1,322
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Issue New Directions in the Biology of Stress

Old ideas, new directions: re-examining the predictive utility of the hemodynamic profile of the stress response in healthy populations

Pages 104-120 | Received 27 Aug 2021, Accepted 12 Apr 2022, Published online: 26 Apr 2022

References

  • Alderman, M. H., Ooi, W. L., Madhavan, S., & Cohen, H. (1990). Blood pressure reactivity predicts myocardial infarction among treated hypertensive patients. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43(9), 859–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(90)90069-2
  • Barnett, P. A., Spence, D. J., Manuck, S. B., & Jennings, J. R. (1997). Psychological stress and the progression of carotid artery disease. Journal of Hypertension, 15(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199715010-00004
  • Beevers, G., Lip, G. Y. H., & O'Brien, E. (2001). The pathophysiology of hypertension. British Medical Journal, 322(7291), 912–916. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7291.912
  • Blascovich, J., & Kelsey, R. M.. (1990). Using electrodermal and cardiovascular measures of arousal in social psychological research. In C. A. Hendrick & M. S. Clark (Eds.)., Research Methods in Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 45–73). Sage Publications Inc.
  • Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B., & Kowai-Bell, N. (2001). Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.8O.2.253
  • Blascovich, J., Seery, M. D., Mugridge, C. A., Norris, R. K., & Weisbuch, M. (2004). Predicting athletic performance from cardiovascular indexes of challenge and threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(5), 683–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2003.10.007
  • Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1996). The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60235-X
  • Bourassa, K. J., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Ramrakha, S., & Caspi, A. (2021). Lower cardiovascular reactivity is associated with more childhood adversity and poorer midlife health: Replicated findings from the Dunedin and MIDUS cohorts. Clinical Psychological Science, 9(5), 961–978. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702621993900
  • Brindle, R. C., Ginty, A. T., Jones, A., Phillips, A. C., Roseboom, T. J., Carroll, D., Painter, R. C., & De Rooij, S. R. (2016). Cardiovascular reactivity patterns and pathways to hypertension: A multivariate cluster analysis. Journal of Human Hypertension, 30(12), 755–760. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2016.35
  • Brown, E. G., & Creaven, A.-M. (2017). Performance feedback, self-esteem, and cardiovascular adaptation to recurring stressors. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 30(3), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2016.1269324
  • Carnevali, L., Ottaviani, C., Williams, D. P., Kapuku, G., Thayer, J. F., & Hill, L. K. (2019). Hemodynamic profile and compensation deficit in African and European Americans during physical and mental stress. Biological Psychology, 141, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.003
  • Carroll, D., Cross, G., & Harris, M. G. (1990). Physiological activity during a prolonged mental stress task: Evidence for a shift in the control of pressor reactions. Journal of Psychophysiology, 4(3), 261–269.
  • Carroll, D., Ginty, A. T., Der, G., Hunt, K., Benzeval, M., & Phillips, A. C. (2012). Increased blood pressure reactions to acute mental stress are associated with 16-year cardiovascular disease mortality. Psychophysiology, 49(10), 1444–1448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01463.x
  • Carroll, D., Ginty, A. T., Painter, R., Roseboom, T. J., Phillips, A. C., & de Rooij, S. R. (2012). Systolic blood pressure reactions to acute stress are associated with future hypertension status in the Dutch famine birth cohort study. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 85(2), 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.04.001
  • Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2010). Greater cardiovascular response to laboratory mental stress are associated with poor subsequent cardiovascular risk status: A meta-analysis of prospective evidence. Hypertension, 55(4), 1026–1032. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.146621
  • Cross, A., Naughton, F., & Sheffield, D. (2020). What is the role of stress cardiovascular reactivity in health behaviour change? A systematic review, meta-analysis, and research agenda. Psychology & Health, 36(9), 1021–1040. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2020.1825714
  • Dernellis, J., & Panaretou, M. (2005). Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of progression to hypertension in nonhypertensive subjects. Hypertension, 45(3), 426–431. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000157818.58878.93
  • Dienstbier, R. A. (1989). Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health. Psychological Review, 96(1), 84–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.96.1.84
  • Eich, R. H., Cuddy, R. P., Smulyan, H., & Lyons, R. H. (1996). Hemodynamics in labile hypertension: A follow-up study. Circulation, 34(2), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.34.2.299
  • Eich, R. H., Peters, R. J., Cuddy, R. P., Smulyan, H., & Lyons, R. H. (1962). The hemodynamics in labile hypertension. American Heart Journal, 63(2), 188–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(62)90195-3
  • Engel, B. T. (1972). Response specificity. In N. S. Greenfield & R. A. Sternbach (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (pp. 571–576). Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
  • Goldberg, A. D., Becker, L. C., Bonsall, R., Cohen, J. D., Ketterer, M. W., Kaufman, P. G., Krantz, D. S., Light, K. C., McMahon, R. P., Noreuil, T., Pepine, C. J., Raczynski, J., Stone, P. H., Strother, D., Taylor, H., & Sheps, D. S. (1996). Ischemic, hemodynamic, and neurohormonal responses to mental and exercise stress. Experience from the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia study (PIMI). Circulation, 94(10), 2402–2409. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.94.10.2402
  • Gregg, M., James, J. E., Matyas, T. A., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (1999). Hemodynamic profile of stress-induced anticipation and recovery. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 34(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00074-4
  • Gregg, M., Matyas, T. A., & James, J. E. (2005). Association between hemodynamic profile during laboratory stress and ambulatory pulse pressure. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(6), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9018-3
  • Gregg, M. E. D., Matyas, T. A., & James, J. E. (2002). A new model of individual differences in hemodynamic profile and blood pressure reactivity. Psychophysiology, 39(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3910064
  • Griffin, S. M., & Howard, S. (2020). Establishing the validity of a novel passive stress task. Psychophysiology, 57(8), e13555. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13555
  • Griffin, S. M., & Howard, S. (in press). Individual differences in emotion regulation and cardiovascular responses to stress. Emotion, https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hjgm2
  • Hansen, T. W., Jeppesen, J., Rasmussen, S., Ibsen, H., & Torp-Pedersen, C. (2006). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and risk of cardiovascular disease: A population based study. American Journal of Hypertension, 19(3), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.09.018
  • Hansen, T. W., Staessen, J. A., Torp-Pedersen, C., Rasmussen, S., Thijs, L., Ibsen, H., & Jeppesen, J. (2006). Prognostic value of aortic pulse wave velocity as index of arterial stiffness in the general population. Circulation, 113(5), 664–670. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.579342
  • Hase, A., het Rot, M. A., de Miranda Azevedo, R., & Freeman, P. (2020). Threat-related motivational disengagement: Integrating blunted cardiovascular reactivity to stress into the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 33(4), 355–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1755819
  • Hejl, Z. (1957). Changes in cardiac output and peripheral resistance during simple stimuli influencing blood pressure. Cardiologia (rome, Italy), 31(5), 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1159/000165746
  • Hines, E. A., & Brown, G. E. (1932). A standard stimulus for measuring vasomotor reactions: Its application in the study of hypertension. Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic, 7, 332–325.
  • Hoevenaar-Blom, M. P., Spijkerman, A. M. W., Kromhout, D., van den Berg, J. F., & Verschuren, W. M. M. (2011). Sleep duration and sleep quality in relation to 12-year cardiovascular disease incidence: The MORGEN study. Sleep, 34(11), 1487–1492. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1382
  • Hogan, M. J., James, J. E., McCabe, T. R., Kilmartin, L., Howard, S., & Noone, C. (2012). Cardiovascular reactivity of younger and older adults to positive-, negative-, and mixed-emotion cognitive challenge. Biological Psychology, 89(3), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.021
  • Howard, S., & Hughes, B. M. (2012). Benefit of social support for resilience building is contingent on social context: Examining cardiovascular adaptation to recurrent stress in women. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 25(4), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.640933
  • Howard, S., & Hughes, B. M. (2013). Type D personality is associated with a sensitized cardiovascular response to recurrent stress in men. Biological Psychology, 94(2), 450–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.09.001
  • Howard, S., Hughes, B. M., & James, J. E. (2011). Type D personality and hemodynamic reactivity to laboratory stress in women. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 80(2), 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.006
  • Howard, S., Myers, L. B., & Hughes, B. M. (2017). Repressive coping and cardiovascular reactivity to novel and recurrent stress. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 30(5), 562–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2016.1274027
  • Hughes, B. M. (2007a). Individual differences in hostility and habituation of cardiovascular reactivity to stress. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 23(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1117
  • Hughes, B. M. (2007b). Social support in ordinary life and laboratory measures of cardiovascular reactivity: Gender differences in habituation-sensitization. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 34(2), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872671
  • Hughes, B. M., & Higgins, N. M. (2010). Habituation-sensitization of cardiovascular reactivity to repeated stress in smokers and non-smokers: An anthropometrically matched trial. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 76(1), 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.02.001
  • Hughes, B. M., Howard, S., James, J. E., & Higgins, N. M. (2011). Individual differences in adaptation of cardiovascular response to stress. Biological Psychology, 86(2), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.015
  • Hughes, B. M., Lü, W., & Howard, S. (2018). Cardiovascular stress-response adaptation: Conceptual basis, empirical findings, and implications for disease processes. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 131, 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.00
  • Jain, D., Shaker, S. M., Burg, M., Wackers, F. J., Soufer, R., & Zaret, B. L. (1998). Effects of mental stress on left ventricular and peripheral vascular performance in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of American College of Cardiology, 31(6), 1314–1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00092-8
  • James, J. E., Baldursdottir, B., Johannsdottir, K. R., Valdimarsdottir, H. B., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2018). Adolescent habitual caffeine consumption and hemodynamic reactivity during rest, psychosocial stress, and recovery. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 110, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.04.010
  • James, J. E., & Gregg, M. (2004). Hemodynamic effects of dietary caffeine, sleep restriction, and laboratory stress. Psychophysiology, 41(6), 914–923. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00248.x
  • James, J. E., Gregg, M. E. D., Matyas, T. A., Hughes, B. M., & Howard, S. (2012). Stress reactivity and the hemodynamic profile-compensation deficit (HP-CD) model of blood pressure regulation. Biological Psychology, 90(2), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.021
  • Jefferson, A. L., Himali, J. J., Beiser, A. S., Au, R., Massaro, J. M., Seshadri, S., Gona, P., Salton, C. J., DeCarli, C., O'Donnell, C. J., Benjamin, E. J., Wolf, P., & Manning, W. J. (2010). Cardiac index is associated with brain aging: The Framingham heart study. Circulation, 122(7), 690–697. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.905091
  • Johnson, J. A., Lavoie, K., Bacon, S., Carlson, L., & Campbell, T. (2012). The effect of trait rumination on adaptation to repeated stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74(3), 258–262. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31824c3ef2
  • Julius, S. (1988). Transition from high cardiac output to elevated vascular resistance in hypertension. American Heart Journal, 116(2), 600–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(88)90557-1
  • Julius, S., & Nesbitt, S. (1996). Sympathetic overactivity in hypertension: A moving target. American Journal of Hypertension, 9(11), 113S–120S. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7061(96)00287-7
  • Julius, S., Pascaul, A. V., & London, R. (1971). Role of the parasympathetic inhibition in the hyperkinetic type of borderline hypertension. Circulation, 44(3), 413–418. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.44.3.413
  • Kamarck, T. W., & Lovallo, W. R. (2003). Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge: Conceptual and measurement considerations. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000030390.34416.3e
  • Kasprowicz, A. L., Manuck, S. B., Malkoff, S. B., & Krantz, D. S. (1990). Individual differences in behaviorally evoked cardiovascular response: Temporal stability and hemodynamic patterning. Psychophysiology, 27(6), 605–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03181.x
  • Kelsey, R. M. (1993). Habituation of cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress: Evidence and implications. In J. Blascovich, & E. S. Katkin (Eds.), Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress and disease (pp. 135–153). American Psychological Association.
  • Kelsey, R. M., Blascovich, J., Leitten, C. L., Schneider, T. S., Tomaka, J., & Wiens, S. (2000). Cardiovascular reactivity and adaptation to recurrent psychological stress: The moderating effects of evaluative observation. Psychophysiology, 37(6), 748–756. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3760748
  • Kelsey, R. M., Soderlund, K., & Arthur, C. M. (2004). Cardiovascular reactivity and adaptation to recurrent psychological stress: Replication and extension. Psychophysiology, 41(6), 924–934. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00245.x
  • Kim, S. H., & Hamann, S. (2012). The effect of cognitive reappraisal on physiological reactivity and emotional memory. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.12.001
  • Kojima, M., Wakai, K., Kawamura, T., Tamakoshi, A., Aoki, R., Lin, Y., Nakayama, T., Horibe, H., Aoki, N., & Ohno, Y. (2000). Sleep patterns and total mortality: A 12-year follow-up study in Japan. Journal of Epidemiology, 10(2), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.10.87
  • Lamotte, G., Boes, C. J., Low, P. A., & Coon, E. A. (2021). The expanding role of the cold pressor test: A brief history. Clinical Autonomic Research, 31(2), 153–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-021-00796-4
  • Lawler, K. A., Kline, K. A., Adlin, R. F., Wilcox, Z. C., Craig, F. W., Krishnamoorthy, J. S., & Piferi, R. L. (2001). Psychophysiological correlates of individual differences in patterns of hemodynamic reactivity. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 40(2), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8760(00)00155-0
  • Lawler, K. A., Wilcox, Z. C., & Anderson, S. F. (1995). Gender differences in patterns of dynamic cardiovascular regulation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(4), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199507000-00007
  • Light, K. C., & Sherwood, A. (1989). Race, borderline hypertension and hemodynamic responses to behavioral stress before and after beta-adrenergic blockade. Health Psychology, 8(5), 577–595. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.8.5.577
  • Light, K. C., Turner, J. R., Hinderliter, A. L., & Sherwood, A. (1993). Race and gender comparisons: I. Hemodynamic responses to a series of stressors. Health Psychology, 12(5), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.12.5.354
  • Lovallo, W. R. (2005). Cardiovascular reactivity: Mechanisms and pathways to cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 58(2-3), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.11.007
  • Lovallo, W. R. (2010). Cardiovascular responses to stress and disease outcomes: A test of the reactivity hypothesis. Hypertension, 55(4), 842–843. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.149773
  • Lovallo, W. R., & Gerin, W. (2003). Psychophysiological reactivity: Mechanisms and pathways to cardiovascular disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000033128.44101.c1
  • Lü, W., Wang, Z., & You, X. (2016). Physiological response to repeated stress in individuals with high and low trait resilience. Biological Psychology, 120, 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.08.005
  • Lü, W., Xing, W., Hughes, B. M., & Wang, Z. (2018). Extraversion and cardiovascular response to recurrent social stress: Effect of stress intensity. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 131, 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/.ijpsycho.2017.10.008
  • Lund-Johansen, P. (1983). Hemodynamic alterations in early essential hypertension: Recent advances. In F. Gross & T. Strasser (Eds.), Mild hypertension: Recent advances (pp. 237–249). Raven Press.
  • Manigault, A. W., Shorey, R. C., Decastro, G., Appelmann, H. M., Hamilton, K. R., Scanlin, M. C., France, C. R., & Zoccola, P. M. (2021). Standardized stress reduction interventions and blood pressure habituation: Secondary results from a randomized control trial. Health Psychology, 40(3), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000954
  • Manuck, S. B. (1994). Cardiovascular reactivity in cardiovascular disease: “once more onto the breach”. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1(1), 4–31. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0101_2
  • Manuck, S. B., Kasprowicz, A. L., & Muldoon, M. F. (1990). Behaviorally-evoked cardiovascular reactivity and hypertension: Conceptual issues and potential associations. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 12(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm1201_2
  • Manuck, S. B., Olsson, G., Hjemdahl, P., & Rehnqvist, N. (1992). Does cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress have prognostic value in postinfarction patients? A pilot study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54(1), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199201000-00003
  • Matthews, K. A., Salomon, K., Brady, S. S., & Allen, M. T. (2003). Cardiovascular reactivity to stress predicts future blood pressure in adolescence. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(3), 410–415. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000057612.94797.5f
  • Mayet, J., & Hughes, A. (2003). Cardiac and vascular pathophysiology in hypertension. Heart, 89(9), 1104–1109. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.89.9.1104
  • Mendes, W. B., Blascovich, J., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B., & Jost, J. T. (2007). Threatened by the unexpected: Physiological responses during social interactions with expectancy-violating partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 698–716. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.698
  • Mendes, W. B., McCoy, S., Major, B., & Blascovich, J. (2008). How attributional ambiguity shapes physiological and emotional responses to social rejection and acceptance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 278–291. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.278
  • Nyklícek, I., Bosch, J. A., & Nieuw Amerongen, A. V. (2005). A generalized physiological hyperreactivity to acute stressors in hypertensives. Biological Psychology, 70(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.013
  • Obrist, P. A. (1981). Cardiovascular psychophysiology. Plenum.
  • O’Leary, ÉD, Howard, S., Hughes, B. M., & James, J. E. (2013). An experimental test of blunting using sleep-restriction as an acute stressor in Type D and non-Type D women. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 90(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.02.006
  • O’Súilleabháin, P. S., Howard, S., & Hughes, B. M. (2018). Openness to experience and stress responsivity: An examination of cardiovascular and underlying hemodynamic trajectories within an acute stress exposure. PLoS One, 13, e0199221. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199221
  • Ottaviani, C., Brosschot, J. F., Lonigro, A., Medea, B., Van Diest, I., & Thayer, J. F. (2017). Hemodynamic profiles of functional and dysfunctional forms of repetitive thinking. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 51(2), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9851-3
  • Ottaviani, C., Shapiro, D., Goldstein, I. B., James, J. E., & Weiss, R. (2006). Hemodynamic profile, compensation deficit, and ambulatory blood pressure. Psychophysiology, 43(1), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00378.x
  • Ottaviani, C., Shapiro, D., Goldstein, I. B., & Mills, P. J. (2007). Vascular profile, delayed recovery, inflammatory process, and ambulatory blood pressure: Laboratory-to-life generalizability. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.05.013
  • Park, J., Carrillo, B., & Mendes, W. B. (in press). Is vicarious stress functionally adaptive? Perspective-taking modulates the effects of vicarious stress on future firsthand stress. Emotion. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000963
  • Pasupathy, S., Travella, R., & Beltrame, J. F. (2016). The what, when, who, why, how, and where of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Circulation Journal, 80(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-15-1096
  • Phillips, A. C., Ginty, A. T., & Hughes, B. M. (2013). The other side of the coin: Blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity is also associated with negative health outcomes. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 90(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.02.002
  • Pouwels, S., van Genderen, M. E., Kreeftenberg, H. G., Ribeiro, R., Parmar, C., Topal, B., Celik, A., & Ugale, S. (2019). Utility of the cold pressor test to predict future cardiovascular events. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 17(4), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2019.1598262
  • Ring, C., Burns, V. E., & Carroll, D. (2002). Shifting hemodynamics of blood pressure control during prolonged mental stress. Psychophysiology, 39(5), 585–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3950585
  • Sawada, Y. (2006). Balance of blood pressure equivalents as a new quantitative scale for identifying cardiac versus vascular reactor: Comparisons with Gregg, Matyas and James’ (2002) hemodynamic profile scale. Japanese Psychological Research, 48(4), 270–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5884.2006.00325.x
  • Seery, M. D. (2013). The biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat: Using the heart to measure the mind. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7/9(9), 637–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12052
  • Seery, M. D., Blascovich, J., Weisbuch, M., & Vick, S. B. (2004). The relationship between self-esteem level, self-esteem stability, and cardiovascular reactions to performance feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(1), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.133
  • Segers, P., Rietzschel, E. R., & Chirinos, J. A. (2020). How to measure arterial stiffness in humans. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis Vascular Biology, 40(5), 1034–1043. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313132
  • Sheps, D. S., McMahon, R. P., Becker, L., Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., Cohen, J. D., Sheffield, D., Goldberg, A. D., Ketterer, M. W., Pepine, C. J., Raczynski, J. M., Light, K., Krantz, D. S., Stone, P. H., Knatterud, G. L., & Kaufmann, P. G. (2002). Mental stress-induced ischemia and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: Results from the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia study. Circulation, 105(15), 1780–1784. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000014491.90666.06
  • Sherwood, A., Dolan, C. A., & Light, K. C. (1990). Hemodynamics of blood pressure responses during active and passive coping. Psychophysiology, 27(6), 656–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03189.x
