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Studies included in the meta-analysis
- Aldridge, D., Schmid, W., Kaeder, M., Schmidt, C., & Ostermann, T. (2005). Functionality or aesthetics? A pilot study of music therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis patients. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 13(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2005.01.004
- Argstatter, H., Haberbosch, W., & Bolay, H. V. (2006). Study of the effectiveness of musical stimulation during intracardiac catheterization. Clinical Research in Cardiology, 95(10), 514–522. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-006-0425-4
- Bradt, J., Potvin, N., Kesslick, A., Shim, M., Radl, D., Schriver, E., … Komarnicky-Kocher, L. T. (2015). The impact of music therapy versus music medicine on psychological outcomes and pain in cancer patients: A mixed methods study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 23(5), 1261–1271. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2478-7
- Browning, C. A. (2001). Music therapy in Childbirth: Research in practice. Music Therapy Perspectives, 19(2), 74–81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/19.2.74
- Burns, D. S., Azzouz, F., Sledge, R., Rutledge, C., Hincher, K., Monahan, P. O., & Cripe, L. D. (2008). Music imagery for adults with acute leukemia in protective environments: A feasibility study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 16(5), 507–513. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-007-0330-z
- Cassileth, B. R., Vickers, A. J., & Magill, L. A. (2003b). Music therapy for Mood Disturbance during Hospitalization for Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 98(12), 2723–2729. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11842
- Chang, B. H., Chen, B. W., Beckstead, J. W., & Yang, C. Y. (2018). Effects of a music-creation programme on the anxiety, self-esteem, and quality of life of people with severe mental illness: A quasi-experimental design. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27(3), 1066–1076. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12414
- Chen, X. J., Hannibal, N., & Gold, C. (2016). Randomized trial of group music therapy with Chinese prisoners: Impact on anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(9), 1064–1081. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15572795
- Choi, A. N., Lee, M. S., & Lim, H. J. (2008). Effects of group music intervention on depression, anxiety, and relationships in psychiatric patients: A pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(5), 567–570. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0006
- Clark, M., Isaacks-Downton, G., Wells, N., Redlin-Frazier, S., Eck, C., Hepworth, J. T., & Chakravarthy, B. (2006). Use of preferred music to reduce emotional distress and symptom activity during radiation therapy. Journal of Music Therapy, 43(3), 247–265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/43.3.247
- Crawford, I., Hogan, T., & Silverman, M. J. (2013). Effects of music therapy on perception of stress, relaxation, mood, and side effects in patients on a solid organ transplant unit: A randomized effectiveness study. Arts in Psychotherapy, 40(2), 224–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2013.02.005
- Domingo, J. P., Matamoros, N. E., Danés, C. F., Abelló, H. V., Carranza, J. M., Ripoll, A. I. R., Garcia, S. M., & Rossetti, A. (2015). Effectiveness of music therapy in advanced cancer patients admitted to a palliative care unit: A nonrandomized controlled, clinical trial. Music and Medicine, 7(1), 23–31.
- Dóro, C. A., Neto, J. Z., Cunha, R., & Dóro, M. P. (2017). Music therapy improves the mood of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (controlled randomized study). Supportive Care in Cancer, 25(3), 1013–1018. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-016-3529-z
- Erkkilä, J., Punkanen, M., Fachner, J., Ala–Ruona, E., Pöntiö, I., Tervaniemi, M., Vanhala, M., & Gold, C. (2011). Individual music therapy for depression: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(2), 132–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085431
- Ezegbe, B. N., Ede, M. O., Eseadi, C., Nwaubani, O. O., Akaneme, I. N., Aye, E. N., Ede, K. R., Omeje, J. C., Ezurike, C., Onyishi, C. N., & Ali, R. B. (2018). Effect of music therapy combined with cognitive restructuring therapy on emotional distress in a sample of Nigerian married couples. Medicine (United States), 34, 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000011637
- Ferrer, A. J. (2007). The effect of live music on decreasing anxiety in patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Journal of Music Therapy, 44(3), 242–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/44.3.242
- Gallagher, L. M., Gardner, V., Bates, D., Mason, S., Nemecek, J., DiFiore, J. B., Bena, J., Li, M., & Bethoux, F. (2018). Impact of music therapy on Hospitalized patients post-Elective Orthopaedic surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Orthopaedic Nursing, 37(2), 124–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/NOR.0000000000000432
- Ghetti, C. M. (2013). Effect of music therapy with emotional – approach coping on preprocedural anxiety in cardiac catheterization: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Music Therapy, 50(2), 93–122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/50.2.93
- Gold, C., Assmus, J., Hjørnevik, K., Qvale, L. G., Brown, F. K., Hansen, A. L., Waage, L., & Stige, B. (2014). Music therapy for prisoners: Pilot randomised controlled trial and implications for evaluating psychosocial interventions. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(12), 1520–1539. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X13498693
- Gold, C., Erkkilä, J., Bonde, L. O., Trondalen, G., Maratos, A., & Crawford, M. J. (2011). Music therapy or music medicine? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80(5), 304. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000323166
- Gold, C., Mössler, K., Grocke, D., Heldal, T. O., Tjemsland, L., Aarre, T., Aarø, L. E., Rittmannsberger, H., Stige, B., Assmus, J., & Rolvsjord, R. (2013). Individual music therapy for mental health care clients with low therapy motivation: Multicentre randomised controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 82(5), 319–331. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000348452
- Haack, B., & Silverman, M. J. (2017). Effects of guitar accompaniment style within patient preferred live music on mood and pain with hospitalized patients on a solid organ transplant unit: A three group randomized pilot study. Arts in Psychotherapy, 52, 32–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2016.09.005
- Hammer, S. E. (1996). The effects of Guided Imagery through music on state and Trait Anxiety. Journal of Music Therapy, 33(1), 47–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/33.1.47
- Hanser, S. B., Bauer-Wu, S., Kubicek, L., Healey, M., Manola, J., Hernandez, M., & Bunnell, C. (2006). Effects of a music therapy intervention on quality of life and distress in women with metastatic breast cancer. Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology, 04((02|2)), 62–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2310/7200.2006.003
- Hernández-Ruiz, E. (2005). Effect of music therapy on the anxiety levels and sleep patterns of abused women in shelters. Journal of Music Therapy, 42(2), 140–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/42.2.140
- Horne-Thompson, A., & Grocke, D. (2008). The effect of music therapy on anxiety in patients who are terminally ill. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 11(4), 582–590. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2007.0193
- Kim, D. S., Park, Y. G., Choi, J. H., Im, S. H., Jung, K. J., Cha, Y. A., Jung, C. O., & Yoon, Y. H. (2011). Effects of music therapy on mood in stroke patients. Yonsei Medical Journal, 52(6), 977–981. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2011.52.6.977
- Mandel, S. E., Hanser, S. B., Secic, M., & Davis, B. A. (2007). Effects of music therapy on health-related outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Music Therapy, 44(3), 176–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/44.3.176
- McKinney, C. H., Antoni, M. H., Kumar, M., Tims, F. C., & McCabe, P. M. (1997). Effects of Guided Imagery and music (GIM) therapy on Mood and cortisol in Healthy Adults. Health Psychology, 16(4), 390–400. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.16.4.390
- Mohammadi, A. Z., Shahabi, T., & Panah, F. M. (2011). An evaluation of the effect of group music therapy on stress, anxiety, and depression levels in nursing home residents [Evaluation des effets de la musicothérapie de groupe sur les niveaux de stress, d ‘ anxiété et de dépression auprès de résidents d ‘]. Journal of Music Therapy, 1, 55–69.
- Mondanaro, J. F., Homel, P., Lonner, B., Shepp, J., Lichtensztein, M., & Loewy, J. V. (2017). Music therapy increases Comfort and Reduces pain in patients Recovering from Spine surgery. American Journal of Orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.), 1, 13–22.
- Morgan, K., Bartrop, R., Telfer, J., & Tennant, C. (2011). A controlled trial investigating the effect of music therapy during an acute psychotic episode. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(5), 363–371. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01739.x
- Palmer, J. B., Lane, D., Mayo, D., Schluchter, M., & Leeming, R. (2015). Effects of music therapy on anesthesia requirements and anxiety in women undergoing ambulatory breast surgery for cancer diagnosis and treatment: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33(28), 3162–3168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.59.6049
- Pitts, S. E., & Silverman, M. J. (2015). Effects of verbal Processing on psychiatric patients’ Proactive Coping Skills using Recreational music therapy. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 10(2), 181–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2014.984097
- Raglio, A., Giovanazzi, E., Pain, D., Baiardi, P., Imbriani, C., Imbriani, M., & Mora, G. (2016). Active music therapy approach in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A randomized-controlled trial. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 39(4), 365–367. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/MRR.0000000000000187
- Raglio, A., Zaliani, A., Baiardi, P., Bossi, D., Sguazzin, C., Capodaglio, E., Imbriani, C., Gontero, G., & Imbriani, M. (2017). Active music therapy approach for stroke patients in the post-acute rehabilitation. Neurological Sciences, 38(5), 893–897. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-017-2827-7
- Ribeiro, M .K., Alcântara–Silva, T. R., Oliveira, J. C., Paula, T. C., Dutra, J. B., Pedrino, G. R., Simões, K., Sousa, R. B., & Rebelo, A. C. (2018). Music therapy intervention in cardiac autonomic modulation, anxiety, and depression in mothers of preterms: Randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychology, 57, 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-018-0271-y
- Romito, F., Lagattolla, F., Costanzo, C., Giotta, F., & Mattioli, V. (2013). Music therapy and emotional expression during chemotherapy. How do breast cancer patients feel? European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 5(5), 438–442. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2013.04.001
- Rosenow, S. C., & Silverman, M. J. (2014). Effects of single session music therapy on hospitalized patients recovering from a bone marrow transplant: Two studies. Arts in Psychotherapy, 41(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2013.11.003
- Rossetti, A., Chadha, M., Torres, B. N., Lee, J. K., Hylton, D., Loewy, J. V., & Harrison, L. B. (2017). The impact of music therapy on Anxiety in cancer patients Undergoing Simulation for Radiation therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 99(1), 103–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.05.003
- Schmid, W., & Aldridge, D. (2004). Active music therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis patients: A matched control study. Journal of Music Therapy, 41(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/41.3.225
- Selle, E. W., & Silverman, M. J. (2017). A randomized feasibility study on the effects of music therapy in the form of patient-preferred live music on mood and pain in patients on a cardiovascular unit. Arts and Health, 9(3), 213–223. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2017.1334678
- Smith, M. (2008). The effects of a single music relaxation session on state Anxiety levels of Adults in a Workplace environment. Australian Journal of Music Therapy, 19, 45–66. https://www.austmta.org.au/journal/article/effects-single-music-relaxation-session-state-anxiety-levels-adults-workplace
- Teckenberg-Jansson, P., Turunen, S., Pölkki, T., Lauri-Haikala, M. J., Lipsanen, J., Henelius, A., Aitokallio-Tallberg, A., Pakarinen, S., Leinikka, M., & Huotilainen, M. (2019). Effects of live music therapy on heart rate variability and self-reported stress and anxiety among hospitalized pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 28(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08098131.2018.1546223
- Verstegen, A. L., & Silverman, M. J. (2018). Effects of music therapy on mood and pain with patients hospitalized for bone marrow transplantation: A randomized effectiveness pilot study. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 4, 132–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2018.1486257
- Volpe, U., Gianoglio, C., Autiero, L., Marino, M. L., Facchini, D., Mucci, A., & Galderisi, S. (2018). Acute effects of music therapy in subjects With Psychosis during Inpatient treatment. Psychiatry (New York), 3, 218–227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2018.1502559
- Warth, M., Keßler, J., Bardenheuer, H. J., & Hillecke, T. K. (2015). Music therapy in palliative care. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 46, 788–794. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2015.0788
- Yates, G. J., & Silverman, M. J. (2015). Immediate effects of single-session music therapy on affective state in patients on a post-surgical oncology unit: A randomized effectiveness study. Arts in Psychotherapy, 44, 57–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2014.11.002