Marginalised behaviour: digital annotations, spatial encoding and the implications for reading comprehension

References

• Bennett , R.E. 2002 . Inexorable and inevitable: The continuing story of technology and assessment . Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment , 1 ( 4 ) : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Coniam , D. 2009 . A comparison of onscreen and paper‐based marking in the Hong Kong public examination system . Educational Research and Evaluation: An International Journal on Theory and Practice , 15 ( 4 ) : 243 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Crisp , V. and Johnson , M. 2007 . The use of annotations in examination marking: Opening a window into markers’ minds . British Educational Research Journal , 33 ( 4 ) : 943 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Dillon , A. 1994 . Designing usable electronic text , London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , M.H. 1999 . Memory for word locations in reading . Memory , 7 ( 4 ) : 79 – 118 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fowles , D. Does marking images of essays on screen retain marker confidence and reliability? . Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Association for Educational Assessment . September 7–12 , Cambridge , UK.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , W.J. and Haas , C. 1988 . Reading and writing with computers: A framework for explaining differences in performance . Communications of the ACM , 31 ( 4 ) : 1080 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartley , J. 1983 . Note‐taking research: Resetting the scoreboard . Bulletin of the British Psychological Society , 36 : 13 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartley , J. 2002 . Notetaking in non‐academic settings . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 16 : 559 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley , J. and Davies , I.K. 1978 . Note‐taking: A critical review . Innovation in Education and Teaching International , 15 ( 3 ) : 207 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Holsti , O.R. 1969 . Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities , Menlo Park , CA : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh , G. , Wood , K.R. and Sellen , A. Peripheral display of digital handwritten notes . Paper presented at the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2006 proceedings) . April 22–27 , Montréal , Québec , Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Huot , B. 1990 . Reliability, validity and holistic scoring: What we know and what we need to know . College Composition and Communication , 41 : 210 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. and Greatorex , J. 2008 . Judging text presented on screen: Implications for validity . E‐Learning , 5 ( 4 ) : 40 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. , Nádas , R. and Bell , J.F. 2009 . Marking essays on screen: An investigation into the reliability of marking extended subjective texts . British Journal of Educational Technology , DOI: 10.1111/j.1467–8535.2009.00979.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. and Shaw , S. 2008 . Annotating to comprehend: A marginalised activity? . Research Matters: A Cambridge Assessment Publication , 6 : 19 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson‐Laird , P.N. 1983 . Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference and consciousness , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Just , M.A. and Carpenter , P.A. 1987 . The psychology of reading and language comprehension , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , A. 1992 . “ The spatial coding hypothesis ” . In Eye movements and visual cognition , Edited by: Rayner , K. 379 – 97 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Khan , F. 1994 . A survey of note‐taking practices HP Labs Technical Reports, HPL‐93–107
   Google Scholar
• Kurniawan , S.H. and Zaphiris , P. 2001 . Reading online or on paper: Which is faster? (Proceedings of HCI International 2001) , Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , C.C. Annotation: From paper books to the digital library . Paper presented at the 2nd ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries . July 23–26 , Philadelphia , PA .
   Google Scholar
• Mayes , D.K. , Sims , V.K. and Koonce , J.M. 2001 . Comprehension and workload differences for VDT and paper‐based reading . International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics , 28 : 367 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills , C.B. and Weldon , L.J. 1987 . Reading text from computer screens . ACM Computing Surveys , 19 ( 4 ) : 329 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hara , K. and Sellen , A. A comparison of reading paper and on‐line documents . Proceedings of the ACM conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . Atlanta , GA . pp. 335 – 42 . New York : ACM Press .
   Google Scholar
• Paek , P. 2005 . Recent trends in comparability studies (PEM Research Report 05‐05). www.pearsonsolutions.com/downloads/research/TrendsCompStudies_rr0505.pdf (accessed August 20, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Piolat , A. , Olive , T. and Kellogg , R.T. 2005 . Cognitive effort during note taking . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 19 : 291 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piolat , A. , Roussey , J.‐Y. and Thunin , O. 1997 . Effects of screen presentation on text reading and revising . International Journal of Human‐Computer Studies , 47 : 565 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson , P. 2001 . Language and differentiation in examining at A level , University of Leeds . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Schilit , B.N. , Golovchinsky , G. and Price , M.N. Beyond paper: Supporting active reading with free form digital ink annotations . Paper presented at the ACM CHI 98 Human Factors in Computing Systems conference . April 18–23 , Los Angeles , CA .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , S. 2008 . Essay marking on‐screen: Implications for assessment validity . E‐Learning , 5 ( 4 ) : 256 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Wästlund , E. , Reinikka , H. , Norlander , T. and Archer , T. 2005 . Effects of VDT and paper presentation on consumption and production of information: Psychological and physiological factors . Computers in Human Behavior , 21 : 377 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar