Google Scholar
• Orji, R., Vassileva, J., & Mandryk, R. (2012). Towards an effective health interventions design: An extension of the health belief model. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 4. doi: 10.5210/ojphi.v4i3.4321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Ouellette, J. A., Hessling, R., Gibbons, F. X., Reis-Bergan, M., & Gerrard, M. (2005). Using images to increase exercise behavior: Prototypes versus possible selves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 610–620. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, R. A. (2001). On the use of college students in social science research: Insights from a second-order meta-analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 450–461. doi: 10.1086/323732
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrocelli, J. V. (2003). Factor validation of the consideration of future consequences scale: Evidence for a short version. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 405–413. doi: 10.1080/00224540309598453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Piko, B. F. (2008). ‘Do you really need to smoke?’ Smoking and psychosocial health among adolescents. In M. M. Lapointe (Ed.), Adolescent smoking and health research (pp. 225–242). New York, NY: Nova Biomedical Books.
   Google Scholar
• *Piko, B. F., & Brassai, L. (2009). The role of individual and familial protective factors in adolescents’ diet control. Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 810–819. doi: 10.1177/1359105309338971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintana, D. S. (2015). From pre-registration to publication: A non-technical primer for conducting a meta-analysis to synthesize correlational data. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappange, D. R., Brouwer, W. B., & van Exel, N. J. A. (2009). Back to the consideration of future consequences scale: Time to reconsider? The Journal of Social Psychology, 149, 562–584. doi: 10.1080/00224540903232324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Reifman, A. (2001). Future orientation buffers the relationship between network drinking and own drinking. Poster presented at the 109th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstock, I. M. (1966). Why people use health services. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 44, 94–127. doi: 10.2307/3348967
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothman, A. J., & Salovey, P. (1997). Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: The role of message framing. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 3–19. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryack, K. (2012). Evidence that time perspective factors depend on the group: Factor analyses of the CFC and ZTPI scales with professional financial advisors. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 723–727. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, F. L., Oh, I. S., & Hayes, T. L. (2009). Fixed- versus random-effects models in meta-analysis: Model properties and an empirical comparison of differences in results. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 62, 97–128. doi: 10.1348/000711007X255327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirai, T. (1997). Time orientation and identity in adolescence and middle age. Memoirs of Osaka Kyoiku University, Ser. IV, Education, Psychology, Special Education and Physical Education, 45, 207–226.
   Google Scholar
• Slutske, W. S., Hunt-Carter, E. E., Nabors-Oberg, R. E., Sher, K. J., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A., … Heath, A. C. (2004). Do college students drink more than their non-college-attending peers? Evidence from a population-based longitudinal female twin study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 530–540. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.113.4.530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Soltis, K. E., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., & Murphy, J. G. (2017). Alcohol demand, future orientation, and craving mediate the relation between depressive and stress symptoms and alcohol problems. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 41, 1191–1200. doi: 10.1111/acer.13395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolarski, M., Fieulaine, N., & van Beek, W. (2015). Time perspective theory: Review, research and application. Cham: Springer International. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_24
   Google Scholar
• *Strathman, A., Gleicher, F., Boninger, D. S., & Edwards, C. S. (1994). The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 742–752. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathman, A., & Joireman, J. (Eds.). (2005). Understanding behavior in the context of time: Theory, research, and application. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Sweeney, A. M., & Culcea, I. (2017). Does a future-oriented temporal perspective relate to body mass index, eating, and exercise? A meta-analysis. Appetite, 112, 272–285. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner-Smith, E. E., & Tipton, E. (2014). Robust variance estimation with dependent effect sizes: Practical considerations including a software tutorial in Stata and SPSS. Research Synthesis Methods, 5, 13–30. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple, E., Perry, J. L., Worrell, F. C., Zivkovic, U., Mello, Z. R., Musil, B., & McKay, M. T. (2017). The Zimbardo time perspective inventory: Time for a new strategy, not more new shortened versions. Time & Society, 1–14. doi: 10.1177/0961463X17718102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Van Beek, J., Antonides, G., & Handgraaf, M. J. (2013). Eat now, exercise later: The relation between consideration of immediate and future consequences and healthy behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 785–791. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beek, J., Handgraaf, M. J., & Antonides, G. (2017). Time orientation effects on health behavior. In M. Altman (Ed.), Handbook of behavioural economics and smart decision-making: Rational decision-making within the bounds of reason (pp. 413–428). doi: 10.4337/9781782549598.00035
   Google Scholar
• Van Voorhis, C. R. W., & Morgan, B. L. (2007). Understanding power and rules of thumb for determining sample sizes. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 3, 43–50. doi: 10.20982/tqmp.03.2.p043
   Google Scholar
• *Vuchinich, R. E., & Simpson, C. A. (1998). Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6, 292–305. doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.6.3.292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Watson, S. J., & Milfont, T. L. (2017). A short-term longitudinal examination of the associations between self-control, delay of gratification and temporal considerations. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 57–60. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Webley, P., & Nyhus, E. K. (2006). Parents’ influence on children’s future orientation and saving. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27, 140–164. doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2005.06.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Whitaker, K. L., Good, A., Miles, A., Robb, K., Wardle, J., & von Wagner, C. (2011). Socioeconomic inequalities in colorectal cancer screening uptake: Does time perspective play a role? Health Psychology, 30, 702–709. doi: 10.1037/a0023941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, K. E., & Dishman, R. K. (2015). Personality and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 230–242. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Wininger, S. R., & DeSena, T. M. (2012). Comparison of future time perspective and self-determination theory for explaining exercise behavior. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 17, 109–128. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9861.2012.00081.x
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to sleeved major risks. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2015). Global status report on road safety 2015. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/en/
   Google Scholar
• Worrell, F. C., Mello, Z. R., & Buhl, M. (2013). Introducing English and German versions of the adolescent time attitude scale. Assessment, 20, 496–510. doi: 10.1177/1073191110396202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Zhao, X., Nan, X., Iles, I. A., & Yang, B. (2015). Temporal framing and consideration of future consequences: Effects on smokers’ and at-risk nonsmokers’ responses to cigarette health warnings. Health Communication, 30, 175–185. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2014.974122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271–1288. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Note: An asterisk (*) indicates studies included in the meta-analysis.
   Google Scholar