  • Sherwood, A., & Turner, J. R. (1993). Postural stability of hemodynamic responses during mental challenge. Psychophysiology, 30(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03349.x
  • Soye, A., & O'Súilleabháin, P. S. (2019). Facets of openness to experience are associated with cardiovascular reactivity and adaptation across both active and passive stress exposures. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.03.016
  • Strike, P. C., & Steptoe, A. (2003). Systematic review of mental stress-induced myocardial ischaemia. European Heart Journal, 24(8), 690–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-668X(02)00615-2
  • Sullivan, S., Hammadah, M., Al Mheid, I., Wilmot, A., Ramadan, R., Alkhoder, A., Isakadze, N., Shah, A., Levantsevych, O., Pimple, P. M., Kutner, M., Ward, L., Garcia, E. V., Nye, J., Mehta, P. J., Lewis, T. T., Bremner, D., Raggi, P., Quyyumi, A. A., & Vaccarino, V. (2018). Sex differences in hemodynamic and microvascular mechanisms of myocardial ischemia induced by mental stress. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis Vascular Biology, 38(2), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.309535
  • Sung, B. H., Lovallo, W. R., Pincomb, G. A., & Wilson, M. F. (1993). Cardiac adaptation to elevated blood pressure in borderline hypertensive men. American Journal of Cardiology, 72(5), 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(93)91131-z
  • Turner, J., Sherwood, A., & Light, K. C. (1994). Intertask consistency of hemodynamic responses to laboratory stressors in a biracial sample of men and women. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 17(2), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(94)90031-0
  • Vaccarino, V., Sullivan, S., Wilmot, K., Al Mheid, I., Ramadan, R., Elon, L., Pimple, P. M., Garcia, E. V., Nye, J., Shah, A., Alkhoder, A., Levantsevych, O., Gay, H., Obideen, M., Huang, M., Lewis, T. T., Bremner, D., Quyyumi, A. A., & Raggi, P. (2018). Mental stress–induced-myocardial ischemia in young patients with recent myocardial infarction: Sex differences and mechanisms. Circulation, 137(8), 794–805. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030849
  • van Loo, H. M., van den Heuvel, E. R., Schoevers, R. A., Anselmino, M., Carney, R. M., Denollet, J., Doyle, F., Freedland, K. E., Grace, S. L., Hosseini, S. H., Parakh, K., Pilote, L., Rafanelli, C., Roest, A. M., Sato, H., Steeds, R. P., Kessler, R. C., & de Jonge, P. (2014). Sex dependent risk factors for mortality after myocardial infarction: Individual patient data meta-analysis. BMC Medicine, 12, 242. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0242-y
  • Whittaker, A. C., Ginty, A. T., Hughes, B. M., Steptoe, A., & Lovallo, W. R. (2021). Cardiovasular stress reactivity and health: Recent questions and future directions. Psychosomatic Medicine, 83(7), 756–766. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000973
  • Why, Y. P., & Chen, M. R. (2013). Self-enhancement and cardiovascular reactivity: Limitations of the hemodynamic profile-compensation deficit (HP-CD) model of blood pressure regulation. Biological Psychology, 92(2), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.08.010
  • Wokhlu, A., & Pepine, C. J. (2016). Mental stress and myocardial ischemia: Young women at risk. Journal of American Heart Association, 5(9), e004196. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004196
  • Wolf, S., Cardon, P. V., Shepard, E. M., & Wolff, H. R. (1955). Life stress and essential hypertension. Williams and Wilkins.
  • Wolf, S., & Wolff, H. G. (1951). A summary of experimental evidence relating life stress to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension in man. In E. T. Bell (Ed.), Hypertension: A symposium (pp. 288–322). University of Minnesota Press.
  • Wormwood, J. B., Khan, Z., Siegel, E., Lynn, S. K., Dy, J., Barrett, L. F., & Quigley, K. S. (2019). Physiological indices of challenge and threat: A data-driven investigation of autonomic nervous system reactivity during an active coping stressor task. Psychophysiology, 56(12), e13454. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13454
  • Zhang, L., Bao, Y., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Tao, S., Xu, W., & Liu, M. (2020). A meta-analysis on the prevalence, associated factors and diagnostic methods of mental stress induced myocardial ischemia. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 218. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02383-z