878
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Exploring the Meanings of Hijab through Online Comments in Canada

, &
Pages 214-232 | Received 18 Oct 2015, Accepted 24 Mar 2016, Published online: 08 Apr 2016

References

  • Abbasi, A., Chen, H., & Salem, A. (2008). Sentiment analysis in multiple languages: Feature selection for opinion classification in web forums. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 26(3), 1–35.
  • Abdurraqib, S. (2006). Hijab scenes: Muslim women, migration, and hijab in immigrant Muslim literature. MELUS, 31, 55–70.10.1093/melus/31.4.55
  • Adelman, H. (2011). Contrasting commissions on interculturalism: The hijãb and the workings of interculturalism in Quebec and France. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 32, 245–259.10.1080/07256868.2011.565736
  • Afshar, H. (2006). Can I see your hair? Choice, agency and attitudes: The dilemma of faith and feminism for Muslim women who cover. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 31, 411–427.
  • Albrecht, S. (2006). Whose voice is heard in online deliberation? A study of participation and representation in political debates on the Internet. Information, Communication & Society, 9, 62–82.
  • Al-Qasimi, N. (2010). Immodest modesty. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 6, 46–74.10.2979/MEW.2010.6.1.46
  • Aseel, M. Q. (2003). Torn between two cultures: An Afghan-American woman speaks out. Sterling, VA: Capital Book.
  • Askins, K. (2009). ‘That’s just what I do’: Placing emotion in academic activism. Emotion, Space and Society, 2, 4–13.10.1016/j.emospa.2009.03.005
  • Aydin, C., & Hammer, J. (2010). Muslims and media: Perceptions, participation, and change. Contemporary Islam, 4(1), 1–9.10.1007/s11562-009-0098-7
  • Bakht, N. (2012). Veiled objections: Facing public opposition to the niqab, in Beaman Lori. In Beaman Lori (ed.), Defining Reasonable Accommodation (pp. 70–108). Vancouver: University of British Colombia Press.
  • Bourgeault-Tassé, I. (2013, November 29). The Charter’s veiled threat against Montreal’s Muslims. Huffpost Style Canada. Retrieved December 12, 2015, from http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/ramp/quebec-charter-veil-ban_b_4352301.html
  • Croucher, S. M. (2008). French-Muslims and the hijab: An analysis of identity and the Islamic veil in France. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 37, 199–213.10.1080/17475750903135408
  • CTV News. (2013, December 12). Proposed ban on religious symbols in Quebec a ‘Violation of Freedom of Religion’. CTV News. Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/proposed-ban-on-religious-symbols-in-quebec-a-violation-of-freedom-of-religion-1.1420848
  • Driver, J. (1999). Modesty and ignorance. Ethnics, 109, 827–834.
  • El Guindi, E. (1999). Veil: Modesty, privacy and resistance. Oxford: Berg.10.2752/9781847888969
  • Eslea, M., & Mukhtar, K. (2000). Bullying and racism among Asian schoolchildren in Britain. Educational Research, 42, 207–217.10.1080/001318800363845
  • Faridani, S., Bitton, E., Ryokai, K., & Goldberg, K. (2010, April 10–15). Opinion space: A scalable tool for browsing online comments. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2010: Understanding Comments (pp. 1175–1184). Atlanta, GA. Retrieved from http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/pubs/chi-2010-opinion-space.pdf
  • Feinberg, R. A., Mataro, L., & Burroughs, W. J. (1992). Clothing and social identity. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 11, 18–23.10.1177/0887302X9201100103
  • Ferracioli, L. (2013). Challenging the burqa ban. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 34, 89–101.10.1080/07256868.2013.751904
  • Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), 1–37.10.1086/229213
  • Gao, Y., & Koo, T. T. R. (2014). Flying Australia – Europe via China: A qualitative analysis of the factors affecting travelers’ choice of Chinese carriers using online comments data. Journal of Air Transport Management, 39, 23–29.10.1016/j.jairtraman.2014.03.006
  • Glick, P., Diebold, J., Bailey-Werner, B., & Zhu, L. (1997). The two faces of Adam: Ambivalent sexism and polarized attitudes toward women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1323–1334.10.1177/01461672972312009
  • Grogan, S. (1999). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children. London: Routledge.
  • Haddad, Y. Y. (2007). The post-9/11 hijab as icon. Sociology of Religion, 68, 253–267.10.1093/socrel/68.3.253
  • Hamzeh, M. (2011). Deveiling body stories: Muslim girls negotiate visual, spatial, and ethical hijabs. Race Ethnicity and Education, 14, 481–506.10.1080/13613324.2011.563287
  • Heath, A., & Scott, D. (1998). The self-concept and image congruence hypothesis. European Journal of Marketing, 32, 1110–1123.10.1108/03090569810243749
  • Hersi, A. (2014). Discourses concerning immigrant integration: A critical review [Special issue]. European Scientific Journal, 590–604.
  • Hlavach, L., & Freivogel, W. H. (2011). Ethical implications of anonymous comments posted to online news stories. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 26, 21–37.10.1080/08900523.2011.525190
  • Hoodfar, H. (2003). More than clothing. In S. Alvi, H. Hoodfar, & S. McDonough (Eds.), The Muslim veil in North America: Issues and debates (pp. 3–40). Toronto: Women’s Press.
  • Horn, M., & Gurel, L. (1981). The second skin. Boston, MA: Houghton.
  • Jackson, K. E., & Monk-Turner, E. (2015). The meaning of hijab: Voices of Muslim women in Egypt and Yemen. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 16, 30–48.
  • Joachims, T. (1998). Making large-scale SVM learning practical. In B. Schölkopf, C. J. C. Burges, & A. J. Smola (Eds.), Advances in Kernel methods: Support vector learning (pp. 169–184). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Kaiser, S. (1997). The social psychology of clothing: Symbolic appearances in context. New York, NY: Fairchild Publications.
  • Karam, A. M. (1998). Women, Islamisms and the state: Contemporary feminisms in Egypt. Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press.
  • Kennedy, D. (1992). Sexual abuse, sexy dressing and the eroticization of domination. New England Law Review, 26, 1309–1394.
  • Kunst, J. R., & Sam, D. L. (2013). Relationship between perceived acculturation expectations and Muslim minority youth’s acculturation and adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 477–490.10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.04.007
  • Lane, E. (1984). Arabic-English lexicon. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society.
  • Lentze, G. (2013, April 2). Islamic headscarf debate rekindled in France. BBC News. Retrieved December 12, 2015, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21997089
  • Lewis, R. (2013). Modest fashion: Styling bodies, mediating faith. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Li, N., & Wu, D. D. (2010). Using text mining and sentiment analysis for online forums hotspot detection and forecast. Decision Support Systems, 48, 354–368.10.1016/j.dss.2009.09.003
  • Liu, X., & Fahmy, S. (2011). Exploring the spiral of silence in the virtual world: Individual’s willingness to express personal opinions in online versus offline settings. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, 3, 45–57.
  • Manosevitch, E., & Walker, D. M. (2009). Reader comments to online opinion journalism: A space of public deliberation. Paper presented at the 10th International Symposium on Online Journalism, Austin, TX.
  • Mansson McGinty, A. (2014). Emotional geographies of veiling: The meanings of the hijab for five Palestinian American Muslim women. Gender, Place and Culture, 21, 683–700.10.1080/0966369X.2013.810601
  • Mead, M. (1978). Culture and commitment: The new relationship between the generations in the 1970s. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Meyer, H. (2010, July 12). Harrods sees profit from Islamic fashion as Qatar takes control, Bloomberg. Retrieved December 12, 2015, from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-07-12/harrods-sees-profits-in-islamic-fashion-as-qatari-owners-showcase-abayas
  • Michelman, S. O. (2003). Reveal or conceal? American religious discourse with fashion. Etnofoor, 16, 76–87.
  • MIPEX III (2011). Migrant integration policy index III. Brussels: The British Council and Migration Policy Group.
  • Mitra, A. (2001). Marginal voices in cyberspace. New Media & Society, 3, 29–48.
  • Nawaz, Z. (2014, June 5). My hijab rebellion. National Post. Retrieved December 12, 2015, from http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/zarqa-nawaz-my-hijab-rebellion
  • Nielsen, K., Shum, D., & Miller, A. (2015, November 17). Muslim woman attacked in Toronto, told to ‘go back to your country’: Police. Global News. Retrieved December 12, 2015, from http://globalnews.ca/news/2343508/muslim-woman-attacked-while-picking-up-children-from-toronto-school-police/
  • Nisa, E. F. (2013). The Internet subculture of Indonesian face-veiled women. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16, 241–255.10.1177/1367877912474534
  • Noelle-Neumann, E. (1993). The spiral of silence: Public opinion – Our social skin. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Nonnecke, B., & Preece, J. (2003). Silent participants: Getting to know lurkers better. In C. Lueg & D. Fisher (Eds.), From Usenet to CoWebs. Interacting with social information spaces (pp. 110–132). London: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4471-0057-7
  • O’Neill, B., Gidengil, E., Côté, C., & Young, L. (2014). Freedom of religion, women’s agency and banning the face veil: The role of feminist beliefs in shaping women’s opinion. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19(11), 1–16.
  • Pang, B., & Lee, L. (2008). Opinion mining and sentiment analysis. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 2(1–2), 1–135.10.1561/1500000011
  • Pollack, W. (1990). Sexual harassment: Women’s experience vs. legal definitions. Harvard Women’s Law Journal, 35, 35–85.
  • Poushter, J. (2014, January 8). How people in Muslim countries prefer women to dress in public. Pew Research Centre. Retrieved December 12, 2015, from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/01/08/what-is-appropriate-attire-for-women-in-muslim-countries/
  • Prabowo, R., & Thelwall, M. (2009). Sentiment analysis: A combined approach. Journal of Informetrics, 3, 143–157.10.1016/j.joi.2009.01.003
  • Rahman, O., Liu, W.-S., & Cheung, H.-M. (2012). Cosplay: Imaginative self and performing identity. Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture, 16, 317–342.
  • Rahman, O., Liu, W.-S., Lam, E., & Chan, M.-T. (2011). “Lolita”: Imaginative self and elusive consumption. Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body and Culture, 15, 7–28.10.2752/175174111X12858453158066
  • Ramirez, A. (2015). Control over female ‘Muslim’ bodies: Culture, politics and dress code laws in some Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Identities, 22, 671–686.10.1080/1070289X.2014.950972
  • Reich, Z. (2011). User comments: The transformation of participatory space. In J. B. Singer (Ed.), Participatory journalism (pp. 96–117). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781444340747
  • Ross, I. (1971). Self-concept and brand preference. The Journal of Business, 44, 38–50.10.1086/jb.1971.44.issue-1
  • Ruby, T. F. (2006). Listening to the voices of hijab. Women’s Studies International Forum, 29, 54–66.10.1016/j.wsif.2005.10.006
  • Ruitenberga, C. W. (2008). B is for burqa, C is for censorship: The miseducative effects of censoring Muslim girls and women’s sartorial discourse. Educational Studies, 43, 17–28.10.1080/00131940701796202
  • Sandikci, Ö., & Ger, G. (2010). Veiling in style: How does a stigmatized practice become fashionable? Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 15–36.10.1086/649910
  • Sands, K. (2010). Muslims, identity and multimodal communication on the Internet. Contemporary Islam, 4, 139–155.10.1007/s11562-009-0105-z
  • Shalit, W. (1999). A return to modesty. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Siraj, A. (2011). Meanings of modesty and the hijab amongst Muslim women in Glasgow, Scotland. Gender, Place and Culture, 18, 716–731.10.1080/0966369X.2011.617907
  • Soroka, S., & Roberton, S. (2010, March). A literature review of public opinion research on Canadian attitudes towards multiculturalism and immigration, 2006–2009. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved December 12, 2015, from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/research-stats/2012-por-multi-imm-eng.pdf
  • Statistics Canada. (2013). National household survey (NHS): Immigration and ethnocultural diversity in Canada. Statistics Canada. Retrieved December 12, 2015, from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/99-010-x2011001-eng.pdf
  • Stowasser, B. (1997). The hijab: How a curtain became an institution and a cultural symbol. In A. Afsaruddin (Ed.), Humanism, culture, and language in the near east: Studies in honor of Georg Krotokk (pp. 87–104). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Stromer-Galley, J.. (2002). New voices in the public sphere: A comparative analysis of interpersonal and online political talk. Javnost: The Public, 9, 23–41.10.1080/13183222.2002.11008798
  • Sunstein, C. (2007). Republic.com 2.0. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Syed, I. U. B. (2013). Forced assimilation is an unhealthy policy intervention: The case of the hijab ban in France and Quebec, Canada. The International Journal of Human Rights, 17, 428–440.10.1080/13642987.2012.724678
  • Tambini, D. (1999). New media and democracy: The civic networking movement. New Media & Society, 1, 305–329.
  • Tarlo, E. (2010). Visibly Muslim. Oxford: Berg.10.2752/9781847888624
  • Taylor, J., Ayoub, S., & Moussa, F. (2014). The hijab in public schools. Religion & Education, 41, 16–30.
  • Tice, D. M., Butler, J. L., Muraven, M. B., & Stillwell, A. M. (1995). When modesty prevails: Differential favorability of self-presentation to friends and strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1120–1138.10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1120
  • Törne, L. (2008). Multicultural misunderstandings: Impressions from a Canadian debate and a few lessons for Germany. International Journal, 63, 553–565.
  • Tucey, C. (2010, March 31–April 3). Online vs. face-to-face deliberation on the global warming and stem cell issues. Paper presented at the Western Political Science Association 2010 Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA.
  • USAToday. (2003, June 6). Muslim woman cannot wear veil in driver’s license photo. USAToday. Retrieved December 12, 2015, from http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-06-06-license-veil_x.htm
  • Varisco, D. (2010). Muslims and the media in the blogosphere. Contemporary Islam, 4, 157–177.10.1007/s11562-009-0106-y
  • Warburg, M., Johansen, B., & Østergaard, K. (2013). Counting niqabs and burqas in Denmark: Methodological aspects of quantifying rare and elusive religious sub-cultures. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 28, 33–48.10.1080/13537903.2013.750834
  • Woodward, S. (2007). Why women wear what they wear. Oxford: Berg.10.2752/9781847883483
  • Zaman, S. (2008). From Imam to Cyber-Mufti: Consuming identity in Muslim America. The Muslim World, 98, 465–474.10.1111/muwo.2008.98.issue-4
  • Zuhur, S. (1992). Revealing reveiling: Islamist gender ideology in contemporary Egypt. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.