1,349
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Comprehension-Based Silent Reading Rates: What Do We Know? What Do We Need to Know?

, &
Pages 110-124 | Published online: 14 Feb 2012

References

  • Allington , R. L. 1984 . Content coverage and contextual reading in reading groups . Journal of Reading Behavior , 16 ( 2 ) : 85 – 96 .
  • Anderson , R. C. , Wilson , P. T. and Fielding , L. G. 1988 . Growth in reading and how children spend their time outside of school . Reading Research Quarterly , 23 ( 3 ) : 285 – 303 .
  • Brenner , D. and Hiebert , E. H. 2010 . If I follow the teacher's edition, isn't that enough? Analyzing reading volume in six core reading programs . Elementary School Journal , 110 ( 3 ) : 347 – 363 .
  • Brenner , D. , Hiebert , E. H. and Tompkins , R. 2009 . “ How much and what are third graders reading? ” . In Reading more, reading better , Edited by: Hiebert , E. H. 118 – 140 . New York , NY : Guilford .
  • California State Board of Education . 2006 . Reading/language arts framework for California's public schools: Kindergarten through grade twelve , Sacramento , CA : California Department of Education .
  • Carver , R. P. 1982 . Optimal rate of reading prose . Reading Research Quarterly , 18 ( 1 ) : 56 – 88 .
  • Carver , R. P. 1983 . Is reading rate constant or flexible? . Reading Research Quarterly , 18 ( 2 ) : 190 – 215 .
  • Carver , R. P. 1989 . Silent reading rates in grade equivalents . Journal of Reading Behavior , 21 ( 2 ) : 155 – 166 .
  • Carver , R. P. 1990 . Reading rate: A review of research and theory , New York , NY : Academic Press .
  • Chall , J. S. 1983 . Stages of reading development , New York , NY : McGraw-Hill Company .
  • Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Common Core State Standards Initiative . 2010 . Common core state standards for English language arts & literacy in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects , Washington , DC : Council of Chief State School Officers and the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices .
  • Donahue , P. , Finnegan , R. J. , Lutkus , A. D. , Allen , N. L. and Campbell , J. R. 2001 . The nation's report card: Fourth-grade reading 2000 , Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences .
  • Engelmann , S. , Osborn , S. and Hanner , S. 2002 . Comprehension skills (B1) , Columbus , OH : McGraw-Hill SRA .
  • Foertsch , M. A. 1992 . Reading in and out of school: Achievement of American students in grades, 4, 8, and 12 in 1989–1990 , Washington , DC : National Center for Education .
  • Foorman , B. R. , Schatschneider , C. , Eakin , M. N. , Fletcher , J. M. , Moats , L. C. and Francis , D. J. 2006 . The impact of instructional practices in grades 1 and 2 on reading and spelling achievement in high poverty schools . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 31 : 1 – 29 .
  • Gambrell , L. Changing perspectives on research in reading/language processing and instruction . Third-third yearbook of the National Reading Conference . Rochester, NY . How much time do children spend reading during teacher-directed reading instruction? , Edited by: Niles , J. A. and Harris , L. A. pp. 193 – 198 . National Reading Conference .
  • Gamse , B. C. , Jacob , R. T. , Horst , M. , Boulay , B. and Unlu , F. 2009 . Reading First impact study final report executive summary (NCEE 2009-4039) , Washington , DC : National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education .
  • Good , R. H. and Jefferson , G. 1998 . “ Contemporary perspectives on curriculum-based measurement validity ” . In Advanced applications of curriculum-based measurement , Edited by: Shinn , M. R. 61 – 88 . New York , NY : Guilford .
  • Good , R. H. III and Kaminski , R. A. 2002 . DIBELS oral reading fluency passages for first through third grades (Technical report No. 10) , Eugene , OR : University of Oregon .
  • Good , R. H. III , Simmons , D. C. and Kame'enui , E. J. 2001 . The importance and decision- making utility of a continuum of fluency-based indicators of foundational reading skills for third-grade high-stakes outcomes . Scientific Studies of Reading , 5 ( 3 ) : 257 – 288 .
  • Griffith , L. W. and Rasinski , T. V. 2004 . A focus on fluency: How one teacher incorporated fluency with her reading curriculum . The Reading Teacher , 58 : 126 – 137 .
  • Guthrie , J. T. , Wigfield , A. , Humenick , N. M. , Perencevich , K. C. , Taboada , A. and Barbosa , P. 2006 . Influences of stimulating tasks on reading motivation and comprehension . Journal of Educational Research , 99 : 232 – 245 .
  • Guthrie , J. T. , Schafer , W. D. and Huang , C. W. 2001 . Benefits of opportunity to read and balanced instruction on the NAEP . Journal of Educational Research , 94 ( 3 ) : 145 – 162 .
  • Hagerty , P. J. 1999 . Readers' workshop: Real reading , New York , NY : Scholastic .
  • Hasbrouck , J. and Tindal , G. A. 2006 . Oral reading fluency norms: A valuable assessment tool for reading teachers . The Reading Teacher , 59 ( 7 ) : 636 – 644 . doi: 10.1598/RT.59.7.3
  • Hiebert , E. H. , Wilson , K. M. and Trainin , G. 2010 . “ Are students really reading in independent reading contexts? An examination of comprehension-based silent reading rate ” . In Revisiting silent reading: New directions for teachers and researchers , Edited by: Hiebert , E. H. and Reutzel , D. R. 151 – 167 . Newark , DE : International Reading Association .
  • Hunt , L. C. 1970 . Effects of self-selection, interest and motivation on independent, instructional, and frustration levels . The Reading Teacher , 24 : 146 – 151 .
  • Jenkins , J. R. , Fuchs , L. S. , van den Broek , P. , Espin , C. and Deno , S. L. 2003 . Accuracy and fluency in list and context reading of skilled and RD groups: Absolute and relative performance levels . Learning Disabilities Research and Practice , 18 ( 4 ) : 237 – 245 .
  • Juel , C. and Holmes , B. 1981 . Oral and silent reading of sentences . Reading Research Quarterly , 16 : 545 – 568 .
  • Kuhn , M. R. 2005 . A comparative study of small group fluency instruction . Reading Psychology , 26 : 127 – 146 .
  • Kuhn , M. R. , Schwanenflugel , P. J. , Morris , R. D. , Morrow , L. M. , Woo , D. , Meisinger , B. … and Stahl , S. A. 2006 . Teaching children to become fluent and automatic readers . Journal of Literacy Research , 38 : 357 – 389 .
  • Marston , D. B. 1989 . “ A curriculum-based measurement approach to assessing academic performance: What it is and why do it ” . In Curriculum-based measurement: Assessing special children , Edited by: Shinn , M. R. 18 – 78 . New York , NY : Guilford .
  • McGlinchey , M. T. and Hixson , M. D. 2004 . Using curriculum-based measurement to predict performance on state assessments in reading . School Psychology Review , 33 ( 2 ) : 193 – 203 .
  • McKeown , M. G. , Beck , I. L. and Blake , R. K. 2009 . Rethinking reading comprehension instruction: A comparison of instruction for strategies and content approaches . Reading Research Quarterly , 44 ( 3 ) : 218 – 253 .
  • McNamara , D. S. 2000 . Preliminary analysis of Photoreading (Final Report) , Moffett Field , CA : NASA Ames Research Center .
  • Nagy , W. E. , Anderson , R. C. and Herman , P. A. 1987 . Learning word meanings from context during normal reading . American Educational Research Journal , 24 ( 2 ) : 237 – 270 .
  • National Center for Education Statistics . 2009 . The nation's report card: Reading 2009 (NCES 2010–458) , Washington , DC : Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education .
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) . 2000 . Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction (NIH Publication No. 00-4769) , Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
  • Pearson , P. D. 2006 . “ Foreword ” . In The truth about DIBELS: What it is, what it does , Edited by: Goodman , K. S. v – xix . Portsmouth , NH : Heinemann .
  • Pinnell , G. S. , Pikulski , J. J. , Wixson , K. K. , Campbell , J. R. , Gough , P. B. and Beatty , A. S. 1995 . Listening to children read aloud: Data from NAEP's Integrated Reading Performance Record (IRPR) at grade 4 , Washington , DC : OERI, U.S. Dept. of Ed.; Princeton, NJ: ETS .
  • Pressley , M. , Hildren , K. and Shankland , R. 2005 . An evaluation of end-grade-3 Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS): Speed reading without comprehension, predicting little , East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University, College of Education, Literacy Achievement Research Center .
  • Radach , R. , Vorstius , C. and Reilly , R. 2010 . The science of speed reading: Exploring the impact of speed on visuomotor control and comprehension . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading . July 10 2010 , Berlin , Germany.
  • Rasinski , T. V. 2006 . Reading fluency instruction: Moving beyond accuracy, automaticity, and prosody . The Reading Teacher , 59 ( 7 ) : 704 – 706 .
  • Rasinski , T. , Samuels , S. J. , Hiebert , E. , Petscher , Y. and Feller , K. 2011 . The relationship between a silent reading fluency instructional protocol on students' reading comprehension and achievement in an urban school setting . Reading Psychology , 34 ( 1 ) : 76 – 93 .
  • Reutzel , D. R. , Fawson , P. C. and Smith , J. A. 2008 . Reconsidering silent sustained reading (SSR): An exploratory study of scaffolded silent reading (ScRC) . Journal of Educational Research , 102 ( 1 ) : 37 – 50 .
  • Rogosa , D. R. 1995 . “ Myths and methods: Myths about longitudinal research plus supplemental questions ” . In The analysis of change , Edited by: Gottman , J. M. 3 – 65 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Samuels , S. J. 2007 . The DIBELS Test: Is speed of barking at print what we mean by reading fluency? . Reading Research Quarterly , 42 ( 4 ) : 563 – 566 .
  • Samuels , S. J. , Hiebert , E. H. and Rasinski , T. V. 2010 . “ Eye movements make reading possible ” . In Revisiting silent reading: New directions for teachers and researchers , Edited by: Hiebert , E. H. and Reutzel , D. R. 24 – 44 . Newark , DE : International Reading Association .
  • Schatschneider , C. , Buck , J. , Torgesen , J. K. , Wagner , R. K. , Hassler , L. , Hecht , S. and Powell- Smith , K. 2004 . A multivariate study of factors that contribute to individual differences in performance on the Florida Comprehensive Reading Assessment Test (Technical Report # 5) , Tallahassee , FL : Florida Center for Reading Research .
  • Seuss , Dr . 1978 . I can read with my eyes shut , New York , NY : Random House, Inc .
  • Stanovich , K. E. 1986 . Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy . Reading Research Quarterly , 21 ( 4 ) : 360 – 407 .
  • Taylor , B. M. , Frye , B. J. and Maruyama , G. 1990 . Time spent reading and reading growth . American Educational Research Journal , 27 ( 2 ) : 351 – 362 .
  • Taylor , S. E. , Frankenpohl , H. and Pettee , J. L. 1960 . “ Grade level norms for the components of the fundamental reading skills ” . In EDL Research and Information Bulletin (#3) , New York , NY : EDL/McGraw Hill .
  • Taylor , S. E. 1965 . Eye movements in reading: Facts and fallacies . American Educational Research Journal , 2 ( 4 ) : 187 – 202 .
  • Torgesen , J. K. , Myers , D. , Schirm , A. , Stuart , E. , Vartivarian , S. , Mansfield , W. … and Haan , C. 2007 . Closing the achievement gap: Second year findings from a randomized trial of four reading interventions for striving readers , Washington , DC : The Corporation for the Advancement of Policy Evaluation .
  • Valencia , S. W. , Smith , A. T. , Reece , A. M. , Li , M. , Wixson , K. K. and Newman , H. 2010 . Oral reading fluency assessment: Issues of construct, criterion, and consequential validity . Reading Research Quarterly , 45 ( 3 ) : 270 – 291 .
  • Wexler , J. , Vaughn , S. , Edmonds , M. and Reutebuch , C. K. 2008 . A synthesis of fluency interventions for secondary struggling readers . Reading and Writing , 21 : 317 – 347 .
  • Wiley , H. I. and Deno , S. L. 2005 . Oral reading and maze measures as predictors of success for English learners on a state standards assessment . Remedial and Special Education , 26 ( 4 ) : 207 – 214 .
  • Wise , B. W. , Ring , J. and Olson , R. K. 1999 . Training phonological awareness with and without explicit attention to articulation . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 72 : 271 – 304 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.