Emotions expressed in speeches by leaders of ideologically motivated groups predict aggression

References

• Aitcheson, J. (1991). Language change: Progress or decay?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Averill, J. R. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion. American Psychologist, 38(11), 1145–1160. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.38.11.1145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back, M. D., Kufner, A. C.P., Egloff, B. (2010). The emotional timeline of September 11, 2001. Psychological Science, 21(10), 1417–1419. doi: 10.1177/0956797610382124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back, M. D., Kufner, A. C.P., Egloff, B. (2011). “Automatic or the people?”: Anger on September 11, 2001, and lessons learned for the analysis of large digital data sets. Psychological Science, 22(6), 837–838. doi: 10.1177/0956797611409592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baugh, A. C., Cable, T. (2002). A history of the English language (5th ed.). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, J. C., Tausch, N., Wagner, U. (2011). Emotional consequences of collective action participation: Differentiating self-directed and outgroup-directed emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(12), 1587–1598. doi: 10.1177/0146167211414145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression. American Psychologist, 45(4), 494–503. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.45.4.494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36(2), 129–148. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analyses for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cuddy, A. J.C., Fiske, S. T., Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 631–648. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, V., Biran, A. (2001). Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes?. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 44(1), 17–31. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2001.0001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I., Sutterlin, C. (1990). Fear, defence and aggression in animals and man: Some ethological perspectives. In P. F. Brain, S. Parmigiani, R. J. Blanchard & M. Danila (Eds.), Fear and defence, (pp. 381–408). Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48(4), 384–392. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In T. Dalgleish & T. Power (Eds.), The handbook of cognition and emotion, (pp. 45–60). Sussex: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Elfenbein, H. A., Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 205–235.
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth, P. C., Scherer, K. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences, (pp. 572–595). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fessler, D. M.T. (2010). Madmen: An evolutionary perspective on anger and men's violent responses to transgression. In M. Potegal, G. Stemmler & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), International handbook of anger: Constituent and concomitant biological, psychological, and social processes, (pp. 361–381). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, A. H. (2011). Contempt: A hot feeling hidden under a cold jacket. In R. Tmka, K. Baicar & M. Kuska (Eds.), Re-constructing emotional spaces: From experience to regulation, (pp. 77–89). Prague: Prague College of Psychosocial Studies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Forgas, J. P., Bower, H. G. (1987). Mood effects on person-perception judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1), 53–60. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 212–228. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottman, J. M., Levenson, R. W. (2002). A two-factor model for predicting when a couple will divorce: Exploratory analyses using 14-year longitudinal data. Family Process, 41(1), 83–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.40102000083.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottman, J. M., Levenson, R. W., Woodin, E. (2001). Facial expressions during marital conflict. Journal of Family Communication, 1, 37–57. doi: 10.1207/S15327698JFC0101_06
   Google Scholar
• Halperin, E., Gross, J. J. (2010). Intergroup anger in intractable conflict: Long-term sentiments predict anger responses during the Gaza War. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14(4), 477–488. doi: 10.1177/1368430210377459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones, E., Sigelman, J. (2001). State anger and prefrontal brain activity: Evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 797–803. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hutcherson, C. A., Gross, J. J. (2011). The moral emotions: A social-functionalist account of anger, disgust, and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(4), 719–737. doi: 10.1037/a0022408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard, C. E. (2007). Basic emotions, natural kinds, emotion schemas, and a new paradigm. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(3), 260–280. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00044.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, M. L.Jr. (1968). , Remaining awake through a great revolution. Retrieved September 9, 2009, from Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/home/pages?page=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/about_king/encyclopedia/vietnam.htm
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. (1991). Emotion and adaptation, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, R. W. (1999). The intrapersonal functions of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 13(5), 481–504. doi: 10.1080/026999399379159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, R. W. (2003a). Autonomic specificity and emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. Scherer & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences, (pp. 212–224). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, R. W. (2003b). Blood, sweat, and fears: The autonomic architecture of emotion. In P. Ekman, J. Campos, R. J. Davidson & F.B.M. De Waal (Eds.), Emotions inside out: 130 years after Darwin's “The expression of the emotions in man and animals”, (Vol. 1000, pp. 348–366). New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Lorenz, K. (2002). On aggression, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mao, T. D. (1966). Talk to the leaders of the centre. In S. Schram (Ed.), Chairman Mao talks to the people: Talks and letters: 1956–1971, (pp. 251–255). New York, NY: Asia Library Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marziller, S., Davey, G. (2004). The emotional profiling of disgust-eliciting stimuli: Evidence for primary and complex disgusts. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 313–336. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, D. (2005). Scalar ratings of contempt expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 29(2), 91–104. doi: 10.1007/s10919-005-2742-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, D., Ekman, P. (2004). The relationship between expressions, labels, and descriptions of contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(4), 529–540. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, D., Keltner, D., Shiota, M. N., O'Sullivan, M., Frank, M. G. (2008). What's in a face? Facial expressions as signals of discrete emotions. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions, (pp. 211–234). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, D., Nezlek, J. B., Koopmann, B. (2007). Evidence for universality in phenomenological emotion response system coherence. Emotion, 7(1), 57–67. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretti, L., di Pellegrino, G. (2010). Disgust selectively modulates reciprocal fairness in economic interactions. Emotion, 10(2), 169–180. doi: 10.1037/a0017826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer, K. E. (1968). Kinds of aggression and their physiological basis. Communications in Behavioral Biology, 2(2), 65–87.
   Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L. (2002). The theoretical versus the lay meaning of disgust: Implications for emotion research. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 695–703. doi: 10.1080/02699930143000437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panksepp, J. (2007). Neurologizing the psychology of affects: How appraisal-based constructivism and basic emotion theory can coexist. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(3), 281–296. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00045.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., Francis, M. E., Booth, R. J. (2001). Linguistic inquiry and word count, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Pury, C. S. (2011). Automation can lead to confounds in text analysis: Back, Kufner, and Egloff (2010) and the not-so-angry Americans. Psychological Science, 22(6), 835–836. doi: 10.1177/0956797611408735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romaine, S. (1999). The Cambridge history of the English language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rozin, P., Haidt, J., McCauley, C. R. (1999). Disgust: The body and soul emotion. In T. Dalgleish & M. J. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion, (pp. 429–445). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(4), 574–585. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.574
   Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A., Fehr, B. (1987). Relativity in the perception of emotion in facial expressions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116(3), 223–237. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.116.3.223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter, D. A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., Scott, S. K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences, 107(6), 2408–2412. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908239106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, K. R. (1997a). Profiles of emotion-antecedent appraisal: Testing theoretical predictions across cultures. Cognition & Emotion, 11(2), 113–150. doi: 10.1080/026999397379962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, K. R. (1997b). The role of culture in emotion-antecedent appraisal. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 73(4), 902–922. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, K. R., Wallbott, H. (1994). Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response-patterning. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66(2), 310–328. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.66.2.310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver, P. R., Schwartz, J. C., Kirson, D., O'Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061–1086. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shweder, R. A., Much, N. C., Mahapatra, M., Park, L. (1997). The “Big Three” of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the “Big Three” explanations of suffering. In A. Brandt & RozinP. (Eds.), Morality and health, (pp. 119–169). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Simon-Thomas, E. R., Keltner, D., Sauter, D. A., Sinicropi-Yao, L., Abramson, A. (2009). The voice conveys specific emotions: Evidence from vocal burst displays. Emotion, 9(6), 838–846. doi: 10.1037/a0017810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, J., Carter, S., Anthony, S. H., Overton, P. G. (2006). Is disgust a homogeneous emotion?. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 31–41. doi: 10.1007/s11031-006-9005-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. E., Humphreys, M. S. (2006). Evaluation of unsupervised semantic mapping of natural language with Leximancer concept mapping. Behavior Research Methods, 38(2), 262–279. doi: 10.3758/BF03192778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg, R. J. (2003). A duplex theory of hate: Development and application to terrorism, massacres, and genocide. Review of General Psychology, 7(3), 299–328. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.7.3.299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suedfeld, P., Bluck, S. (1988). Changes in integrative complexity prior to surprise attacks. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 26, 626–635. doi: 10.1177/0022002788032004002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suedfeld, P., Tetlock, P. E. (1977). Integrating complexity of communications in international crises. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 21, 169–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suedfeld, P., Tetlock, P. E., Ramirez, C. (1977). War, peace, and integrative complexity. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 21, 427–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, and consciousness, (Vol. 1: The positive affects). New York, NY: Springer
   Google Scholar
• Tomkins, S. S. (1963). Affect, imagery, and consciousness, (Vol. 2: The negative affects). New York, NY: Springer
   Google Scholar
• Tooby, J., Cosmides, L. (2008). The evolutionary psychology of the emotions and their relationship to internal regulatory variables. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, L., Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 114–137). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vigil, J. M. (2009). A socio-relational framework of sex differences in the expression of emotion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 375–428. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X09991075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar